Ghulam Abbas Kandhro | Dawood College Of Engineering & Technology (original) (raw)

Papers by Ghulam Abbas Kandhro

Research paper thumbnail of Hazardous impact of toxic metals on tobacco leaves grown in contaminated soil by ultrasonic assisted pseudo-digestion: Multivariate study

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008

Tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L.), agricultural soil and pollute irrigated lake water samples... more Tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L.), agricultural soil and pollute irrigated lake water samples were collected during 2005-2006 and analyzed for Cd and Ni by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). A simple and efficient procedure was investigated for the complete decomposition of tobacco leaves using ultrasonic assisted acid pseudo-digestion method (UPDM). A Plackett-Burman experimental design was used as a multivariate strategy for the evaluation of seven factors/variables at once, while central composite were used to found optimum values of significant variables. The accuracy of the proposed methods was assessed by analyzing certified reference (CRM); Virginia tobacco leaves (CTA-VTL-2). The results being compared with those obtained by conventional wet acid digestion method. The result obtained by optimized method showed good agreement with the certified values and sufficiently high recovery 97.8 and 98.7% for Cd and Ni, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the detection limits (3σ) were evaluated to be 0.019 g g −1 for Cd and 0.37 g g −1 for Ni. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Cd and Ni in raw, processed tobacco and different branded cigarettes samples.

Research paper thumbnail of Copper, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Nickel, and Zinc Levels in Biological Samples of Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Biological Trace Element Research, 2008

There is accumulating evidence that the metabolism of several trace elements is altered in diabet... more There is accumulating evidence that the metabolism of several trace elements is altered in diabetes mellitus and that these nutrients might have specific roles in the pathogenesis and progress of this disease. The aim of present study was to compare the level of essential trace elements, chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in biological samples (whole blood, urine, and scalp hair) of patients who have diabetes mellitus type 2 (n = 257), with those of nondiabetic control subjects (n = 166), age ranged (45–75) of both genders. The element concentrations were measured by means of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer after microwave-induced acid digestion. The validity and accuracy was checked by conventional wet-acid-digestion method and using certified reference materials. The overall recoveries of all elements were found in the range of (97.60–99.49%) of certified values. The results of this study showed that the mean values of Zn, Mn, and Cr were significantly reduced in blood and scalp-hair samples of diabetic patients as compared to control subjects of both genders (p < 0.001). The urinary levels of these elements were found to be higher in the diabetic patients than in the age-matched healthy controls. In contrast, high mean values of Cu and Fe were detected in scalp hair and blood from patients versus the nondiabetic subjects, but the differences found in blood samples was not significant (p < 0.05). These results are consistent with those obtained in other studies, confirming that deficiency and efficiency of some essential trace metals may play a role in the development of diabetes mellitus.

Research paper thumbnail of Interaction of Copper with Iron, Iodine, and Thyroid Hormone Status in Goitrous Patients

Biological Trace Element Research, 2010

In many developing countries, men and women are at high risk of goiter and iron deficiency. The a... more In many developing countries, men and women are at high risk of goiter and iron deficiency. The aim of the recent study is to assess the interaction of (Cu), with iron (Fe), iodine/iodide (I), and thyroid hormones in goitrous patients. Sixty goitrous male (GMPs) and 72 female patients (GFPs) were evaluated for the Cu, Fe, I, and thyroid hormones status in biological samples (serum and urine), and compared to non-goitrous subjects of both genders (M = 106, F = 120). The biological samples were analyzed for Cu and Fe concentration using atomic absorption spectrometer, while I was measured by the potentiometric method, prior to microwave-assisted acid digestion (MD). Quality control for the method was established with certified samples. Significantly higher mean values of Cu in serum, and urine samples of GMPs and GFPs, while lower value of Fe and I were observed as compared to control subjects (p < 0.015), respectively. The mean values of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxin (FT4) were found to be lower in goitrous patients of both genders than in the age-matched healthy controls (p < 0.006 and 0.002), respectively, in contrast high mean values of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were detected in patients (p < 0.009), as compared to non-goitrous subjects. It was observed that the deficiencies of Fe, I, and thyroid hormone in goitrous patients could be influenced by efficiency of Cu.

Research paper thumbnail of Interactions Between Cadmium and Zinc in the Biological Samples of Pakistani Smokers and Nonsmokers Cardiovascular Disease Patients

Biological Trace Element Research, 2011

The pathogenesis of some cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been altered with changes in the bala... more The pathogenesis of some cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been altered with changes in the balance of certain trace and toxic elements. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in smoker and nonsmoker male CVD patients (n = 457) of two age groups (31–45) and (46–60). The both elements were determined in biological samples (scalp hair, blood, and urine) of CVD patients and healthy referents for comparison purpose. The concentrations of Zn and Cd were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer prior to microwave-assisted acid digestion. It was observed that the mean values of Cd were significantly higher in the biological samples of smokers CVD as compared to nonsmoker CVD patients, while the level of Zn was lower in both smoker and nonsmoker patients. The concentrations of Zn in whole blood and scalp hair samples were lower in CVD patients as compared to referents (p > 0.001). Results showed significant changes of levels of Cd and Zn in blood and scalp hair samples of CVD patients when compared with healthy referents, while reverse in the case of urine samples. It was observed that low Zn levels were associated with both smoker and nonsmoker CVD patients, while increased cadmium accumulation was observed in smoker patients as compared to nonsmoker patients (p > 0.025).

