The chemical bases of the various AIDS epidemics: Recreational drugs, anti-viral chemotherapy and malnutrition (original) (raw)
Abouya Y L, Beaumel A, Lucas S, Dago-Akribi A, Coulibaly G, N’Dhatz M, Konan J B, Yapi A and De Cock K M 1992_Pneumocystis carinii_ pneumonia. An uncommon cause of death in African patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome;Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.145 617–620 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Achard C, Bernard H and Gagneux C 1909 Action de la morphine sur les proprietes leucocytaires; leuco-diagnostic du morphinisme;Bull. Mem. Soc. Med. Hopitaux Paris28 3rd Series 958–966 Google Scholar
Adams J 1989_AIDS: The HIV myth_ (New York: St. Martin’s Press) Google Scholar
Alcabes P, Schoenbaum E E and Klein R S 1993 Correlates of the rate of decline of CD4+ lymphocytes among injection drug users infected with the human immunodeficiency virus;Am. J. Epidemiol.137 989–1000 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Altman L 2001a The AIDS questions that linger;New York Times, New York, January 30, p. F1
Altman L 2001b US Panel seeks Changes in Treatment of AIDS Virus;New York Times, New York, February 4, p. 16
Altman L 2001c US warns doctors to limit use of anti-HIV drug;New York Times, New York, January 5, p. A12
Altman L K 1984 Researchers believe AIDS virus is found;New York Times, New York, April 24, p. C1, C3
Altman L K 2002 Many Americans with HIV don’t know it or don’t seek care study shows;New York Times, New York, February 26, p. A20
Anand R, Reed C, Forlenza S, Siegal F, Cheung T and Moore J 1987 Non-cytocidal natural variants of human immunodeficiency virus isolated from AIDS patients with neurological disorders;Lancet2 234–238 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Anderson R M 1996 The spread of HIV and sexual mixing patterns; in_AIDS in the World II_ (Oxford: Oxford University Press) pp 71–86 Google Scholar
Anonymous 1999 Rapid disease progression in HIV-1 perinatally infected children born to mothers receiving zidovudine monotherapy during pregnancy. The Italian register for HIV Infection in Children;Aids13 927–933
Archer C B, Spittle M F and Smith N P 1989 Kaposi’s sarcoma in a homosexual — 10 years on;Clin. Exp. Dermatol.14 233–236 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Archibald C P, Schechter M T, Le T N, Craib K J P, Montaner J S G and O’Shaughnessy M V 1992 Evidence for a sexually transmitted cofactor for AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma in a cohort of homosexual men;Epidemiology3 203–209 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ascher M S, Sheppard H W, Winkelstein W Jr and Vittinghoff E 1993a Does drug use cause AIDS?;Nature (London)362 103–104 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Ascher M S, Sheppard H W, Winkelstein W Jr and Vittinghoff E 1993b Aetiology of AIDS;Lancet341 1223 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ascher M S, Sheppard H W and Winkelstein W Jr 1995 AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma (letter);Science267 1080 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Associated Press 2001 Delaying HIV drugs may be OK;New York Times, New York, November 27
Ayers K M 1988 Preclinical Toxicology of Zidovudine;Am. J. Med. (Suppl. 2A)85 186–188 CAS Google Scholar
Bacellar H, Munoz A, Miller E N, Cohen B A, Besley D, Selnes O A, Becker J T and McArthur J C 1994 Temporal trends in the incidence of HIV-1-related neurologic diseases: Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study 1985–1992;Neurology44 1892–1900 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann J C, Rey F, Nugeyre M T, Chamaret S, Gruest C, Dauget C, Axler-Blin C, Vezinet-Brun F, Rouzioux C, Rozenbaum W and Montagnier L 1983 Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS);Science220 868–871 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Beral V, Peterman T A, Berkelman R L and Jaffe H W 1990 Kaposi’s sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection?;Lancet335 123–128 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Blanche S, Rouzioux C, Moscato M L G, Veber F, Mayaux M J, Jacomet C, Tricoire J, Deville A, Vial M, Firtion G, de Crepy A, Douard D, Robin M, Courpotin C, Ciran-Vineron N, Le Deist F, Griscelli C and the HIV Infection in New-borns French Collaborative Study Group 1989 A prospective study of infants born to women seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1;N. Engl. J. Med.320 1643–1648 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Blanche S, Tardieu M, Rustin P, Slama A, Barret B, Firtion G, Ciraru-Vigneron N, Lacroix C, Rouzioux C, Mandelbrot L, Desguerre I, Rotig A, Mayaux M J and Delfraissy J F 1999 Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues;Lancet354 1084–1089 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Blattner W A, Gallo R C and Temin H M 1988 HIV causes AIDS;Science241 514–515 Article Google Scholar
Botnick M R, Heath K V, Cornelisse P G, Strathdee S A, Martindale S L and Hogg R S 2002 Correlates of suicide attempts in an open cohort of young men who have sex with men;Can. J. Public Health93 59–62 PubMed Google Scholar
Braeu N, Leaf H L, Wieczorck R L and Margolis D M 1997 Severe hepatitis in three AIDS patients treated with Indinavir;Lancet349 924–925 Article Google Scholar
Brandt A M 1988 AIDS in historical perspective: Four lessons from the history of sexually transmitted diseases;Am. J. Public Health78 367–3 71 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bregman D J and Langmuir A D 1990 Farr’s law applied to AIDS projections;J. Am. Med. Assoc.263 50–57 Article Google Scholar
Brinkman K, Smeitink J A, Romijn J A and Reiss P 1999 Mitochondrial toxicity induced by nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of antiretroviral-therapy-related lipodystrophy;Lancet354 1112–1115 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Bull S S, Piper P and Rietmeijer C 2002 Men who have sex with men and also inject drugs-profiles of risk related to the synergy of sex and drug injection behaviors;J. Homosex42 31–51 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cairns J 1978_Cancer: science and society_ (San Francisco: W H Freeman) Google Scholar
Cairns J 1997_Matters of life and death; perspectives on public health, molecular biology, cancer and the prospects for the human race_ (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press) Google Scholar
