The genome and the nucleus: a marriage made by evolution (original) (raw)

• Abranches R, Beven AF, Aragon-Alcaide L, Shaw PJ (1998) Transcription sites are not correlated with chromosome territories in wheat nuclei. J Cell Biol 143:5–12
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Alexandrova O, Solovei I, Cremer T, David CN (2003) Replication labeling patterns and chromosome territories typical of mammalian nuclei are conserved in the early metazoan Hydra. Chromosoma 112:190–200
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Anderson RM, Stevens DL, Goodhead DT (2002) M-FISH analysis shows that complex chromosome arrangements induced by alpha-particle tracks are cumalative products of localised rearrangements. PNAS USA 99:12167–12172
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Armstrong SJ, Kirkham AJ, Hulten MA (1994) XY chromosome behaviour in the germ-line of the human male: a FISH analysis of spatial orientation, chromatin condensation and pairing. Chromosome Res 2:445–452
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Arsuaga J, Greulich-Bode KM, Vazquez M, Bruckner M, Hahnfeldt P, Brenner DJ, Sachs R, Hlatky L (2004) Chromosome spatial clustering inferred from radiogenic aberrations. Int J Radiat Biol 80:507–515
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Barboro P, D'Arrigo C, Diaspro A, Mormino M, Alberti I, Parodi S, Patrone E, Balbi C (2002) Unraveling the organization of the internal nuclear matrix: RNA-dependent anchoring of NuMA to a lamin scaffold. Exp Cell Res 279:202–218
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Barr ML, Bertram EG (1949) A morphological distinction between neurones of the male and female, and the behaviour of the nucleolar satellite during accelerated nucleoprotein synthesis. Nature 163:676–677
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Beil M, Durschmeid D, Paschke S, Schreiner B, Nolte U, Bruel A, Irinopoulou T (2002) Spatial distribution patterns of interphase centromeres during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of promyelocytic leukemia cells. Cytometry 47:217–225
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Belmont AS, Straight AF (1998) In vivo visualization of chromosomes using lac operator-repressor binding. Trends Cell Biol 8:121–124
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bickmore WA, Oghene K (1996) Visualizing the spatial relationships between defined DNA sequences and the axial region of extracted metaphase chromosomes. Cell 84:95–104
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bickmore WA, Teague P (2002) Influences of chromosome size, gene density and nuclear position on the frequency of constitutional translocations in the human population. Chromosome Res 10:707–715
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bielec PE, Gallagher DS, Womack JE, Busbee DL (1998) Homologies between human and dolphin chromosomes detected by heterologous chromosome painting. Cytogenet Cell Genet 81:18–25
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Blumenthal SS, Clark GB, Roux SJ (2004) Biochemical and immunological characterization of pea nuclear intermediate filament proteins. Planta 218:965–975
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bode J, Benham C, Knopp A, Mielke C (2000) Transcriptional augmentation: modulation of gene expression by scaffold/matrix-attached regions (S/MAR elements). Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 10:73–90
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bolzer A, Kreth G, Solovei I, Saracoglu K, Fauth C, Müller S, Eils R, Cremer C, Speicher MR, Cremer T (2005) Complete 3D-maps of chromosome positions in human male fibroblast nuclei and prometaphase rosettes demonstrate a chromosome size dependent, probabilistic arrangement. PLoS Biology, (in press)
• Borden J, Manuelidis L (1988) Movement of the X chromosome in epilepsy. Science 242:1687–1691
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Boveri T (1888) Zellenstudien II. Die befruchtung und teilung des eies von ascaris megalocephala. Jena Zeit Naturw 22:685–882
  Google Scholar
• Boveri T (1909) Ueber geschlechstschromosomen bei nematoden. Arch Zellf 4:132–141
  Google Scholar
• Boyle S, Gilchrist S, Bridger JM, Mahy NL, Ellis JA, Bickmore WA (2001) The spatial organization of human chromosomes within the nuclei of normal and emerin-mutant cells. Hum Mol Genet 10:211–219
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bridger JM, Bickmore WA (1998) Putting the genome on the map. Trends Genet 14:403–409
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bridger JM, Herrmann H, Munkel C, Lichter P (1998a) Identification of an interchromosomal compartment by polymerization of nuclear-targeted vimentin. J Cell Sci 111:1241–1253
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bridger JM, Kill IR, Lichter P (1998b) Association of pKi-67 with satellite DNA of the human genome in early G1 cells. Chromosome Res 6:13–24
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bridger JM, Boyle S, Kill IR, Bickmore WA (2000) Re-modelling of nuclear architecture in quiescent and senescent human fibroblasts. Curr Biol 10:149–152
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bridger JM, Meaburn KJ, Foster HA, Figgitt M, Bonne G, Levy N, Griffin DK, Kill IR (2004a) The role of nuclear structure in genomic health. Chromosome Res 12(suppl 1)
• Bridger JM, Reichenzeller M, Lichter P, Herrmann H (2004b) In: Hemmerich P, Diekmann S (eds) The interchromosomal domain compartment: an active space within the nucleus. Chapter in visions of the cell nucleus