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of electrothermal and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of total arsenic in broiler chicken

Food Chemistry, 2009

The purpose of this study was to estimate total arsenic concentration in different tissues (leg, ... more The purpose of this study was to estimate total arsenic concentration in different tissues (leg, breast, liver and heart) of broiler chicken by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), prior to microwave assisted acid digestion. The accuracy of the techniques was evaluated by using certified reference material DORM-2. The percentage recoveries of total As were observed as 100.6% and 99.4% for HGAAS and GFAAS, respectively. The precision of the techniques, expressed as relative standard deviation, was observed as 1.71% and 4.18% for HGAAS and GFAAS measurements, respectively. The limits of detection for HGAAS and GFAAS were 0.025 lg/g and 0.052 lg/g, respectively. The concentrations of total arsenic in different tissues of broiler chicken were found in the range of 2. 19-5.28, 2.15-5.22, 2.97-7.17 and 2.68-6.36 lg/g for leg, breast, liver and heart tissues, respectively. At a mean level of chicken consumption (60 g/person/day), people may ingest in the range of 72.0-85.1 lg arsenic/person/day from chicken alone.

Research paper thumbnail of Case–control study of male cancer patients exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water and tobacco smoke with relation to non-exposed cancer patients

Human & Experimental Toxicology, 2011

The investigated data indicated that inorganic arsenic in drinking water is associated with incre... more The investigated data indicated that inorganic arsenic in drinking water is associated with increased mortality from different types of cancers. In the present study, biological samples (blood and scalp hair) of male subjects having lung and bladder cancers and non-cancerous subjects belonging to arsenic (As)-exposed area of southern parts of Pakistan were analysed for As contents. The As levels in drinking water of understudy area showed that sections of understudy population are exposed to arsenic concentrations, which was 3-15-fold higher than the permissible level (&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;10 μg/L). For comparative purposes the biological samples of matched male cancer patient, as referent patients belonging to big city (Hyderabad) who had used municipal treated water with low arsenic levels &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;10 μg/L, were also collected. The exposed cancer patients have 2-3-fold higher level of As in both biological samples compared to non-exposed case-matched cancerous male subjects. This study is compelling evidence in support of positive associations between arsenic-contaminated water, food and cigarette with different types of risks of cancer.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of cadmium and zinc in biological samples of tobacco and alcohol user male mouth cancer patients

Human & Experimental Toxicology, 2010

There is compelling evidence in support of positive associations between zinc (Zn) deficiency and... more There is compelling evidence in support of positive associations between zinc (Zn) deficiency and high accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in biological samples of different cancerous patients. The incidence of mouth cancer has been increased among people who possess habit of drinking alcohol, tobacco smoking and chewing with gradients in Pakistan. In the present study, Cd and Zn contents of blood and scalp hair samples of 92 male mouth cancer patients and 78 referents of same age group (range 35-65 years), socio-economic status, localities and dietary habits. Among referent male subjects, 56 consumed tobacco (smoking/chewing), 22 had none of smoking and chewing tobacco habits, while none of them admitted for alcohol drinking. The scalp hair and whole blood samples were oxidized by 65% nitric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide (2:1) ratio in microwave oven. The Zn in digests was determined by flame atomic absorption while Cd was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The average Cd concentration was higher, while level of Zn was lower in the blood and scalp hair samples of mouth cancer patients as compared to referent subjects (p < .001). The male referents consuming tobacco (chewing and smoking) have high level of Cd in both their biological samples as compared to those not smoking or chewing tobacco (p < .012). The Cd/Zn ratio in both biological samples was found to be higher in patients than in referent subjects.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of zinc supplementation on the zinc level in serum and urine and their relation to thyroid hormone profile in male and female goitrous patients

Clinical Nutrition, 2009

Background & aims: Zinc (Zn) is an essential element involved in many basic biochemical reactions... more Background & aims: Zinc (Zn) is an essential element involved in many basic biochemical reactions in thyroid. The aims of present study is to evaluate the Zn status in biological samples and thyroid hormones levels in 60 goitrous male (GMPs) and 72 female patients (GFPs), before and after 6 months treatment with Zn supplementation and compared with non-goitrous subjects of both genders (M ¼ 106, F ¼ 120) of age range 16-30 years.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of iodine, iron, and selenium in biological samples of thyroid mother and their newly born babies

Early Human Development, 2010

Background: There is accumulating facts that the metabolism of essential trace elements is altere... more Background: There is accumulating facts that the metabolism of essential trace elements is altered in thyroid patients. Aim: The aim of present study was to compare the status of essential trace elements, iodine, iron (Fe), and selenium (Se) in biological samples (serum and urine) of goitrous mothers (age ranged 30-40) and their newly born infants (n = 76). An age matched 68 non-goitrous mothers and their infants, residing in the same locality, were selected as referents. For a comparative study, the biological samples of non-goitrous and goitrous pregnant and non pregnant female subjects of the same age group and socio-economic status were also analyzed. Methods: The Fe and Se concentrations in biological samples were determined by a flame and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry respectively, while iodine was measured by iodide-ion selective electrode, prior to microwave assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology was checked by certified reference materials. Results: The mean values of iodine, Fe and Se in serum and urine samples of thyroid mothers and their infants were significantly lower as compared to the referent mothers-infants pairs (p b 0.01). Conclusions: The deficiencies of essential trace elements may adversely affect the health of women and their neonates.