Cao Y, Quin L, Zhang L, Safrit J and Ho D D 1995 Virologic and Immunologic Characterization of Long-Term Survivors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection;N. Engl. J. Med.332 201–208 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Carr A, Miller J, Law M and Cooper D A 2000 A syndrome of lipoatrophy, lactic acidaemia and liver failure dysfunction with HIV nucleoside analogue therapy: contribution to protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy syndrome;Aids14 F25-F32 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Carr A, Morey A, Mallon P, Williams D and Thorburn D R 2001 Fatal portal hypertension, liver failure, and mitochondrial dysfunction after HIV-1 nucleoside analogue-induced hepatitis and lactic acidaemia;Lancet357 1412–1414 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control 1981a Koposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men — New York city and California;Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep.30 305–308 Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control 1981b Update on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS);Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep.31 507–514 Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control 1985 Revision of the case definition of AIDS for national reporting — United States;Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep.34 373–375 Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control (ed.) 1986_Reports on AIDS published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, June 1981 through February 1986_ (US Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA) Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control 1987 Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome;Jama258 1143–1154 Article Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control 1992 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults;Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep.41 (No. RR17) 1–19 Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1997 US HIV and AIDS cases reported through December 1997;Year-end Edition9 1–43 Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2001 US HIV and AIDS cases reported through December 2001;HIV/AIDS Surveillance Rep.13 1–44 Google Scholar
Cheakalos C and Rosza L 2002 Positive Approach;People, 4 March, 95–96
Cherry M 2000 Mbeki gives AIDS scientists the cold shoulder;Nature (London)406 113 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Christensen D 2000 Taking a break; Can interrupting their treatment benefit HIV-infected people?;Sci. News157 248–249 Google Scholar
Clark S J, Saag M S, Decker W D, Campbell-Hill S, Roberson J L, Veldkamp P J, Kappes J C, Hahn B H and Shaw G M 1991 High titers of cytopathic virus in plasma of patients with symptomatic primary HIV-infection;N. Engl. J. Med.324 954–960 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Clinton W and The White House 1996_The National Drug Control Strategy_ (Washington DC: The White House) Google Scholar
Coffin J, Haase A, Levy J A, Montagnier L, Oroszlan S, Teich N, Temin H, Varmus H, Vogt P and Weiss R 1986 Human immunodeficiency viruses;Science232 697 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Colebunders R, Mann J, Francis H, Bila K, Izaley L, Kakonde N, Kabasele K, Ifoto L, Nzilambi N, Quinn T, van der Groen G, Curran J, Vercauten B and Piot P 1987 Evaluation of a clinical case definition of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Africa;Lancet1 492–494 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Colfax G N, Mansergh G, Guzman R, Vittinghoff E, Marks G, Rader M and Buchbinder S 2001 Drug use and sexual risk behavior among gay and bisexual men who attend circuit parties: a venue-based comparison;J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr.28 373–379 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Connor E M, Sperling R S, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, O’Sullivan M J, VanDyke R, Bey M, Shearer W, Jacobson R L, Jimenez E, O’Neill E, Bazin B, Delfraissy J-F, Culnane M, Coombs R, Elkins M, Moye J, Stratton P, Balsley J and Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group 1994 Reduction of Maternal-Infant Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 With Zidovudine Treatment;N. Engl. J. Med.331 1173–1180 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Costello R B (ed.) 1995_Webster’s College Dictionary_ (New York: Random House) Google Scholar
Craib K J, Weber A C, Cornelisse P G, Martindale S L, Miller M L, Schechter M T, Strathdee S A, Schilder A and Hogg R S 2000 Comparison of sexual behaviors unprotected sex and substance use between two independent cohorts of gay and bisexual men;Aids14 303–311 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Cronkite E P and Bullis J 1990 In vivo toxicity of 3′-azido-2′, 3′-dideoxythymindine (AZT) on CBA/Ca mice;Int. J. Cell Cloning8 332–345 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Curran J, Lawrence D N, Jaffe H, Kaplan J E, Zyla L D, Chamberland M, Weinstein R, Lui K-J, Schonberger L B, Spira T J, Alexander W J, Swinger G, Ammann A, Solomon S, Auerbach D, Mildvan D, Stoneburner R, Jason J M, Haverkos H W and Evatt B L 1984 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated with transfusions;N. Engl. J. Med.310 69–75 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Curran J W, Morgan M W, Hardy A M, Jaffe H W, Darrow W W and Dowdle W R 1985 The epidemiology of AIDS: current status and future prospects;Science229 1352–1357 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Daar E S, Moudgil T, Meyer R D and Ho D D 1991 Transient high levels of viremia in patients with primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection;N. Engl. J. Med.324 961–964 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dalakas M C, Illa I, Pezeshkpour G H, Laukaitis J P, Cohen B and Griffin J L 1990 Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy;N. Engl. J. Med.322 1098–1105 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Darby S C, Ewart D W, Giangrande P L F, Dolin P J, Spooner R J D, Rizza C R and on behalf of the UK Haemophilia Centre Directors’ Organisation 1995 Mortality before and after HIV infection in the complete UK population of haemophiliacs (letter);Nature (London)377 79–82 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Darrow W W, Echenberg D F, Jaffe H W, O’Malley P M, Byers R H, Getchell J P and Curran J W 1987 Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in homosexual men;Am. J. Publ. Health77 479–483 CAS Google Scholar
Day M 2000 No more cocktails;New Scientist, 16 December, p. 7