• Bridger JM, Kalla C, Wodrich H, Weitz S, King JA, Khazaie K, Krausslich HG, Lichter P (2005) Nuclear RNAs confined to a reticular compartment between chromosome territories. Exp Cell Res 302:180–193
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Broers JL, Machiels BM, van Eys GJ, Kuijpers HJ, Manders EM, van Driel R, Ramaekers FC (1999) Dynamics of the nuclear lamina as monitored by GFP-tagged A-type lamins. J Cell Sci 112:3463–3475
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Brown KE, Guest SS, Smale ST, Hahm K, Merkenschlager M, Fisher AG (1997) Association of transcriptionally silent genes with Ikaros complexes at centromeric heterochromatin. Cell 91 845:854
  Article Google Scholar
• Brown KE, Baxter J, Graf D, Merkenschlager M, Fisher AG (1999) Dynamic repositioning of genes in the nucleus of lymphocytes preparing for cell division. Mol Cell 3:207–217
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Bystricky K, Laroche T, van Houwe G, Blaszczyk M, Gasser SM (2005) Chromosome looping in yeast: telomere pairing and coordinated movement reflect anchoring efficiency and territorial organization. J Cell Biol 168:375–387
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cai M, Huang Y, Ghirlando R, Wilson KL, Craigie R, Clore GM (2001) Solution structure of the constant region of nuclear envelope protein LAP2 reveals two LEM-domain structures: one binds BAF and the other binds DNA. EMBO J 20:4399–4407
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Casolari JM, Brown CR, Komili S, West J, Hieronymus H, Silver PA (2004) Genome-wide localization of the nuclear transport machinery couples transcriptional status and nuclear organization. Cell 117:427–439
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Casolari JM, Brown CR, Drubin DA, Rando OJ, Silver PA (2005) Developmentally induced changes in transcriptional program alter spatial organisation across chromosomes. Genes Dev 19(1188):1198
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Chaly N, Little JE, Brown DL (1985) Localization of nuclear antigens during preparation of nuclear matrices in situ. Can J Biochem Cell Biol 63:644–653
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chambeyron S, Bickmore WA (2004a) Chromatin decondensation and nuclear reorganization of the Hoxb locus upon induction of transcription. Genes Dev 18:1119–1130
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chambeyron S, Bickmore WA (2004b) Does looping and clustering in the nucleus regulate gene expression? Curr Opin Cell Biol 16:256–262
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chambeyron S, Da Silva NR, Lawson KA, Bickmore WA (2005) Nuclear re-organisation of the Hoxb complex during mouse embryonic development. Development 132:2215–2223
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chen HM, Zhou J, Dai YR (2000) Cleavage of lamin-like proteins in in vivo and in vitro apoptosis of tobacco protoplasts induced by heat shock. FEBS Lett 480:165–168
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chevret E, Volpi EV, Sheer D (2000) Mini review: form and function in the human interphase chromosome. Cytogenet Cell Genet 90:13–21
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Chubb JR, Boyle S, Perry P, Bickmore WA (2002) Chromatin motion is constrained by association with nuclear compartments in human cells. Curr Biol 12:439–445
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Clemson CM, Lawrence JB (1996) Multifunctional compartments in the nucleus: insights from DNA and RNA localization. J Cell Biochem 62:181–190
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cohen M, Lee KK, Wilson KL, Gruenbaum Y (2001) Transcriptional repression, apoptosis, human disease and the functional evolution of the nuclear lamina. Trends Biochem Sci 26:41–47
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cowan CR, Carlton PM, Cande WZ (2001) The polar arrangement of telomeres in interphase and meiosis. Rabl organization and the bouquet. Plant Physiol 125:532–538
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Craig JM, Bickmore WA (1994) The distribution of CpG islands in mammalian chromosomes. Nat Genet 7:376–382
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Craig JM, Boyle S, Perry P, Bickmore WA (1997) Scaffold attachments within the human genome. J Cell Sci 110:2673–2682
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cremer T, Cremer C (2001) Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells. Nat Rev Genet 2:292–301
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cremer C, Zorn C, Cremer T (1974) An ultraviolet laser microbeam for 257 nm. Microsc Acta 75:331–337
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cremer T, Lichter P, Borden J, Ward DC, Manuelidis L (1988) Detection of chromosome aberrations in metaphase and interphase tumor cells by in situ hybridization using chromosome-specific library probes. Hum Genet 80:235–246
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cremer T, Kurz A, Zirbel R, Dietzel S, Rinke B, Schrock E, Speicher MR, Mathieu U, Jauch A, Emmerich P, Schertan H, Reid T, Cremer C, Lichter P (1993) Role of chromosome territories in the functional compartmentalization of the cell nucleus. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 58:777–792
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cremer T, Kreth G, Koester H, Fink RH, Heintzmann R, Cremer M, Solovei I, Zink D, Cremer C (2000) Chromosome territories, interchromatin domain compartment, and nuclear matrix: an integrated view of the functional nuclear architecture. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 10:179–212