Research paper thumbnail of Arsenic speciation and other parameters of surface and ground water samples of Jamshoro, Pakistan

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2012

This study evaluated and interpreted complex data sets of water samples collected from different ... more This study evaluated and interpreted complex data sets of water samples collected from different sampling origins of ground water (hand pump and tube well) and surface water (municipal, river and canal). The aim was to provide information concerning the apportionment of pollution sources to obtain better information about water quality and possible distribution of As with respect to its speciation. The As (III) formed complex with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) and extracted by surfactant-rich phases in the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114, while total iAs in water samples was adsorbed on titanium dioxide (TiO2) and determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The accuracy of the proposed methodologies was confirmed by standard addition method. The recoveries of As (III) and total inorganic arsenic (iAs) were found to be >98%. The results revealed that the ground water of the area under study was more contaminated as compared to surface water samples. The mean concentration of As (III) and As (V) in the surface water samples was found to be 15.8 and 6.00 µg L−1, respectively, whereas, in the case of ground water samples, the contents of As (III) and As (V) ranged from 6.20 to 51.0 and 6.40 to 53.0 µg L−1, respectively. Principal component analysis performed on a combined (tube well and hand pump) samples data set extracted two significant factors explaining more than 60% of total variance, which suggested that the contamination sources might be natural or anthropogenic.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of arsenic and other physico-chemical parameters of surface and ground water of Jamshoro, Pakistan

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009

Arsenic contamination in water has caused severe health problems around the world. The purpose of... more Arsenic contamination in water has caused severe health problems around the world. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the geological and anthropogenic aspects of As pollution in surface and groundwater resources of Jamshoro Sindh, Pakistan. Hydride generator atomic absorption spectrophotometry (HG-AAS) is employed for the determination of arsenic in water samples, with detection limit of 0.02 g l −1 . Arsenic concentrations in surface and underground water range from 3.0 to 50.0, and 13 to 106 g l −1 , respectively. In most of the water samples As levels exceeded the WHO provisional guideline values 10 g l −1 . The high level of As in under study area may be due to widespread water logging from Indus river irrigation system which causes high saturation of salts in this semi-arid region and lead to enrichment of As in shallow groundwater. Among the physico-chemical parameters, electrical conductivity, Na + , K + , and SO 4 2− were found to be higher in surface and ground water, while elevated levels of Ca 2+ and Cl − were detected only in ground water than WHO permissible limit. The high level of iron was observed in ground water, which is a possible source of As enrichment in the study area. The multivariate technique (cluster analysis) was used for the elucidation of high, medium and low As contaminated areas. It may be concluded that As originate from coal combustion at brick factories and power generation plants, and it was mobilized promotionally by the alkaline nature of the understudy groundwater samples.

Research paper thumbnail of Interaction of cadmium and zinc in biological samples of smokers and chewing tobacco female mouth cancer patients

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010

Epidemiologic studies suggest that zinc (Zn) deficiency and high accumulation of cadmium (Cd) may... more Epidemiologic studies suggest that zinc (Zn) deficiency and high accumulation of cadmium (Cd) may be associated with increased risk of cancer. The incidence of mouth cancer has increased among females, who possess habits of chewing tobacco with gradients (areca nut and betel quid) and smoking tobacco in Pakistan. In present study, we measured the concentration of Cd and Zn in 96 mouth cancer patients (MCPs) and 110 female controls/referents (67 smoker and chewing tobacco), while 43 have none of smoking and chewing tobacco habits, belongs to different cities of Pakistan. Both controls and patients have same age group (ranged 35-65 years), socio-economic status, localities and dietary habits. The Zn and Cd were determined by flame/graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer, prior to microwave assisted acid digestion method. The Cd/Zn ratio in both biological samples was also calculated.

Research paper thumbnail of Estimation of Toxic Metals in Scalp Hair Samples of Chronic Kidney Patients

Biological Trace Element Research, 2009

The determination of toxic metals (TMs) in the biological samples of human beings is an important... more The determination of toxic metals (TMs) in the biological samples of human beings is an important clinical screening procedure. The aim of this work is to determine total content of TMs, aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in scalp hair samples of chronic kidney male patients (CKPs) on maintenance hemodialysis, during the period of 2005–2007. The study included 115 CKPs (all smokers) and 150 controls or referents [82 (nonsmokers) and 68 (smokers)]. Both controls and patients (males) were of the same age group (ranged 25–55 years), socioeconomic status, localities, and dietary habits. The scalp hair samples were analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer, prior to microwave-induced acid digestion. The accuracy of the total Al, Cd, Ni, and Pb measurements was tested by simultaneously analyzing certified reference material (human hair NCS ZC81002). No significant differences were observed between the analytical results and the certified values (paired t test at p > 0.05). The levels of TMs in scalp hair samples of patients were found to be higher as compared to control nonsmoker and smokers. Moreover, the study shows that levels of Al, Cd, Ni, and Pb in scalp hair samples may be useful to evaluate the impact of cigarette smoking in kidney failure patients.

Research paper thumbnail of Accumulation of arsenic in different fresh water fish species – potential contribution to high arsenic intakes

Food Chemistry, 2009

The aim of the study was to evaluate total arsenic (As) in five tissues (gills, mouthpiece, intes... more The aim of the study was to evaluate total arsenic (As) in five tissues (gills, mouthpiece, intestine, liver and muscles) of 10 fish species caught from As contaminated Manchar Lake (26°3 0 N: 67°6 0 E) Sindh Pakistan during 2006-2007. The total As concentration was determined by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS), prior to microwave assisted acid digestion. The certified reference material DORM-2 (dogfish muscle) was used to check the quality control of the technique. The good agreement with the certified value at 95% confidence limit confirmed the validity of As determination method. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of As were 0.034 and 0.11 lg/g, respectively. The As concentration ranges in different tissues were obtained as: gills (1.01-10.4), mouth pieces (1.01-18.6), intestine (1.01-11.2), liver (3.51-10.9) and in muscles (2.12-15.2) lg/g on dried basis. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for As in fish muscles were found in two ranges (4.88-7.2) and (17.6-35.3). The contribution of the daily intake of As, based on the consumption of 250 g fresh fish muscles per day was found in the range of 0.1-0.76 lg, higher than WHO tolerable limit.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Toxic Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Male Subjects Through Drinking Water in Southern Sindh Pakistan