de Harven E 1999 Viral etiology of human cancer: a historical perspective;Haematologica84 385–389 PubMed Google Scholar
de Souza R S, Gomez-Marin O, Scott G B, Guasti S, O’Sullivan M J, Oliveira R H and Mitchell C D 2000 Effect of prenatal zidovudine on disease progression in perinatally HIV-1-infected infants;J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.24 154–161 PubMed Google Scholar
Deeks S G, Smith M, Holodniy M and Kahn J O 1997 HIV-1 protease inhibitors. A review for clinicians;Jama277 145–153 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Diamond C, Thiede H, Perdue T, MacKellar D, Valleroy L A and Corey L 2001 Seroepidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 among young men who have sex with men;Sex Transm. Dis.28 176–183 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dournon E, Matheron S, Rozenbaum W, Gharakhanian S, Michon C, Girard P M, Perrone C, Salmon D, DeTruchis P, Leport C and the Claude Bernard Hospital AZT Study Group 1988 Effects of zidovudine in 365 consecutive patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex;Lancet2 1297–1302 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Downs A M, Ancelle R A, Jager H J and Brunet J B 1987 AIDS in Europe: current trends and short-term predictions estimated from surveillance data, January 1981–June 1986;Aids1 53–57 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Duesberg P and Bialy H 1996 Duesberg and the Right of Reply According to Maddox — Nature; in_AIDS: Virus-or drug induced_? (ed.) P H Duesberg (Dordrecht: Kluwer) pp 111–125 Google Scholar
Duesberg P H 1987 Retroviruses as carcinogens and pathogens: expectations and reality;Cancer Res.47 1199–1220 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Duesberg P H 1996a Commentary: non-HIV hypotheses must be studied more carefully;Br. Med. J.312 210–211 CAS Google Scholar
Duesberg P H 1996b_Inventing the AIDS Virus_ (Washington: Regnery Publishing Inc.) Google Scholar
Duesberg P H and Rasnick D 1998 The AIDS dilemma: drug diseases blamed on a passenger virus;Genetica104 85–132 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Dukers N H, Renwick N, Prins M, Geskus R B, Schulz T F, Weverling G J, Coutinho R A and Goudsmit J 2000 Risk factors for human herpesvirus 8 seropositivity and seroconversion in a cohort of homosexual men;Am. J. Epidemiol.151 213–224 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Durack D T 1981 Opportunistic infections and Kaposi’s sarcoma in homosexual men;N. Engl. J. Med.305 1465–1467 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Eggers H J and Weyer J J 1991 Linkage and independence of AIDS Kaposi disease: The interaction of human immunodeficiency virus and some coagents;Infection19 115–122 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ellison B J, Downey A B and Duesberg P H. 1996 HIV as a surrogate marker for drug-use: a re-analysis of the San Francisco Men’s Health Study. in_AIDS: virus- or drug induced_? (ed.) P H Duesberg (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers) pp 97–104 Google Scholar
European Collaborative Study 1991 Children born to women with HIV-1 infection: natural history and risk of transmission;Lancet337 253–260 Article Google Scholar
Fellay J, Boubaker K, Ledergerber B, Bernasconi E, Furrer H, Battegay M, Hirschel B, Vernazza P, Francioli P, Greub G, Flepp M and Telenti A 2001 Prevalence of adverse events associated with potent antiretroviral treatment: Swiss HIV Cohort Study;Lancet358 1322–1327 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fenner F, McAuslan B R, Mims C A, Sambrook J and White D O 1974_The biology of animal viruses_ (New York: Academic Press) Google Scholar
Fiala C 1998 AIDS in Africa: dirty tricks;NewAfrican April, pp 36–38
Fiala C, de Harven E, Herxheimer A, Kohnlein C, Mhlongo S and Stewart G T 2002 HIV/AIDS data in South Africa;Lancet359 1782 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Fields B 2001_Field’s virology_ (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) Google Scholar
Fischl M A, Richman D D, Grieco M H, Gottlieb M S, Volberding P A, Laskin O L, Leedon J M, Groopman J E, Mildvan D, Schooley R T, Jackson G G, Durack D T, King D and the AZT Collaborative Working Group 1987 The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex;N. Engl. J. Med.317 185–191 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fischl M A, Richman D D, Causey D M, Grieco M H, Bryson Y, Mildvan D, Laskin O L, Groopman J E, Volberding P A, Schooley R T, Jackson G G, Durack D T, Andrews J C, Nusinoff-Lehrman S, Barry D W and the AZT Collaborative working Group 1989 Prolonged zidovudine therapy in patients with AIDS and advanced AIDS-related complex;Jama262 2405–2410 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fischl M A, Stanley K, Collier A C, Arduino J M, Stein D S, Feinberg J E, Allan J D, Goldsmith J C and Powderly W G 1995 Combination and monotherapy with zidovudine and zalcitabine in patients with advanced HIV disease. The NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group;Ann. Int. Med.122 24–32 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fogelman I, Lim L, Bassett R, Volberding P, Fischl M A, Stanley K, Cotton D J for the AIDS Clinical Trials Group 1994 Prevalence and patterns of use of concomitant medications among participants in three multicenter human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clinical trials;J. Aquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.7 1057–1063 CAS Google Scholar
France D 2001 The angry prophet is dying: Controversial author Larry Kramer is a one-man history of the AIDS struggle, from early activism to the fading hope of medical salvation;Newsweek June, pp 42–46
Francis D P, Curran J W and Essex M 1983 Epidemic acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Epidemiologic evidence for a transmissible agent;J. Natl. Cancer Inst.71 1–4 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Fujimura J 1996_Crafting science; a sociohistory of the quest for the genetics of cancer_ (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) Google Scholar
Gallo R C, Salahuddin S Z, Popovic M, Shearer G M, Kaplan M, Haynes B F, Palker T J, Redfield R, Oleske J, Safai B, White G, Foster P and Markham P D 1984 Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retrovirus (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS;Science224 500–503 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gellman B 2000 S. African President Escalates AIDS Feud;Washington Post, April 19, p. A01