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cremer M, von Hase J, Volm T, Brero A, Kreth G, Walter J, Fischer C, Solovei I, Cremer C, Cremer T (2001) Non-random radial higher-order chromatin arrangements in nuclei of diploid human cells. Chromosome Res 9:541–567
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cremer M, Kupper K, Wagler B, Wizelman L, von Hase J, Weiland Y, Kreja L, Diebold J, Speicher MR, Cremer T (2003) Inheritance of gene density-related higher order chromatin arrangements in normal and tumor cell nuclei. J Cell Biol 162:809–820
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Croft JA, Bridger JM, Boyle S, Perry P, Teague P, Bickmore WA (1999) Differences in the localization and morphology of chromosomes in the human nucleus. J Cell Biol 145:1119–1131
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dehghani H, Dellaire G, Bazett-Jones DP (2005) Organization of chromatin in the interphase mammalian cell. Micron 36:95–108
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• de Lange T (1992) Human telomeres are attached to the nuclear matrix. EMBO J 11:717–724
  PubMed Google Scholar
• de Lara J, Wydner KL, Hyland KM, Ward WS (1993) Fluorescent in situ hybridization of the telomere repeat sequence in hamster sperm nuclear structures. J Cell Biochem 53:213–221
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Dietzel S, Eils R, Satzler K, Bornfleth H, Jauch A, Cremer C, Cremer T (1998a) Evidence against a looped structure of the inactive human X-chromosome territory. Exp Cell Res 240:187–196
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dietzel S, Jauch A, Kienle D, Qu G, Holtgreve-Grez H, Eils R, Munkel C, Bittner M, Meltzer PS, Trent JM, Cremer T (1998b) Separate and variably shaped chromosome arm domains are disclosed by chromosome arm painting in human cell nuclei. Chromosome Res 6:25–33
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dietzel S, Schiebel K, Little G, Edelmann P, Rappold GA, Eils R, Cremer C, Cremer T (1999) The 3D positioning of ANT2 and ANT3 genes within female X chromosome territories correlates with gene activity. Exp Cell Res 252:363–375
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dijkwel PA, Hamlin JL (1988) Matrix attachment regions are positioned near replication initiation sites, genes, and an interamplicon junction in the amplified dihydrofolate reductase domain of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Cell Biol 8:5398–5409
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Djeliova V, Russev G, Anachkova B (2001) Dynamics of association of origins of DNA replication with the nuclear matrix during the cell cycle. Nucleic Acids Res 29:3181–3187
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dong F, Jiang J (1998) Non-Rabl patterns of centromere and telomere distribution in the interphase nuclei of plant cells. Chromosome Res 6:551–558
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dreger CK, Konig AR, Spring H, Lichter P, Herrmann H (2002) Investigation of nuclear architecture with a domain-presenting expression system. J Struct Biol 140:100–115
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Edelmann P, Bornfleth H, Zink D, Cremer T, Cremer C (2001) Morphology and dynamics of chromosome territories in living cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1551:M29–M39
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Eils R, Bertin E, Saracoglu K, Rinke B, Schrock E, Parazza F, Usson Y, Robert-Nicoud M, Stelzer EH, Chassery JM et al (1995) Application of confocal laser microscopy and three-dimensional Voronoi diagrams for volume and surface estimates of interphase chromosomes. J Microsc 177:150–161
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Eils R, Dietzel S, Bertin E, Schrock E, Speicher MR, Ried T, Robert-Nicoud M, Cremer C, Cremer T (1996) Three-dimensional reconstruction of painted human interphase chromosomes: active and inactive X chromosome territories have similar volumes but differ in shape and surface structure. J Cell Biol 135:1427–1440
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ellenberg J, Siggia ED, Moreira JE, Smith CL, Presley JF, Worman HJ, Lippincott-Schwartz J (1997) Nuclear membrane dynamics and reassembly in living cells: targeting of an inner nuclear membrane protein in interphase and mitosis. J Cell Biol 138:1193–1206
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Enoch T, Peter M, Nurse P, Nigg EA (1991) p34cdc2 acts as a lamin kinase in fission yeast. J Cell Biol 112:797–807
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Erber A, Riemer D, Hofemeister H, Bovenschulte M, Stick R, Panopoulou G, Lehrach H, Weber K (1999) Characterization of the Hydra lamin and its gene: a molecular phylogeny of metazoan lamins. J Mol Evol 49:260–271
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Federico C, Saccone S, Andreozzi L, Motta S, Russo V, Carels N, Bernardi G (2004) The pig genome: compositional analysis and identification of the gene-richest regions in chromosomes and nuclei. Gene 343:245–251
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ferguson-Smith MA, Yang F, Rens W, O'Brien PC (2005) The impact of chromosome sorting and painting on the comparative analysis of primate genomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 108:112–121
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ferreira J, Paolella G, Ramos C, Lamond AI (1997) Spatial organization of large-scale chromatin domains in the nucleus: a magnified view of single chromosome territories. J Cell Biol 139:1597–1610