Biological Trace Element Research

The arsenic (As) hazardous quotient was estimated based on concentration of As in drinking water ... more The arsenic (As) hazardous quotient was estimated based on concentration of As in drinking water and scalp hair of male subjects of two age groups (n = 360) consuming As contaminated water at different levels and non-contaminated drinking water. The total As concentrations in drinking water of less-exposed (LE) and high-exposed (HE) areas was found to be 3- to 30-fold higher than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization (2004) for drinking water, while the levels of As in drinking water of non-exposed (NE) areas was within the permissible limit. The levels of As in scalp hair samples of male subjects of two age groups belonging to NE, LE, and HE areas ranged from 0.01 to 0.27, 0.11–1.31, and 0.36–6.80 μg/g, respectively. A significant correlation between As contents of drinking water and As concentration in scalp hair was observed in sub-district Gambit (r = 0.825–0.852, p < 0.001) as compared to those subjects belonging to LE sub-district Thari Mirwah. A toxicity risk assessment provides a hazard quotient corresponding to <10 that indicates non-carcinogenic exposure risk of understudy areas.

Research paper thumbnail of Hazardous impact of arsenic on tissues of same fish species collected from two ecosystem

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009

The purpose of this paper is to develop a database of fish tissues and to evaluate concentration ... more The purpose of this paper is to develop a database of fish tissues and to evaluate concentration of arsenic (As) in five tissues of fish species collected from Manchar Lake Pakistan and to compare concentration of As in fish tissues of same fish species collected from the Indus River, Pakistan. A sensitive and precise, hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG AAS) method is presented for the determination of total Arsenic (As). Microwave acid-assisted digestion (MAD) procedure based on the mixture HNO 3 /H 2 O 2 was evaluated. The method was successfully validated against CRM DORM-2 (dogfish muscle). Quantitative As recovery in CRM (DORM-2) was obtained and no statistical differences were found at 95% level by applying the t-test. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ), for As were established as 0.022 and 0.063 g g −1 , respectively. The results of this study indicated that As concentration in fish tissues from the Indus River are generally lower than in tissues of fishes from Manchar Lake. Arsenic concentrations in fish tissues of Indus River are although above the respective human health-based concentrations.

Research paper thumbnail of Determination of inorganic arsenic species (As 3+ and As 5+) in muscle tissues of fish species by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS

Food Chemistry, 2010

Arsenic speciation was carried out in muscle tissues of freshwater fish species. Inorganic arseni... more Arsenic speciation was carried out in muscle tissues of freshwater fish species. Inorganic arsenic species (As 3+ and As 5+ ) were extracted with chloroform, prior to microwave assisted digestion with concentrated HClO 4 and Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . The extracted As 3+ and As 5+ were ...

Research paper thumbnail of Respiratory effects in people exposed to arsenic via the drinking water and tobacco smoking in southern part of Pakistan

Science of The Total Environment, 2009

In this study, a survey has been conducted during 2005-2007 on surface and groundwater arsenic (A... more In this study, a survey has been conducted during 2005-2007 on surface and groundwater arsenic (As) contamination and its impact on the health of local population, of villages located on the banks of Manchar lake, southern part of Sindh, Pakistan. We have also assessed the relationship between arsenic exposure through respiratory disorders in male subjects with drinking water and smoking cigarettes made from tobacco grown in agricultural land irrigated with As contaminated lake water. The biological samples (blood and scalp hair) were collected from As exposed subjects (100% smokers) and age matched healthy male subjects (40.2% smoker and 59.8% non smokers) belong to unexposed areas for comparison purposes. The As concentration in drinking water (surface and underground water), agricultural soil, cigarette tobacco and biological samples were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The range of As concentrations in lake water was 35.2-158 microg/L (average 97.5 microg/L), which is 3-15 folds higher than permissible limit of World Health Organization (WHO, 2004). While the As level in local cigarette tobacco was found to be 3-6 folds higher than branded cigarettes (0.37-0.79 microg/g). Arsenic exposed subjects (with and without RD) had significantly elevated levels of As in their biological samples as compared to referent male subject of unexposed area. These respiratory effects were more pronounced in individuals who had also As induced skin lesions. The linear regressions showed good correlations between As concentrations in water versus hair and blood samples of exposed subjects with and without respiratory problems.

Research paper thumbnail of Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Sodium Levels in Biological Samples of Hypertensive and Nonhypertensive Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Biological Trace Element Research, 2008

There is accumulating evidence that the metabolism of several essential elements is altered in di... more There is accumulating evidence that the metabolism of several essential elements is altered in diabetes mellitus and that these nutrients might have specific roles in the pathogenesis and progress of this disease. The aim of the present study was to compare the level of essential elements, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na), in biological samples (whole blood, urine, and scalp hair) of patients who have hypertensive diabetes mellitus type 2 (n = 254) and nonhypertensive diabetes mellitus type 2 (n = 228) with those of nondiabetic as control subjects (n = 182; age range of both genders 45–75). The element concentrations were measured by means of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer after microwave-induced acid digestion. The validity and accuracy was checked by conventional wet acid digestion method and using certified reference materials. The overall recoveries of all elements were found in the range of 99.1–99.9% of certified values. The results of this study showed that the mean values of K, Mg, and Ca were significantly reduced, while Na level were higher in blood and scalp hair samples of hypertensive diabetic (HD) patients and nonhypertensive diabetic (NHD) patients as compared to control subjects of both genders (p < 0.05), but level of K in the biological samples of nonhypertensive diabetic patient was found to be higher, but it was not significant (p = 0.05).The urinary levels of these elements were found to be higher in both HD and NHD patients than in the age-matched healthy controls. These results are consistent with those obtained in other studies, confirming that deficiency and efficiency of some essential trace metals may play a role in the development of diabetes mellitus.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of toxic metals in raw and processed milk samples using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometer

Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2009

Keywords: 16

Research paper thumbnail of Hazardous impact of toxic metals on tobacco leaves grown in contaminated soil by ultrasonic assisted pseudo-digestion: Multivariate study

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008

Tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L.), agricultural soil and pollute irrigated lake water samples... more Tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L.), agricultural soil and pollute irrigated lake water samples were collected during 2005-2006 and analyzed for Cd and Ni by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). A simple and efficient procedure was investigated for the complete decomposition of tobacco leaves using ultrasonic assisted acid pseudo-digestion method (UPDM). A Plackett-Burman experimental design was used as a multivariate strategy for the evaluation of seven factors/variables at once, while central composite were used to found optimum values of significant variables. The accuracy of the proposed methods was assessed by analyzing certified reference (CRM); Virginia tobacco leaves (CTA-VTL-2). The results being compared with those obtained by conventional wet acid digestion method. The result obtained by optimized method showed good agreement with the certified values and sufficiently high recovery 97.8 and 98.7% for Cd and Ni, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the detection limits (3σ) were evaluated to be 0.019 g g −1 for Cd and 0.37 g g −1 for Ni. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Cd and Ni in raw, processed tobacco and different branded cigarettes samples.

Research paper thumbnail of Copper, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Nickel, and Zinc Levels in Biological Samples of Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Biological Trace Element Research, 2008

There is accumulating evidence that the metabolism of several trace elements is altered in diabet... more There is accumulating evidence that the metabolism of several trace elements is altered in diabetes mellitus and that these nutrients might have specific roles in the pathogenesis and progress of this disease. The aim of present study was to compare the level of essential trace elements, chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in biological samples (whole blood, urine, and scalp hair) of patients who have diabetes mellitus type 2 (n = 257), with those of nondiabetic control subjects (n = 166), age ranged (45–75) of both genders. The element concentrations were measured by means of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer after microwave-induced acid digestion. The validity and accuracy was checked by conventional wet-acid-digestion method and using certified reference materials. The overall recoveries of all elements were found in the range of (97.60–99.49%) of certified values. The results of this study showed that the mean values of Zn, Mn, and Cr were significantly reduced in blood and scalp-hair samples of diabetic patients as compared to control subjects of both genders (p < 0.001). The urinary levels of these elements were found to be higher in the diabetic patients than in the age-matched healthy controls. In contrast, high mean values of Cu and Fe were detected in scalp hair and blood from patients versus the nondiabetic subjects, but the differences found in blood samples was not significant (p < 0.05). These results are consistent with those obtained in other studies, confirming that deficiency and efficiency of some essential trace metals may play a role in the development of diabetes mellitus.

Research paper thumbnail of Interaction of Copper with Iron, Iodine, and Thyroid Hormone Status in Goitrous Patients

Biological Trace Element Research, 2010

In many developing countries, men and women are at high risk of goiter and iron deficiency. The a... more In many developing countries, men and women are at high risk of goiter and iron deficiency. The aim of the recent study is to assess the interaction of (Cu), with iron (Fe), iodine/iodide (I), and thyroid hormones in goitrous patients. Sixty goitrous male (GMPs) and 72 female patients (GFPs) were evaluated for the Cu, Fe, I, and thyroid hormones status in biological samples (serum and urine), and compared to non-goitrous subjects of both genders (M = 106, F = 120). The biological samples were analyzed for Cu and Fe concentration using atomic absorption spectrometer, while I was measured by the potentiometric method, prior to microwave-assisted acid digestion (MD). Quality control for the method was established with certified samples. Significantly higher mean values of Cu in serum, and urine samples of GMPs and GFPs, while lower value of Fe and I were observed as compared to control subjects (p < 0.015), respectively. The mean values of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxin (FT4) were found to be lower in goitrous patients of both genders than in the age-matched healthy controls (p < 0.006 and 0.002), respectively, in contrast high mean values of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were detected in patients (p < 0.009), as compared to non-goitrous subjects. It was observed that the deficiencies of Fe, I, and thyroid hormone in goitrous patients could be influenced by efficiency of Cu.

Research paper thumbnail of Interactions Between Cadmium and Zinc in the Biological Samples of Pakistani Smokers and Nonsmokers Cardiovascular Disease Patients

Biological Trace Element Research, 2011

The pathogenesis of some cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been altered with changes in the bala... more The pathogenesis of some cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been altered with changes in the balance of certain trace and toxic elements. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in smoker and nonsmoker male CVD patients (n = 457) of two age groups (31–45) and (46–60). The both elements were determined in biological samples (scalp hair, blood, and urine) of CVD patients and healthy referents for comparison purpose. The concentrations of Zn and Cd were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer prior to microwave-assisted acid digestion. It was observed that the mean values of Cd were significantly higher in the biological samples of smokers CVD as compared to nonsmoker CVD patients, while the level of Zn was lower in both smoker and nonsmoker patients. The concentrations of Zn in whole blood and scalp hair samples were lower in CVD patients as compared to referents (p > 0.001). Results showed significant changes of levels of Cd and Zn in blood and scalp hair samples of CVD patients when compared with healthy referents, while reverse in the case of urine samples. It was observed that low Zn levels were associated with both smoker and nonsmoker CVD patients, while increased cadmium accumulation was observed in smoker patients as compared to nonsmoker patients (p > 0.025).