Gerhard S 2001 Safe and sound underground: HIV-positive women birthing outside the system;Mothering September/ October, pp 42–57
Gerschenson M, Erhart S W, Paik C Y, St Claire M C, Nagashima K, Skopets B, Harbaugh S W, Harbaugh J W, Quan W and Poirier M C 2000 Fetal mitochondrial heart and skeletal muscle damage in_Erythrocebus patas_ monkeys exposed in utero to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine;AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses16 635–644 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gill P S, Rarick M, Byrnes R K, Causey D, Loureiro C and Levine A M 1987 Azidothymidine associated with bone marrow failure in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS);Ann. Int. Med.107 502–505 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gisselquist D, Rothenberg R, Potterat J and Drucker E 2002 HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa not explained by sexual or vertical transmission;Int. J. STD AIDS13 657–666 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Goedert J J, Cohen A R, Kessler C M, Eichinger S, Seremetis S V, Rabkin C S, Yellin F J, Rosenberg P S and Aledort L M 1994 Risks of immunodeficiency, AIDS, and death related to purity of factor VIII concentrate;Lancet344 791–792 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Goedert J J, Neuland C Y, Wallen W C, Greene M H, Mann D L, Murray C, Strong D M, Fraumeni J F Jr and Blattner W A 1982 Amyl nitrite may alter T lymphocytes in homosexual men;Lancet1 412–416 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Gottlieb M S, Schroff R, Schanker H M, Weisman J D, Fan P T, Wolf R A and Saxon A 1981_Pneumocystis carinii_ pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency;N. Engl. J. Med.305 1425–1431 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Grossman S J, Reinfoed N, Eydelloth R S, Alberts D W, Smith P F and Patrick D H 1997 Hepatotoxicity of an HIV protease inhibitor in dogs and rats;Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.146 40–52 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hall C T 1996 AIDS advances boost drugmaker;San Francisco Chronicle, August 1, pp E1-E2
Harper M E, Marselle L M, Gallo R C and Wong-Staal F 1986 Detection of lymphocytes expressing human T-lymphotropic virus type III in lymph nodes and peripheral blood from infected individuals by_in situ_ hybridization;Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA83 772–776 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Haverkos H 1988 Epidemiologic studies — Kaposi’s sarcoma vs. opportunistic infections among homosexual men with AIDS; in_Health hazards of nitrite inhalants_ (eds) H W Haverkos and J A Doughertry (Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse) pp 96–105 Google Scholar
Haverkos H W 1996 Is Kaposi sarcoma caused by new herpesvirus?;Biomed. Pharmacother.50 318–319 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Haverkos H W and Dougherty J A (eds) 1988_Health hazards of nitrite inhalants_ (83 NIDA Research Monograph, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC) Google Scholar
Haverkos H W and Drotman D P 1995 Measuring inhalant nitrite exposure in gay men: implications for elucidating the etiology of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma;Genetica95 157–164 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Haverkos H W and Drotman D P 1996 NIDA technical review: nitrite inhalants;Biomed. Pharmacother.50 228–230 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Haverkos H W, Drotman D P and Hanson D 1994 Surveillance for AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS): update;NIDA/ CDC, Rockville, MD/Atlanta, GA May
Haverkos H W, Pinsky P F, Drotman D P and Bregman D J 1985 Disease manifestation among homosexual men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a possible role of nitrites in Kaposi’s sarcoma;J. Sex. Trans. Dis.12 203–208 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Hazenberg M D, Hamann D, Schuitemaker H and Miedema F 2000 T cell depletion in HIV-1 infection: how CD4+ T cells go out of stock;Nature Immunol.1 285–289 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Hearst N and Hulley S 1988 Preventing the heterosexual spread of AIDS: Are we giving our patients the best advice?;Jama259 2428–2432 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hendrix A 2002 Artist’s perception stroked by his longtime HIV status;San Francisco Chronicle, March 20
Heredia C 2003a Dance of death, first of three parts: crystal meth fuels HIV;San Francisco Chronicle, May 4, p. A1
Heredia C 2003b Ph D Takes fall to addiction;San Franscisco Chronicle, May 5, p. A1
Heresi G P, Caceres E, Atkins J T, Rueben J and Doyle M 1997_Pneumocystis carinii_ pneumonia in infants who were exposed to human immunodeficiency virus but were not infected: an exception to the AIDS Surveillance case definition;Clin. Infect. Dis.25 739–740 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hitchcock M J M 1991 Review: Antiviral portrait series Number 1; 2′,3′-Didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (D4T), an anti-HIV agent;Antiviral Chem. Chemother.2 125–132 CAS Google Scholar
Ho D D, Neumann A U, Perelson A S, Chen W, Leonard J M and Markowitz M 1995 Rapid Turnover of Plasma Virions and CD4 Lymphocytes in HIV-1 Infection:Nature (London)373 123–126 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Hodgkinson N 1996_AIDS: the failure of contemporary science_ (London: Fourth Estate) Google Scholar
Hodgkinson N 2001 Molecular miscarriage: Is the HIV theory a tragic mistake?;Mothering September/October, pp 58–73
Hogg R S, Yip B, Chan K J, Wood E, Craib K J, O’Shaughnessy M V and Montaner J S 2001 Rates of Disease Progression by Baseline CD4 Cell Count and Viral Load After Initiating Triple-Drug Therapy;Jama286 2568–2577 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hoots K and Canty D 1998 Clotting factor concentrates and immune function in haemophilic patients;Haemophilia4 704–713 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Hoover D R, Rinaldo C, He Y, Phair J, Fahey J and Graham N M 1995 Long-term survival without clinical AIDS after CD4+ cell counts fall below 200 × 10(6)/1;Aids9 145–152 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Horwitz J P, Chua J and Noel M 1964 Nucleosides. V. The monomesylates of l-(2′-deoxy-beta-D-lyxofuranosyl) thymidine;J. Org. Chem.29 2076 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Hoxie J A, Haggarty B S, Rakowski J L, Pillsbury N and Levy J A 1985 Persistent noncytopathic infection of normal human T lymphocytes with AIDS-associated retrovirus;Science229 1400–1402 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Inoue T, Cronkite E P, Hirabayashi Y, Bullis J E Jr, Mitsui H and Umemura T 1997 Lifetime treatment of mice with azidothymidine (AZT) produces myelodysplasia;Leukemia (Suppl. 3)11 123–127 Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences 1986_Confronting AIDS_ (Washington DC: National Academy Press) Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences 1988_Confronting AIDS-Update 1988_ (Washington DC: National Academy Press) Google Scholar