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Foisner R, Gerace L (1993) Integral membrane proteins of the nuclear envelope interact with lamins and chromosomes, and binding is modulated by mitotic phosphorylation. Cell 73:1267–1279
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Foster HA, Griffin DK, Leese HJ, Sturmey RG, Stokes PJ, Abeydeera LR, Bridger JM (2004) Genome and nuclear architecture organisation during development and differentiation using the pig as a model organism. Chromosome Res 12(supp 1):3–4
  Google Scholar
• Foster HA, Abeydeera LR, Griffin DK, Bridger JM (2005) Non-random chromosome positioning in mammalian sperm nuclei, with migration of the sex chromosomes during late spermatogenesis. J Cell Sci 118:1811–1820
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fronicke L, Chowdhary BP, Scherthan H, Gustavsson I (1996) A comparative map of the porcine and human genomes demonstrates ZOO-FISH and gene mapping-based chromosomal homologies. Mamm Genome 7:285–290
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Furukawa K (1999) LAP2 binding protein 1 (L2BP1/BAF) is a candidate mediator of LAP2-chromatin interaction. J Cell Sci 112:2485–2492
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Galiova G, Bartova E, Kozubek S (2004) Nuclear topography of beta-like globin gene cluster in IL-3-stimulated human leukemic K-562 cells. Blood Cells Mol Dis 33:4–14
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Garagna S, Zuccotti M, Thornhill A, Fernandez-Donoso R, Berrios S, Capanna E, Redi CA (2001) Alteration of nuclear architecture in male germ cells of chromosomally derived subfertile mice. J Cell Sci 114:4429–4434
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gilbert N, Gilchrist S, Bickmore WA (2005) Chromatin organization in the mammalian nucleus. Int Rev Cytol 242:283–336
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Girard-Reydet C, Gregoire D, Vassetzky Y, Mechali M (2004) DNA replication initiates at domains overlapping with nuclear matrix attachment regions in the xenopus and mouse c-myc promoter. Gene 332:129–138
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Goldman RD, Gruenbaum Y, Moir RD, Shumaker DK, Spann TP (2002) Nuclear lamins: building blocks of nuclear architecture. Genes Dev 16:533–547
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gorisch SM, Richter K, Scheuermann MO, Herrmann H, Lichter P (2003) Diffusion-limited compartmentalization of mammalian cell nuclei assessed by microinjected macromolecules. Exp Cell Res 289:282–294
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Goto B, Okazaki K, Niwa O (2001) Cytoplasmic microtubular system implicated in de novo formation of a Rabl-like orientation of chromosomes in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 114:2427–2435
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Greaves IK, Rens W, Ferguson-Smith MA, Griffin D, Marshall Graves JA (2003) Conservation of chromosome arrangement and position of the X in mammalian sperm suggests functional significance. Chromosome Res 11:503–512
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Haaf T, Ward DC (1995) Higher order nuclear structure in mammalian sperm revealed by in situ hybridization and extended chromatin fibers. Exp Cell Res 219:604–611
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Habermann FA, Cremer M, Walter J, Kreth G, von Hase J, Bauer K, Wienberg J, Cremer C, Cremer T, Solovei I (2001) Arrangements of macro- and microchromosomes in chicken cells. Chromosome Res 9:569–584
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• He DC, Nickerson JA, Penman S (1990) Core filaments of the nuclear matrix. J Cell Biol 110:569–580
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• He DC, Martin T, Penman S (1991) Localization of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein in the interphase nuclear matrix core filaments and on perichromosomal filaments at mitosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:7469–7473
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hillier LW, Miller W, Birney E, Warren W, Hardison RC, Ponting CP, Bork P, Burt DW, Groenen MA, Delany ME, Dodgson JB, Chinwalla AT, Cliften PF, Clifton SW, Delehaunty KD, Fronick C, Fulton RS, Graves TA, Kremitzki C et al (2004) Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution. Nature 432:695–716
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hochstrasser M, Sedat JW (1987) Three-dimensional organization of Drosophila melanogaster interphase nuclei. II. Chromosome spatial organization and gene regulation. J Cell Biol 104:1471–1483
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Holy J, Wessel G, Berg L, Gregg RG, Schatten G (1995) Molecular characterization and expression pattern of a B-type nuclear lamin during sea urchin embryogenesis. Dev Biol 168:464–478
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hozak P, Sasseville AM, Raymond Y, Cook PR (1995) Lamin proteins form an internal nucleoskeleton as well as a peripheral lamina in human cells. J Cell Sci 108:635–644
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Huber MC, Graf T, Sippel AE, Bonifer C (1995) Dynamic changes in the chromatin of the chicken lysozyme gene domain during differentiation of multipotent progenitors to macrophages. DNA Cell Biol 14:397–402
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hulspas R, Houtsmuller AB, Krijtenburg PJ, Bauman JG, Nanninga N (1994) The nuclear position of pericentromeric DNA of chromosome 11 appears to be random in G0 and non-random in G1 human lymphocytes. Chromosoma 103:286–292
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hutchison CJ, Worman HJ (2004) A-type lamins: guardians of the soma? Nat Cell Biol 6:1062–1067