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of electrothermal and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of total arsenic in broiler chicken

Food Chemistry, 2009

The purpose of this study was to estimate total arsenic concentration in different tissues (leg, ... more The purpose of this study was to estimate total arsenic concentration in different tissues (leg, breast, liver and heart) of broiler chicken by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), prior to microwave assisted acid digestion. The accuracy of the techniques was evaluated by using certified reference material DORM-2. The percentage recoveries of total As were observed as 100.6% and 99.4% for HGAAS and GFAAS, respectively. The precision of the techniques, expressed as relative standard deviation, was observed as 1.71% and 4.18% for HGAAS and GFAAS measurements, respectively. The limits of detection for HGAAS and GFAAS were 0.025 lg/g and 0.052 lg/g, respectively. The concentrations of total arsenic in different tissues of broiler chicken were found in the range of 2. 19-5.28, 2.15-5.22, 2.97-7.17 and 2.68-6.36 lg/g for leg, breast, liver and heart tissues, respectively. At a mean level of chicken consumption (60 g/person/day), people may ingest in the range of 72.0-85.1 lg arsenic/person/day from chicken alone.

Research paper thumbnail of Case–control study of male cancer patients exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water and tobacco smoke with relation to non-exposed cancer patients

Human & Experimental Toxicology, 2011

The investigated data indicated that inorganic arsenic in drinking water is associated with incre... more The investigated data indicated that inorganic arsenic in drinking water is associated with increased mortality from different types of cancers. In the present study, biological samples (blood and scalp hair) of male subjects having lung and bladder cancers and non-cancerous subjects belonging to arsenic (As)-exposed area of southern parts of Pakistan were analysed for As contents. The As levels in drinking water of understudy area showed that sections of understudy population are exposed to arsenic concentrations, which was 3-15-fold higher than the permissible level (&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;10 μg/L). For comparative purposes the biological samples of matched male cancer patient, as referent patients belonging to big city (Hyderabad) who had used municipal treated water with low arsenic levels &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;10 μg/L, were also collected. The exposed cancer patients have 2-3-fold higher level of As in both biological samples compared to non-exposed case-matched cancerous male subjects. This study is compelling evidence in support of positive associations between arsenic-contaminated water, food and cigarette with different types of risks of cancer.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of cadmium and zinc in biological samples of tobacco and alcohol user male mouth cancer patients

Human & Experimental Toxicology, 2010

There is compelling evidence in support of positive associations between zinc (Zn) deficiency and... more There is compelling evidence in support of positive associations between zinc (Zn) deficiency and high accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in biological samples of different cancerous patients. The incidence of mouth cancer has been increased among people who possess habit of drinking alcohol, tobacco smoking and chewing with gradients in Pakistan. In the present study, Cd and Zn contents of blood and scalp hair samples of 92 male mouth cancer patients and 78 referents of same age group (range 35-65 years), socio-economic status, localities and dietary habits. Among referent male subjects, 56 consumed tobacco (smoking/chewing), 22 had none of smoking and chewing tobacco habits, while none of them admitted for alcohol drinking. The scalp hair and whole blood samples were oxidized by 65% nitric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide (2:1) ratio in microwave oven. The Zn in digests was determined by flame atomic absorption while Cd was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The average Cd concentration was higher, while level of Zn was lower in the blood and scalp hair samples of mouth cancer patients as compared to referent subjects (p < .001). The male referents consuming tobacco (chewing and smoking) have high level of Cd in both their biological samples as compared to those not smoking or chewing tobacco (p < .012). The Cd/Zn ratio in both biological samples was found to be higher in patients than in referent subjects.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of zinc supplementation on the zinc level in serum and urine and their relation to thyroid hormone profile in male and female goitrous patients

Clinical Nutrition, 2009

Background & aims: Zinc (Zn) is an essential element involved in many basic biochemical reactions... more Background & aims: Zinc (Zn) is an essential element involved in many basic biochemical reactions in thyroid. The aims of present study is to evaluate the Zn status in biological samples and thyroid hormones levels in 60 goitrous male (GMPs) and 72 female patients (GFPs), before and after 6 months treatment with Zn supplementation and compared with non-goitrous subjects of both genders (M ¼ 106, F ¼ 120) of age range 16-30 years.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of iodine, iron, and selenium in biological samples of thyroid mother and their newly born babies

Early Human Development, 2010

Background: There is accumulating facts that the metabolism of essential trace elements is altere... more Background: There is accumulating facts that the metabolism of essential trace elements is altered in thyroid patients. Aim: The aim of present study was to compare the status of essential trace elements, iodine, iron (Fe), and selenium (Se) in biological samples (serum and urine) of goitrous mothers (age ranged 30-40) and their newly born infants (n = 76). An age matched 68 non-goitrous mothers and their infants, residing in the same locality, were selected as referents. For a comparative study, the biological samples of non-goitrous and goitrous pregnant and non pregnant female subjects of the same age group and socio-economic status were also analyzed. Methods: The Fe and Se concentrations in biological samples were determined by a flame and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry respectively, while iodine was measured by iodide-ion selective electrode, prior to microwave assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology was checked by certified reference materials. Results: The mean values of iodine, Fe and Se in serum and urine samples of thyroid mothers and their infants were significantly lower as compared to the referent mothers-infants pairs (p b 0.01). Conclusions: The deficiencies of essential trace elements may adversely affect the health of women and their neonates.