Jacobson M A, de Miranda P, Gordon S M, Blum M R, Volberding P and Mills J 1988 Prolonged pancytopenia due to combined ganciclovir and zidovuduine therapy;J. Infect. Dis.158 489–490 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jacquez J A, Koopman J S, Simon C P and Longini Jr I M 1994 Role of the primary infection in epidemics of HIV infection in gay cohorts;J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.7 1169–1184 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Jaffe H W, Choi K, Thomas P A, Haverkos H W, Auerbach D M, Guinan M E, Rogers M F, Spira T J, Darrow W W, Kramer M A, Friedman S M, Monroe J M, Friedman-Kien A E, Laubenstein L J, Marmor M, Safai B, Dritz S K, Crispi S J, Fannin S L, Orkwis J P, Kelter A, Rushing W R, Thacker S B and Curran J W 1983 National case-control study of Kaposi’s sarcoma and_Pneumocystis carinii_ pneumonia in homosexual men: Part 1, Epidemiologic results;Ann. Int. Med.99 145–151 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Johnson J A 2000_AIDS Funding for Federal Government Programs: FY1981-FY2001_ (Congressional Research Service/The Library of Congress)
Kaslow R A, Blackwelder W C, Ostrow D G, Yerg D, Palenicek J, Coulson A H and Valdiserri R O 1989 No evidence for a role of alcohol or other psychoactive drugs in accelerating immunodeficiency in HIV-1-positive individuals;Jama261 3424–3429 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kline M W, Van Dyke R B, Lindsey J C, Gwynne M, Culnane M, McKinney R E, Nichols S, Mitchell W G, Yogev R, Hutcheon N and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group 240 Team 1998 A randomized comparative trial of stavudine (d4T) versus zidovudine (ZDU, AZT) in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection;Pediatrics101 214–220 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kolata G 1987 Imminent marketing of AZT raises problems; Marrow suppression hampers AZT use in AIDS victims;Science235 1462–1463 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Konotey-Ahulu F I D 1987b Clinical epidemiology, not seroepidemiology, is the answer to Africa’s AIDS problem;Br. Med. J.294 1593–1594 CAS Google Scholar
Konotey-Ahulu F I D 1989_What is AIDS_? (Watford, England: Tetteh-A’Domenco) Google Scholar
Kuhn L, Abrams E J, Weedon J, Lambert G, Schoenbaum E E, Nesheim S R, Palumbo P, Vink P E and Bulterys M 2000 Disease progression and early viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children exposed to zidovudine during prenatal and perinatal periods;J. Infect. Dis.182 104–111 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Kumar R M, Hughes P F and Khurranna A 1994 Zidovudine use in pregnancy: a report on 104 cases and the occurence of birth defects;J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.7 1034–1039 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Langhoff E, McElrath J, Bos H J, Pruett J, Granelli-Piperno A, Cohn Z A and Steinman R M 1989 Most CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected patients can undergo prolonged clonal expansion;J. Clin. Invest.84 1637–1643 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lauritsen J 1994 NIH reconsiders nitrites’ link to AIDS;Biotechnology12 762–763 Article Google Scholar
Lauritsen J and Wilson H 1986_Death rush, poppers and AIDS_ (New York: Pagan Press) Google Scholar
Learmont J, Tindall B, Evans L, Cunningham A, Cunningham P, Wells J, Penny R, Kaldor J and Cooper D A 1992 Long-term symptomless HIV-1 infection in recipients of blood products from a single donor;Lancet340 863–867 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lerner W D 1989 Cocaine abuse and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: tale of two epidemics;Am. J. Med.87 661–663 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Levy J A, Hoffman A D, Kramer S M, Landis J A and Shimabukuro J M 1984 Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS;Science225 840–842 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lifson A R, Darrow W W, Hessol N A, O’Malley P M, Barnhart J L, Jaffe H W and Rutherford G W 1990 Kaposi’s sarcoma in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men: epidemiology and analysis for cofactors;Am. J. Epidemiol.131 221–231 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Lori F, Maserati R, Foli A, Seminari E, Timpone J and Lisziewicz J 2000 Structured treatment interruptions to control HIV-1 infection;Lancet355 287–288 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Los Angeles Times 1998 Clinton to announce new drug plan;San Francisco Chronicle, February 13, p. A17
Maddox J 1995 More conviction on HIV and AIDS;Nature (London)377 1 Article Google Scholar
Maggiore C 2000_What if everything you thought you knew about AIDS was wrong_? (Los Angeles: The American Foundation for AIDS Alternatives) Google Scholar
Malan R 2001 AIDS in Africa in search of the truth;Rolling Stone, 22 November, pp 70–72, 74–78, 80, 82, 100, 102
Mansergh G, Colfax G N, Marks G, Rader M, Guzman R and Buchbinder S 2001 The Circuit Party Men’s Health Survey: findings and implications for gay and bisexual men;Am. J. Public Health91 953–958 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Marmor M, Friedman-Kien A E, Laubenstein L, Byrum R D, William D C, D’Onofrio S and Dubin N 1982 Risk factors for Kaposi’s sarcoma in homosexual men;Lancet1 1083–1087 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mathur-Wagh U, Enlow R W, Spigland I, Winchester R J, Sacks H S, Rorat E, Yancovitz S R, Klein M J, William D C and Mildvan D 1984 Longitudinal study of persistent generalized lymphadenopathy in homosexual men: Relation to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome;Lancet1 1033–1038 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mattison A M, Ross M W, Wolfson T and Franklin D 2001 Circuit party attendance, club drug use, and unsafe sex in gay men;J. Subst. Abuse13 119–126 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
McCune J M 2001 The dynamics of CD4+ T-cell depletion in HIV disease;Nature (London)410 974–979 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