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hutchison CJ, Alvarez-Reyes M, Vaughan OA (2001) Lamins in disease: why do ubiquitously expressed nuclear envelope proteins give rise to tissue-specific disease phenotypes? J Cell Sci 114:9–19
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jackson DA (2003) The anatomy of transcription sites. Curr Opin Cell Biol 15:311–317
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jackson DA, Cook PR (1985) Transcription occurs at a nucleoskeleton. EMBO J 4:919–925
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jenke AC, Stehle IM, Herrmann F, Eisenberger T, Baiker A, Bode J, Fackelmayer FO, Lipps HJ (2004) Nuclear scaffold/matrix attached region modules linked to a transcription unit are sufficient for replication and maintenance of a mammalian episome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:11322–11327
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jensen AL, Brasch K (1985) Nuclear development in locust fat body: the influence of juvenile hormone on inclusion bodies and the nuclear matrix. Tissue Cell 17:117–130
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Jimenez-Garcia LF, Spector DL (1993) In vivo evidence that transcription and splicing are coordinated by a recruiting mechanism. Cell 73:47–59
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kim SH, McQueen PG, Lichtman MK, Shevach EM, Parada LA, Misteli T (2004) Spatial genome organization during T-cell differentiation. Cytogenet Genome Res 105:292–301
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Klinger HP (1958) The fine structure of the sex chromatin body. Exp Cell Res 14:207–211
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Knoch A, Münkel C, Langowski J (1999) Three-dimensional organization of chromosome territories and the human interphase nucleus. In: high performance computing in science and engineering. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
  Google Scholar
• Kozubek S, Lukasova E, Mareckova A, Skalnikova M, Kozubek M, Bartova E, Kroha V, Krahulcova E, Slotova J (1999) The topological organization of chromosomes 9 and 22 in cell nuclei has a determinative role in the induction of t(9,22) translocations and in the pathogenesis of t(9,22) leukemias. Chromosoma 108:426–435
  Article Google Scholar
• Kuroda M, Tanabe H, Yoshida K, Oikawa K, Saito A, Kiyuna T, Mizusawa H, Mukai K (2004) Alteration of chromosome positioning during adipocyte differentiation. J Cell Sci 117:5897–5903
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kurz A, Lampel S, Nickolenko JE, Bradl J, Benner A, Zirbel RM, Cremer T, Lichter P (1996) Active and inactive genes localize preferentially in the periphery of chromosome territories. J Cell Biol 135:1195–1205
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lammerding J, Schulze PC, Takahashi T, Kozlov S, Sullivan T, Kamm RD, Stewart CL, Lee RT (2004) Lamin A/C deficiency causes defective nuclear mechanics and mechanotransduction. J Clin Invest 113:370–378
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lawrence JB, Singer RH, Marselle LM (1989) Highly localized tracks of specific transcripts within interphase nuclei visualized by in situ hybridization. Cell 57:493–502
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lehner CF, Stick R, Eppenberger HM, Nigg EA (1987) Differential expression of nuclear lamin proteins during chicken development. J Cell Biol 105:577–587
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Leitch AR, Mosgoller W, Schwarzacher T, Bennett MD, Heslop-Harrison JS (1990) Genomic in situ hybridization to sectioned nuclei shows chromosome domains in grass hybrids. J Cell Sci 95:335–341
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Liao H, Winkfein RJ, Mack G, Rattner JB, Yen TJ (1995) CENP-F is a protein of the nuclear matrix that assembles onto kinetochores at late G2 and is rapidly degraded after mitosis. J Cell Biol 130:507–518
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lichter P, Cremer T, Tang CJ, Watkins PC, Manuelidis L, Ward DC (1988) Rapid detection of human chromosome 21 aberrations by in situ hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:9664–9668
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Liu J, Rolef Ben Shahar T, Riemer D, Treinin M, Spann P, Weber K, Fire A, Gruenbaum Y (2000) Essential roles for Caenorhabditis elegans lamin gene in nuclear organization, cell cycle progression, and spatial organization of nuclear pore complexes. Mol Biol Cell 11:3937–3947
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Luderus ME, van Steensel B, Chong L, Sibon OC, Cremers FF, de Lange T (1996) Structure, subnuclear distribution, and nuclear matrix association of the mammalian telomeric complex. J Cell Biol 135:867–881
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lukasova E, Kozubek S, Kozubek M, Kroha V, Mareckova A, Skalnikova M, Bartova E, Slotova J (1999) Chromosomes participating in translocations typical of malignant hemoblastoses are also involved in exchange aberrations induced by fast neutrons. Radiat Res 151:375–384
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lundin LG (1993) Evolution of the vertebrate genome as reflected in paralogous chromosomal regions in man and the house mouse. Genomics 16:1–19
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lysak MA, Fransz PF, Ali HB, Schubert I (2001) Chromosome painting in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 28:689–697