Research paper thumbnail of Arsenic speciation and other parameters of surface and ground water samples of Jamshoro, Pakistan

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2012

This study evaluated and interpreted complex data sets of water samples collected from different ... more This study evaluated and interpreted complex data sets of water samples collected from different sampling origins of ground water (hand pump and tube well) and surface water (municipal, river and canal). The aim was to provide information concerning the apportionment of pollution sources to obtain better information about water quality and possible distribution of As with respect to its speciation. The As (III) formed complex with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) and extracted by surfactant-rich phases in the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114, while total iAs in water samples was adsorbed on titanium dioxide (TiO2) and determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The accuracy of the proposed methodologies was confirmed by standard addition method. The recoveries of As (III) and total inorganic arsenic (iAs) were found to be >98%. The results revealed that the ground water of the area under study was more contaminated as compared to surface water samples. The mean concentration of As (III) and As (V) in the surface water samples was found to be 15.8 and 6.00 µg L−1, respectively, whereas, in the case of ground water samples, the contents of As (III) and As (V) ranged from 6.20 to 51.0 and 6.40 to 53.0 µg L−1, respectively. Principal component analysis performed on a combined (tube well and hand pump) samples data set extracted two significant factors explaining more than 60% of total variance, which suggested that the contamination sources might be natural or anthropogenic.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of arsenic and other physico-chemical parameters of surface and ground water of Jamshoro, Pakistan

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009

Arsenic contamination in water has caused severe health problems around the world. The purpose of... more Arsenic contamination in water has caused severe health problems around the world. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the geological and anthropogenic aspects of As pollution in surface and groundwater resources of Jamshoro Sindh, Pakistan. Hydride generator atomic absorption spectrophotometry (HG-AAS) is employed for the determination of arsenic in water samples, with detection limit of 0.02 g l −1 . Arsenic concentrations in surface and underground water range from 3.0 to 50.0, and 13 to 106 g l −1 , respectively. In most of the water samples As levels exceeded the WHO provisional guideline values 10 g l −1 . The high level of As in under study area may be due to widespread water logging from Indus river irrigation system which causes high saturation of salts in this semi-arid region and lead to enrichment of As in shallow groundwater. Among the physico-chemical parameters, electrical conductivity, Na + , K + , and SO 4 2− were found to be higher in surface and ground water, while elevated levels of Ca 2+ and Cl − were detected only in ground water than WHO permissible limit. The high level of iron was observed in ground water, which is a possible source of As enrichment in the study area. The multivariate technique (cluster analysis) was used for the elucidation of high, medium and low As contaminated areas. It may be concluded that As originate from coal combustion at brick factories and power generation plants, and it was mobilized promotionally by the alkaline nature of the understudy groundwater samples.

Research paper thumbnail of Interaction of cadmium and zinc in biological samples of smokers and chewing tobacco female mouth cancer patients

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010

Epidemiologic studies suggest that zinc (Zn) deficiency and high accumulation of cadmium (Cd) may... more Epidemiologic studies suggest that zinc (Zn) deficiency and high accumulation of cadmium (Cd) may be associated with increased risk of cancer. The incidence of mouth cancer has increased among females, who possess habits of chewing tobacco with gradients (areca nut and betel quid) and smoking tobacco in Pakistan. In present study, we measured the concentration of Cd and Zn in 96 mouth cancer patients (MCPs) and 110 female controls/referents (67 smoker and chewing tobacco), while 43 have none of smoking and chewing tobacco habits, belongs to different cities of Pakistan. Both controls and patients have same age group (ranged 35-65 years), socio-economic status, localities and dietary habits. The Zn and Cd were determined by flame/graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer, prior to microwave assisted acid digestion method. The Cd/Zn ratio in both biological samples was also calculated.

Research paper thumbnail of Estimation of Toxic Metals in Scalp Hair Samples of Chronic Kidney Patients

Biological Trace Element Research, 2009

The determination of toxic metals (TMs) in the biological samples of human beings is an important... more The determination of toxic metals (TMs) in the biological samples of human beings is an important clinical screening procedure. The aim of this work is to determine total content of TMs, aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in scalp hair samples of chronic kidney male patients (CKPs) on maintenance hemodialysis, during the period of 2005–2007. The study included 115 CKPs (all smokers) and 150 controls or referents [82 (nonsmokers) and 68 (smokers)]. Both controls and patients (males) were of the same age group (ranged 25–55 years), socioeconomic status, localities, and dietary habits. The scalp hair samples were analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer, prior to microwave-induced acid digestion. The accuracy of the total Al, Cd, Ni, and Pb measurements was tested by simultaneously analyzing certified reference material (human hair NCS ZC81002). No significant differences were observed between the analytical results and the certified values (paired t test at p > 0.05). The levels of TMs in scalp hair samples of patients were found to be higher as compared to control nonsmoker and smokers. Moreover, the study shows that levels of Al, Cd, Ni, and Pb in scalp hair samples may be useful to evaluate the impact of cigarette smoking in kidney failure patients.

Research paper thumbnail of Accumulation of arsenic in different fresh water fish species – potential contribution to high arsenic intakes

Food Chemistry, 2009

The aim of the study was to evaluate total arsenic (As) in five tissues (gills, mouthpiece, intes... more The aim of the study was to evaluate total arsenic (As) in five tissues (gills, mouthpiece, intestine, liver and muscles) of 10 fish species caught from As contaminated Manchar Lake (26°3 0 N: 67°6 0 E) Sindh Pakistan during 2006-2007. The total As concentration was determined by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS), prior to microwave assisted acid digestion. The certified reference material DORM-2 (dogfish muscle) was used to check the quality control of the technique. The good agreement with the certified value at 95% confidence limit confirmed the validity of As determination method. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of As were 0.034 and 0.11 lg/g, respectively. The As concentration ranges in different tissues were obtained as: gills (1.01-10.4), mouth pieces (1.01-18.6), intestine (1.01-11.2), liver (3.51-10.9) and in muscles (2.12-15.2) lg/g on dried basis. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for As in fish muscles were found in two ranges (4.88-7.2) and (17.6-35.3). The contribution of the daily intake of As, based on the consumption of 250 g fresh fish muscles per day was found in the range of 0.1-0.76 lg, higher than WHO tolerable limit.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Toxic Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Male Subjects Through Drinking Water in Southern Sindh Pakistan