McKallip R J, Nagarkatti M and Nagarkatti P S 1995 Immunotoxicity of AZT: Inhibitory Effect on Thymocyte Differentiation and Peripheral T Cell Responsiveness to gp120 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus;Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.131 53–62 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
McNall M and Remafedi G 1999 Relationship of amphetamine and other substance use to unprotected intercourse among young men who have sex with men;Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.153 1130–1135 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Merriam-Webster (ed.) 1965_Webster’s Third International Dictionary_ (Springfield, MA: G & C Merriam) Google Scholar
Migueles S A, Sabbaghian M S, Shupert W L, Bettinotti M P, Marincola F M, Martino L, Hallahan C W, Selig S M, Schwartz D, Sullivan J and Connors M 2000 HLA B*5701 is highly associated with restriction of virus replication in a subgroup of HIV-infected long term nonprogressors;Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA97 2709–2714 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Mims C and White D O 1984_Viral pathogenesis and immunology_ (Oxford: Blackwell) Google Scholar
Mocroft A, Kirk O, Barton S E, Dietrich M, Proenca R, Colebunders R, Pradier C, dArminio Monforte A, Ledergerber B and Lundgren J D 1999 Anaemia is an independent predictive marker for clinical prognosis in HIV-infected patients from across Europe. EuroSIDA study group;Aids13 943–950 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Moss A R 1987 AIDS and intravenous drug use: the real heterosexual epidemic;Br. Med. J.294 389–390 CAS Google Scholar
Moye J, Rich K C, Kalish L A, Sheon A R, Diaz C, Cooper E R, Pitt J, Handelsman E and for the Women and Infants Transmission Study Group 1996 Natural history of somatic growth in infants born to women infected by human immunodeficiency virus;J. Pediatr.128 58–67 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Munoz A 1995 Disease progression; 15 percent of HIV-infected men will be long-term survivors;AIDS Weekly (News Report) May 15 and 29, 5–6, 3–4
Namango N and World Food Program of the United Nations 2001 AIDS und Hunger haengen zusammen;Frankfurter Rundschau, July 20
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institutes of Health 2001_The evidence that HIV causes AIDS_ (US government web site: www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/evidhiv)
Newell G R, Adamas S C, Mansell P W A and Hersh E M 1984 Toxicity, immunosupprressive effects, and carcinogenic potential of volatile nitrites: possible relationship to Kaposi’s sarcoma;Pharmacotherapy4 284–291 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Newell G R, Mansell P W A, Spitz M R, Reuben J M and Hersh E M 1985 Volatile nitrites: Use and adverse effects related to the current epidemic of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome;Am. J. Med.78 811–816 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Newell G R, Spitz M R and Wilson M B 1988 Nitrite inhalants: Historical perspective; in_Health hazards of nitrite inhalants_ (eds) H W Haverkos and J A Dougherty (Rockville, MD: National Institue of Drug Abuse) pp 1–14 Google Scholar
Newschaffer C J, Zhang D, Hauck W W, Fanning T and Turner B J 1999 Effect of enhanced prenatal and HIV-focused services for pregnant women who are infected by human immunodeficiency virus on emergency department use;Med. Care37 1308–1319 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Novick B E and Rubinstein A 1987 AIDS-The paediatric perspective;Aids1 3–7 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Nussbaum B 1990_Good intentions: How big business politics and medicine are corrupting the fight against AIDS_ (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press) Google Scholar
O’Brien S J 1997 The HIV-AIDS debate is over;HIV Newsline4 3–9 Google Scholar
O’Brien S J and Goedert J J 1996 HIV causes AIDS: Koch’s postulates fulfilled;Curr. Opin. Immunol.8 613–618 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Oliver R T D 2000 Though HIV is the main cause of AIDS, other factors play a role;Nature (London)406 673 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Olivero O A, Anderson L M, Diwan B A, Haines D C, Harbaugh S W, Moskal T J, Jones A B, Rice J M, Riggs C W, Logsdon D, Yuspa S H and Poirier M C 1997 Transplacental effects of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT): tumorigenicity in mice and genotoxicity in mice and monkeys;J. Natl. Cancer Inst.89 1602–1608 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Omar R F, Gourde P, Desormeaux A, Tremblay M, Beauchamp D and Bergeron M G 1996 In vivo toxicity of foscarnet and zidovudine given alone or in combination;Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol.139 324–332 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Oppenheimer G M 1992 Causes, cases, and cohorts: The role of epidemiology in the historical construction of AIDS; in_AIDS: The making of a chronic disease_ (eds) E Fee and D M Fox (Berkeley: University of California Press) pp 49–83 Google Scholar
Ostrow D G, Beltran E D, Joseph J G, DiFranceisco W, Wesch J and Chmiel J S 1993 Recreational drugs and sexual behaviour in the Chicago MACS/CCS cohort of homosexually active men;J. Substance Abuse5 311–325 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Ostrow D G, Van Raden M J, Fox R, Kingsley L A, Dudley J, Kaslow R A and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) 1990 Recreational drug use and sexual behaviour change in a cohort of homosexual men;Aids4 759–765 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Padian N S, Shiboski S C, Glass S O and Vittinghoff E 1997 Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Northern California: results from a ten-year study;Am. J. Epidemiol.146 350–357 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Palella F J Jr, Delaney K M, Moorman A C, Loveless M O, Fuhrer J, Satten G A, Aschman D J and Holmberg S D 1998 Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV out-patient Study Investigators;N. Engl. J. Med.338 853–860 ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Pallangyo K J, Mbaga I M, Mugusi F, Mbena E, Mhalu F S, Bredberg U and Biberfeld G 1987 Clinical case definition of AIDS in African adults;Lancet2 972 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pantaleo G, Menzo S, Vaccarezza M, Graziosi C, Cohen O J, Demarest J F, Montefiori D, Orenstein J M, Fox C, Schrager L K, Margolick J B, Buchbinder