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ma H, Siegel AJ, Berezney R (1999) Association of chromosome territories with the nuclear matrix. Disruption of human chromosome territories correlates with the release of a subset of nuclear matrix proteins. J Cell Biol 146:531–542
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mahy NL, Perry PE, Gilchrist S, Baldock RA, Bickmore WA (2002a) Spatial organization of active and inactive genes and noncoding DNA within chromosome territories. J Cell Biol 157:579–589
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mahy NL, Perry PE, Bickmore WA (2002b) Gene density and transcription influence the localization of chromatin outside of chromosome territories detectable by FISH. J Cell Biol 159:753–763
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Makatsori D, Kourmouli N, Polioudaki H, Shultz LD, McLean K, Theodoropoulos PA, Singh PB, Georgatos SD (2004) The inner nuclear membrane protein lamin B receptor forms distinct microdomains and links epigenetically marked chromatin to the nuclear envelope. J Biol Chem 279:25567–25573
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Manders EM, Kimura H, Cook PR (1999) Direct imaging of DNA in living cells reveals the dynamics of chromosome formation. J Cell Biol 144:813–821
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Manuelidis L (1985) Individual interphase chromosome domains revealed by in situ hybridization. Hum Genet 71:288–293
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Manuelidis L, Borden J (1988) Reproducible compartmentalization of individual chromosome domains in human CNS cells revealed by in situ hybridization and three-dimensional reconstruction. Chromosoma 96:397–410
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Markova D, Donev R, Patriotis C, Djondjurov L (1994) Interphase chromosomes of Friend-S cells are attached to the matrix structures through the centromeric/telomeric regions. DNA Cell Biol 13:941–951
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Marshall WF, Dernburg AF, Harmon B, Agard DA, Sedat JW (1996) Specific interactions of chromatin with the nuclear envelope: positional determination within the nucleus in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Biol Cell 7:825–842
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Martins S, Eikvar S, Furukawa K, Collas P (2003) HA95 and LAP2 beta mediate a novel chromatin-nuclear envelope interaction implicated in initiation of DNA replication. J Cell Biol 160:177–188
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Matera AG (1999) Nuclear bodies: multifaceted subdomains of the interchromatin space. Trends Cell Biol 9:302–309
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• McNulty AK, Saunders MJ (1992) Purification and immunological detection of pea nuclear intermediate filaments: evidence for plant nuclear lamins. J Cell Sci 103:407–414
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• McQueen HA, Clark VH, Bird AP, Yerle M, Archibald AL (1997) CpG islands of the pig. Genome Res 7:924–931
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Meaburn K (2005) The role of nuclear architecture in genomic stability. PhD thesis, Brunel University
• Meaburn KJ, Newbold RF, Cox H, Bridger JM (2004) Using the monochromosome hybrid cell lines to identify nuclear factors required for correct human genome organisation. Chromosome Res 12(supp 1):99
  Google Scholar
• Merkenschlager M, Amoils S, Roldan E, Rahemtulla A, O'connor E, Fisher AG, Brown KE (2004) Centromeric repositioning of coreceptor loci predicts their stable silencing and the CD4/CD8 lineage choice. J Exp Med 200:1437–1444
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Minguez A, Moreno Diaz de la Espina S (1993) Immunological characterization of lamins in the nuclear matrix of onion cells. J Cell Sci 106:431–439
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mislow JM, Holaska JM, Kim MS, Lee KK, Segura-Totten M, Wilson KL, McNally EM (2002) Nesprin-1alpha self-associates and binds directly to emerin and lamin A in vitro. FEBS Lett 525:135–140
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Moreno Diaz De La Espina S, Samaniego R, Yu W, De La Torre C (2003) Intermediate filament proteins with nuclear functions: NuMA, lamin-like proteins and MFP1. Cell Biol Int 27:233–235
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mounkes LC, Burke B, Stewart CL (2001) The A-type lamins: nuclear structural proteins as a focus for muscular dystrophy and cardiovascular diseases. Trends Cardiovasc Med 11:280–285
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mounkes L, Kozlov S, Burke B, Stewart CL (2003) The laminopathies: nuclear structure meets disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 13:223–230
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Muller S, O'Brien PC, Ferguson-Smith MA, Wienberg J (1997) Reciprocal chromosome painting between human and prosimians (Eulemur macaco macaco and E. fulvus mayottensis). Cytogenet Cell Genet 78:260–271
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nagele RG, Freeman T, McMorrow L, Thomson Z, Kitson-Wind K, Lee H (1999) Chromosomes exhibit preferential positioning in nuclei of quiescent human cells. J Cell Sci 112:525–535
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nalepa G, Harper JW (2004) Visualization of a highly organized intranuclear network of filaments in living mammalian cells. Cell Motil Cytoskelet 59:94–108
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Neri LM, Raymond Y, Giordano A, Capitani S, Martelli AM (1999) Lamin A is part of the internal nucleoskeleton of human erythroleukemia cells. J Cell Physiol 178:284–295