Biological Trace Element Research

The arsenic (As) hazardous quotient was estimated based on concentration of As in drinking water ... more The arsenic (As) hazardous quotient was estimated based on concentration of As in drinking water and scalp hair of male subjects of two age groups (n = 360) consuming As contaminated water at different levels and non-contaminated drinking water. The total As concentrations in drinking water of less-exposed (LE) and high-exposed (HE) areas was found to be 3- to 30-fold higher than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization (2004) for drinking water, while the levels of As in drinking water of non-exposed (NE) areas was within the permissible limit. The levels of As in scalp hair samples of male subjects of two age groups belonging to NE, LE, and HE areas ranged from 0.01 to 0.27, 0.11–1.31, and 0.36–6.80 μg/g, respectively. A significant correlation between As contents of drinking water and As concentration in scalp hair was observed in sub-district Gambit (r = 0.825–0.852, p < 0.001) as compared to those subjects belonging to LE sub-district Thari Mirwah. A toxicity risk assessment provides a hazard quotient corresponding to <10 that indicates non-carcinogenic exposure risk of understudy areas.

Research paper thumbnail of Hazardous impact of arsenic on tissues of same fish species collected from two ecosystem

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009

The purpose of this paper is to develop a database of fish tissues and to evaluate concentration ... more The purpose of this paper is to develop a database of fish tissues and to evaluate concentration of arsenic (As) in five tissues of fish species collected from Manchar Lake Pakistan and to compare concentration of As in fish tissues of same fish species collected from the Indus River, Pakistan. A sensitive and precise, hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG AAS) method is presented for the determination of total Arsenic (As). Microwave acid-assisted digestion (MAD) procedure based on the mixture HNO 3 /H 2 O 2 was evaluated. The method was successfully validated against CRM DORM-2 (dogfish muscle). Quantitative As recovery in CRM (DORM-2) was obtained and no statistical differences were found at 95% level by applying the t-test. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ), for As were established as 0.022 and 0.063 g g −1 , respectively. The results of this study indicated that As concentration in fish tissues from the Indus River are generally lower than in tissues of fishes from Manchar Lake. Arsenic concentrations in fish tissues of Indus River are although above the respective human health-based concentrations.

Research paper thumbnail of Determination of inorganic arsenic species (As 3+ and As 5+) in muscle tissues of fish species by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS

Food Chemistry, 2010

Arsenic speciation was carried out in muscle tissues of freshwater fish species. Inorganic arseni... more Arsenic speciation was carried out in muscle tissues of freshwater fish species. Inorganic arsenic species (As 3+ and As 5+ ) were extracted with chloroform, prior to microwave assisted digestion with concentrated HClO 4 and Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . The extracted As 3+ and As 5+ were ...

Research paper thumbnail of Respiratory effects in people exposed to arsenic via the drinking water and tobacco smoking in southern part of Pakistan

Science of The Total Environment, 2009

In this study, a survey has been conducted during 2005-2007 on surface and groundwater arsenic (A... more In this study, a survey has been conducted during 2005-2007 on surface and groundwater arsenic (As) contamination and its impact on the health of local population, of villages located on the banks of Manchar lake, southern part of Sindh, Pakistan. We have also assessed the relationship between arsenic exposure through respiratory disorders in male subjects with drinking water and smoking cigarettes made from tobacco grown in agricultural land irrigated with As contaminated lake water. The biological samples (blood and scalp hair) were collected from As exposed subjects (100% smokers) and age matched healthy male subjects (40.2% smoker and 59.8% non smokers) belong to unexposed areas for comparison purposes. The As concentration in drinking water (surface and underground water), agricultural soil, cigarette tobacco and biological samples were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The range of As concentrations in lake water was 35.2-158 microg/L (average 97.5 microg/L), which is 3-15 folds higher than permissible limit of World Health Organization (WHO, 2004). While the As level in local cigarette tobacco was found to be 3-6 folds higher than branded cigarettes (0.37-0.79 microg/g). Arsenic exposed subjects (with and without RD) had significantly elevated levels of As in their biological samples as compared to referent male subject of unexposed area. These respiratory effects were more pronounced in individuals who had also As induced skin lesions. The linear regressions showed good correlations between As concentrations in water versus hair and blood samples of exposed subjects with and without respiratory problems.

Research paper thumbnail of Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Sodium Levels in Biological Samples of Hypertensive and Nonhypertensive Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Biological Trace Element Research, 2008

There is accumulating evidence that the metabolism of several essential elements is altered in di... more There is accumulating evidence that the metabolism of several essential elements is altered in diabetes mellitus and that these nutrients might have specific roles in the pathogenesis and progress of this disease. The aim of the present study was to compare the level of essential elements, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na), in biological samples (whole blood, urine, and scalp hair) of patients who have hypertensive diabetes mellitus type 2 (n = 254) and nonhypertensive diabetes mellitus type 2 (n = 228) with those of nondiabetic as control subjects (n = 182; age range of both genders 45–75). The element concentrations were measured by means of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer after microwave-induced acid digestion. The validity and accuracy was checked by conventional wet acid digestion method and using certified reference materials. The overall recoveries of all elements were found in the range of 99.1–99.9% of certified values. The results of this study showed that the mean values of K, Mg, and Ca were significantly reduced, while Na level were higher in blood and scalp hair samples of hypertensive diabetic (HD) patients and nonhypertensive diabetic (NHD) patients as compared to control subjects of both genders (p < 0.05), but level of K in the biological samples of nonhypertensive diabetic patient was found to be higher, but it was not significant (p = 0.05).The urinary levels of these elements were found to be higher in both HD and NHD patients than in the age-matched healthy controls. These results are consistent with those obtained in other studies, confirming that deficiency and efficiency of some essential trace metals may play a role in the development of diabetes mellitus.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of toxic metals in raw and processed milk samples using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometer

Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2009

Keywords: 16