S, Giorgi J V and Fauci A S 1995 Studies in subjects with long-term nonprogressive human immunodeficiency virus infection;N. Engl. J. Med.332 209–216 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pauk J, Huang M L, Brodie S J, Wald A, Koelle D M, Schacker T, Celum C, Selke S and Corey L 2000 Mucosal shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in men;N. Engl. J. Med.343 1369–1377 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Phillips A N, Staszewski S, Weber R, Kirk O, Francioli P, Miller V, Vernazza P, Lundgren J D and Ledergerber B 2001 HIV Viral Load Response to Antiretroviral Therapy According to the Baseline CD4 Cell Count and Viral Load;Jama286 2560–2567 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Piot P, Quinn T C, Taelman H, Feinsod F M, Minlangu K B, Wobin O, Mbendi N, Mazebo P, Ndangi K, Stevens W_et al_ 1984 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a heterosexual population in Zaire;Lancet2 65–69 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pitcher C J, Quittner C, Peterson D M, Connors M, Koup R A, Maino V C and Picker L J 1999 HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells are detectable in most individuals with active HIV-1 infection but decline with prolonged viral suppression;Nat. Med.5 518–525 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Pluda J M, Yarchoan R, Jaffe E S, Feuerstein I M, Solomon D, Steinberg S, Wyvill K M, Raubitschek A, Katz D and Broder S 1990 Development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a cohort of patients with severe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on long-term antiretroviral therapy;Ann. Int. Med.113 276–282 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Poznansky M C, Coker R, Skinner C, Hill A, Bailey S, Whitaker L, Renton A and Weber J 1995 HIV positive patients first presenting with an AIDS defining illness: characteristics and survival;Br. Med. J.311 156–158 CAS Google Scholar
Quinn T C, Mann J M, Curran J W and Piot P 1986 AIDS in Africa: an epidemiological paradigm;Science234 955–963 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Quinn T C, Piot P, McCormick J B, Feinsod F M, Taelman H, Kapita B, Stevens W and Fauci A S 1987 Serologic and immunologic studies in patients with AIDS in North America and Africa: the potential role of infectious agents as cofactors in human immunodeficiency virus infection;Jama257 2617–2621 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Race E M, Adelson-Mitty J, Kriegel G R, Barlam T F, Reimann K A, Letvin N L and Japour A J 1998 Focal mycobacterial lymphadenitis following initiation of protease-inhibitor therapy in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease;Lancet351 252–255 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Rappoport J 1988_AIDS INC_ (San Bruno, CA: Human Energy Press) Google Scholar
Rasnick D 1997 Kinetics analysis of consecutive HIV proteolytic cleavages of the Gag-Pol polyprotein;J. Biol. Chem.272 6348–6353 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Richman D D, Fischl M A, Grieco M H, Gottlieb M S, Volberding P A, Laskin O L, Leedom J M, Groopman J E, Mildvan D, Hirsch M S, Jackson G G, Durack D T, Nusinoff-Lehrman S and the AZT Collaborative Working Group 1987 The toxicity of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex;N. Engl. J. Med.317 192–197 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Robert Koch Institut 2000 HIV/AIDS-Halbjahresbericht I/2000;Epidemiol. Bulletin 15 September, pp 1–16 Google Scholar
Rogers M F, Ou C-Y, Rayfield M, Thomas P A, Schoenbaum E E, Abrams E, Krasinski K, Selwyn P A, Moore J, Kaul A, Grimm K T, Bamji M, Schochetman G and the New York City Collaborative Study of Maternal HIV Transmission and Montefiori Medical Center HIV Perinatal Transmission Study Group 1989 Use of the polymerase chain reaction for early detection of the proviral sequences of human immunodeficiency virus in infants born to seropositive mothers;N. Engl. J. Med.320 1649–1654 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Root-Bernstein R 1993_Rethinking AIDS; The tragic cost of premature consensus_ (New York: Free Press) Google Scholar
Rosenberg M J and Weiner J M 1988 Prostitutes and AIDS: A health department priority?;Am. J. Public Health78 418–423 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ross E 2003 Sub-Saharan Africa, Kenya and the Malthusian paradigm in contemporary development thinking; in_Reclaiming knowledge for diversity_ (ed.) M Pimbert (Earthscan) (in press)
Russell S 2001 Deceptive AIDS ads must stop, FDA says;San Francisco Chronicle, 28 April, p. A1, A13
Sabin C A, Phillips A N and Lee C A 1996 Response: arguments contradict the “foreign protein-zidovudine” hypothesis;Br. Med. J.312 211–212 CAS Google Scholar
Sadownick D 1994 Kneeling at the Crystal Cathedral;Genre December/January, pp 40–45, 86–90
Saftig P, Hetman M, Schmahl W, Weber K, Heine L, Mossmann H, Koster A, Hess B, Evers M, von Figura K_et al_ 1995 Mice deficient for the lysosomal proteinase cathepsin D exhibit progressive atrophy of the intestinal mucosa and profound destruction of lymphoid cells;EMBO J.14 3599–3608 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Sande M A 1986 Transmission of AIDS. The case against casual contagion;N. Engl. J. Med.314 380–382 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Saves M, Vandentorren S, Daucourt V, Marimoutou C, Dupon M, Couzigou P, Bernard N, Mercie P and Dabis F 1999 Severe hepatic cytolysis: incidence and risk factors in patients treated by antiretroviral combinations. Aquitaine Cohort, France, 1996–1998. Groupe dEpidemiologie Clinique de Sida en Aquitaine (GECSA);Aids13 F115–121 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Scalfaro P, Chesaux J J, Buchwalder P A, Biollaz J and Micheli J L 1998 Severe transient neonatal lactic acidosis during prophylactic zidovudine treatment;Intensive Care Med.24 247–250 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schechter M T, Craib K J P, Gelmon K A, Montaner J S G, Le T N and O’Shaughnessy M V 1993 HIV-1 and the aetiology of AIDS;Lancet341 658–659 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Schnittman S M, Psallidopoulos M C, Lane H C, Thompson L, Baseler M, Massari F, Fox C H, Salzman N P and Fauci A 1989 The reservoir for HIV-1 in human peripheral blood is a T cell that maintains expression of CD4;Science245 305–308 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Seligmann M, Chess L, Fahey J L, Fauci A S, Lachmann P J, L’Age-Stehr J, Ngu J, Pinching A J, Rosen F S, Spira T J and Wybran J 1984 AIDS—an immunologic reevaluation;N. Engl. J. Med.311 1286–1292 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Seligmann M, Warrell D A, Aboulker J-P, Carbon C, Darbyshire J H, Dormont J, Eschwege E, Girling D J, James D R, Levy J-P, Peto P T A, Schwarz D, Stone A B, Weller I V D, Withnall R, Gelmon K, Lafon E, Swart A M, Aber V R, Babiker A G, Lhoro S, Nunn A J and Vray M 1994 Concorde: MRC/ANRS randomised double-blind controlled trial of immediate and deferred zidovudine in symptom-free HIV infection;Lancet343 871–881 Article Google Scholar