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nickerson J (2001) Experimental observations of a nuclear matrix. J Cell Sci 114:463–474
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Nikiforova MN, Stringer JR, Blough R, Medvedovic M, Fagin JA, Nikiforov YE (2000) Proximity of chromosomal loci that participate in radiation-induced rearrangements in human cells. Science 290:138–141
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ogbadoyi E, Ersfeld K, Robinson D, Sherwin T, Gull K (2000) Architecture of the Trypanosoma brucei nucleus during interphase and mitosis. Chromosoma 108:501–513
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Oegema K, Marshall WF, Sedat JW, Alberts BM (1997) Two proteins that cycle asynchronously between centrosomes and nuclear structures: Drosophila CP60 and CP190. J Cell Sci 110:1573–1583
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Okabe J, Eguchi A, Wadhwa R, Rakwal R, Tsukinoki R, Hayakawa T, Nakanishi M (2004) Limited capacity of the nuclear matrix to bind telomere repeat binding factor TRF1 may restrict the proliferation of mortal human fibroblasts. Hum Mol Genet 13:285–293
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Osborne CS, Chakalova L, Brown KE, Carter D, Horton A, Debrand E, Goyenechea B, Mitchell JA, Lopes S, Reik W, Fraser P (2004) Active genes dynamically colocalize to shared sites of ongoing transcription. Nat Genet 36:1065–1071
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Panning MM, Gilbert DM (2005) Spatio-temporal organization of DNA replication in murine embryonic stem, primary, and immortalized cells. J Cell Biochem 95:74–82
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Parada L, Misteli T (2002) Chromosome positioning in the interphase nucleus. Trends Cell Biol 12:425–432
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Parada LA, McQueen PG, Munson PJ, Misteli T (2002) Conservation of relative chromosome positioning in normal and cancer cells. Curr Biol 12:1692–1697
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Parada LA, McQueen PG, Misteli T (2004) Tissue-specific spatial organization of genomes. Genome Biol 5:R44
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Park PC, De Boni U (1998) specific conformation of the territory of chromosome 17 locates ERBB-2 sequences to a DNase-hypersensitive domain at the nuclear periphery. Chromosoma 107:87–95
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pederson T (1998) The plurifunctional nucleolus. Nucleic Acids Res 26:3871–3876
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Philimonenko VV, Flechon JE, Hozak P (2001) The nucleoskeleton: a permanent structure of cell nuclei regardless of their transcriptional activity. Exp Cell Res 264:201–210
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pinkel D, Landegent J, Collins C, Fuscoe J, Segraves R, Lucas J, Gray J (1988) Fluorescence in situ hybridization with human chromosome-specific libraries: detection of trisomy 21 and translocations of chromosome 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:9138–9142
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Politz JC, Pederson T (2000) Review: movement of mRNA from transcription site to nuclear pores. J Struct Biol 129:252–257
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Politz JC, Tuft RA, Pederson T, Singer RH (1999) Movement of nuclear poly(A) RNA throughout the interchromatin space in living cells. Curr Biol 9:285–291
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Pyrpasopoulou A, Meier J, Maison C, Simos G, Georgatos SD (1996) The lamin B receptor (LBR) provides essential chromatin docking sites at the nuclear envelope. EMBO J 15:7108–7119
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rabl K (1885) Ûber Zelltheilung. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 10:214–330
  Google Scholar
• Radichev I, Parashkevova A, Anachkova B (2005) Initiation of DNA replication at a nuclear matrix-attached chromatin fraction. J Cell Physiol 203:71–77
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ragoczy T, Telling A, Sawado T, Groudine M, Kosak ST (2003) A genetic analysis of chromosome territory looping: diverse roles for distal regulatory elements. Chromosome Res 11:513–525
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rens W, O'Brien PC, Graves JA, Ferguson-Smith MA (2003) Localisation of chromosome regions in potoroo nuclei (Potorous tridactylus Marspialia: Potoroinae) Chromosoma 112:66–76
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Richter K, Reichenzeller M, Gorisch SM, Schmidt U, Scheuermann MO, Herrmann H, Lichter P (2005) Characterization of a nuclear compartment shared by nuclear bodies applying ectopic protein expression and correlative light and electron microscopy. Exp Cell Res 303:128–137
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Riemer D, Dodemont H, Weber K (1993) A nuclear lamin of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans with unusual structural features; cDNA cloning and gene organization. Eur J Cell Biol 62:214–223
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Riemer D, Wang J, Zimek A, Swalla BJ, Weber K (2000) Tunicates have unusual nuclear lamins with a large deletion in the carboxyterminal tail domain. Gene 255:317–325
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Rober RA, Weber K, Osborn M (1989) Differential timing of nuclear lamin A/C expression in the various organs of the mouse embryo and the young animal: a developmental study. Development 105:365–378