Selik R M, Starcher E T and Curran J W 1987 Opportunistic diseases reported in AIDS patients: frequencies, associations, and trends;Aids1 175–182 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Shenton J 1998_Positively False: exposing the myths around HIV and AIDS_ (London/New York: IB Tauris) Google Scholar
Shilts R 1987_And the band played on_ (New York: St. Martin’s Press) Google Scholar
Simmonds P, Balfe P, Peutherer J F, Ludlam C A, Bishop J O and Leigh-Brown A J 1990 Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals contain provirus in small numbers of peripheral mononuclear cells and at low copy numbers;J. Virol.64 864–872 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Smothers K 1991 Pharmacology and toxicology of AIDS therapies;AIDS Reader1 29–35 Google Scholar
Stedman’s Medical Dictionary 1982 (Baltimore: Wiliams & Wilkins)
Stewart G T, Mhlongo S, de Harven E, Fiala C, Koehnlein C, Herxheimer A, Duesberg P, Rasnick D, Giraldo R, Kothari M, Bialy H and Geshekter C 2000 The Durban Declaration is not accepted by all;Nature (London)407 286 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Stolberg S 2001 In AIDS war, new weapons and new victims;New York Times, June 3, p. 1
Stoneburner R L, Des Jarlais D C, Benezra D, Gorelkin L, Sotheran J L, Friedman S R, Schultz S, Marmor M, Mildvan D and Maslansky R 1988 A larger spectrum of severe HIV-I-related disease in intravenous drug users in New York City;Science242 916–919 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Szasz T 2001 The Therapeutic State: The Tyranny of Pharmacracy;The Independent Review, Spring, pp 485–501 Google Scholar
Tanaka M 1996 Abrams cautious on use of new AIDS drugs;Synapse (University of California San Francisco) October 10, p. 1,5
The Durban Declaration 2000 The Durban Declaration;Nature (London)406 15–16 Google Scholar
Thompson M B, Dunnick J K, Sutphin M E, Giles H D, Irwin R D and Prejean J D 1991 Hematologic toxicity of AZT and ddC administered as single agents and in combination to rats and mice;Fundamental Appl. Toxicol.17 159–176 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Till M and MacDonnell K B 1990 Myopathy with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection: HIV-1 or zidovudine?;Ann. Int. Med.113 492–494 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Toltzis P, Mourton T and Magnuson T 1993 Effect of zidovudine on preimplantation murine embryos;Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.37 1610–1613 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Toufexis A 1991 Innocent victims;Time May 13, pp 56–60 Google Scholar
US Bureau of the Census International Data Base 2001_World population by region and development category: 1950–2025_ (US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census)
Van de Perre P, Rouvroy D, Lepage P, Bogaerts J, Kestelyn P, Kayihigi J, Hekker A C, Butzler J P and Clumeck N 1984 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Rwanda;Lancet2 62–65 PubMed Google Scholar
Veugelers P J, Page K A, Tindall B, Schechter M T, Moss A R, Winkelstein W W, Cooper D A, Craib K J P, Charlebois E, Coutinho R A and Van Griensven G J P 1994 Determinants of HIV disease progression among homsexual men registered in the tricontinental seroconverter study;Am. J. Epidemiol.140 747–758 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
Volberding P A, Lagakos S W, Koch M A, Pettinelli C, Myers M W, Booth D K, Balfour H H Jr, Reichman R C, Bartlett J A, Hirsch M S, Murphy R L, Hardy W D, Soeiro R, Fischl M A, Bartlett J G, Merigan T C, Hyslop N E, Richman D D, Valentine F T, Corey L and the AIDS Clinical Trial Group of the National Insitute of Allergy and Infectious Disease 1990 Zidovudine in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: A controlled trial in persons with fewer than 500 CD4-positive cells per cubic millimeter;N. Engl. J. Med.322 941–949 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Ward J W, Bush T J, Perkins H A, Lieb L E, Allen J R, Goldfinger D, Samson S M, Pepkowitz S H, Fernando L P, Holland P V, Kleinman S H, Grindon A J, Garner J L, Rutherford G W and Holmberg S D 1989 The natural history of trasfusion-associated infection with human immunodeficiency virus;N. Engl. J. Med.321 947–952 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Wei X, Ghosh S K, Taylor M E, Johnson V A, Emini E A, Deutsch P, Lifson J D, Bonhoeffer S, Nowak M A, Hahn B H, Saag M S and Shaw G M 1995 Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection;Nature (London)373 117–122 ArticleCAS Google Scholar
White House Office of National Drug Control Policy 1998_Fact Sheet: Drug data summary_ (DHSS, The White House)
Woody G E, VanEtten-Lee M L, McKirnan D, Donnell D, Metzger D, Seage G III and Gross M 2001 Substance use among men who have sex with men: comparison with a national household survey;J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.27 86–90 PubMedCAS Google Scholar
World Health Organization 1986 Provisional WHO clinical case definition for AIDS;Weekly Epidemiological Records, March 7,10 72–73 Google Scholar
World Health Organization 1999 Global AIDS surveillance, Part II;Weekly Epidemiological Records74 (3 December) 409–411 Google Scholar
World Health Organization 2000 Global AIDS surveillance, Part I;Weekly Epidemiological Records75 (26 November) 379–383 Google Scholar
World Health Organization 2001a Global AIDS surveillance, Part II;Weekly Epidemiological Records76 (50) 390–396 Google Scholar
World Health Organization 2001b Global situation of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, end 2001 Part I;Weekly Epidemiological Records76 (49) 381–384 Google Scholar
Zhang L, Yu W, He T, Yu J, Caffrey R E, Dalmasso E A, Fu S, Pham T, Mei J, Ho J J, Zhang W, Lopez P and Ho D D 2002 Contribution of Human alpha-Defensin-1, -2 and -3 to the Anti-HIV-1 Activity of CD8 Antiviral Factor;Science298 995–2000 ArticlePubMedCAS Google Scholar
Zuger A 2001 A molecular offspring, off to join the AIDS wars;New York Times, 20 March, p. D7