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Robinett CC, Straight A, Li G, Willhelm C, Sudlow G, Murray A, Belmont AS (1996) In vivo localization of DNA sequences and visualization of large-scale chromatin organization using lac operator/repressor recognition. J Cell Biol 135:1685–1700
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Roix JJ, McQueen PG, Munson PJ, Parada LA, Misteli T (2003) Spatial proximity of translocation-prone gene loci in human lymphomas. Nat Genet 34:287–291
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sadoni N, Zink D (2004) Nascent RNA synthesis in the context of chromatin architecture. Chromosome Res 12:439–451
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sadoni N, Langer S, Fauth C, Bernardi G, Cremer T, Turner BM, Zink D (1999) Nuclear organization of mammalian genomes. Polar chromosome territories build up functionally distinct higher order compartments. J Cell Biol 146:1211–1226
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Scheuermann MO, Tajbakhsh J, Kurz A, Saracoglu K, Eils R, Lichter P (2004) Topology of genes and nontranscribed sequences in human interphase nuclei. Exp Cell Res 301:266–279
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Scheuermann MO, Murmann AE, Richter K, Gorisch SM, Herrmann H, Lichter P (2005) Characterization of nuclear compartments identified by ectopic markers in mammalian cells with distinctly different karyotype. Chromosoma 114:39–53
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Schirmer EC, Florens L, Guan T, Yates JR III, Gerace L (2003) Nuclear membrane proteins with potential disease links found by subtractive proteomics. Science 301:1380–1382
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Schook LB, Beever JE, Rogers J, Humphray S, Archibald A, Chardon P, Milan D, Rohrer G, Eversole K (2005) Swine Genome Sequencing Consortium (SGSC): a strategic roadmap for sequencing the pig genome. Compar Funct Genom 6:251–255
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Shaw P, Doonan J (2005) The nucleolus. Playing by different rules? Cell Cycle 4:102–105
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sherratt DJ (2003) Bacterial chromosome dynamics. Science 301:780–785
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Simos G, Georgatos SD (1992) The inner nuclear membrane protein p58 associates in vivo with a p58 kinase and the nuclear lamins. EMBO J 11:4027–4036
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Smith DE, Gruenbaum Y, Berrios M, Fisher PA (1987) Biosynthesis and interconversion of Drosophila nuclear lamin isoforms during normal growth and in response to heat shock. J Cell Biol 105:771–790
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Stadler S, Schnapp V, Mayer R, Stein S, Cremer C, Bonifer C, Cremer T, Dietzel S (2004) The architecture of chicken chromosome territories changes during differentiation. BMC Cell Biol 5:44
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Stahl A, Hartung M, Vagner-Capodano AM, Fouet C (1976) Chromosomal constitution of nucleolus-associated chromatin in man. Hum Genet 35:27–34
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Steen RL, Collas P (2001) Mistargeting of B-type lamins at the end of mitosis: implications on cell survival and regulation of lamins A/C expression. J Cell Biol 153:621–626
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Stein GS, Zaidi SK, Braastad CD, Montecino M, van Wijnen AJ, Choi JY, Stein JL, Lian JB, Javed A (2003) Functional architecture of the nucleus: organizing the regulatory machinery for gene expression, replication and repair. Trends Cell Biol 13:584–592
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Stein GS, Stein JL, Lian JB, Van Wijnen AJ, Montecino M, Javed A, Zaidi SK, Young D, Choi JY, Pockwinse S (2004) Nuclear microenvironments: an architectural platform for the convergence and integration of transcriptional regulatory signals. Eur J Histochem 48:65–76
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Stromme P, Mangelsdorf ME, Shaw MA, Lower KM, Lewis SM, Bruyere H, Lutcherath V, Gedeon AK, Wallace RH, Scheffer IE, Turner G, Partington M, Frints SG, Fryns JP, Sutherland GR, Mulley JC, Gecz J (2002) Mutations in the human ortholog of Aristaless cause X-linked mental retardation and epilepsy. Nat Genet 30:441–445
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Su RC, Brown KE, Saaber S, Fisher AG, Merkenschlager M, Smale ST (2004) Centromeric repositioning of coreceptor loci predicts their stable silencing and the CD4/CD8 lineage choice. J Exp Med 200:1437–1444
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sullivan T, Escalante-Alcalde D, Bhatt H, Anver M, Bhat N, Nagashima K, Stewart CL, Burke B (1999) Loss of A-type lamin expression compromises nuclear envelope integrity leading to muscular dystrophy. J Cell Biol 147:913–920
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sullivan GJ, Bridger JM, Cuthbert AP, Newbold RF, Bickmore WA, McStay B (2001) Human acrocentric chromosomes with transcriptionally silent nucleolar organizer regions associate with nucleoli. EMBO J 20:2867–2874
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sun HB, Shen J, Yokota H (2000) Size-dependent positioning of human chromosomes in interphase nuclei. Biophys J 79:184–190
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tajbakhsh J, Luz H, Bornfleth H, Lampel S, Cremer C, Lichter P (2000) Spatial distribution of GC- and AT-rich DNA sequences within human chromosome territories. Exp Cell Res 255:229–237
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tanabe H, Muller S, Neusser M, von Hase J, Calcagno E, Cremer M, Solovei I, Cremer C, Cremer T (2002a) Evolutionary conservation of chromosome territory arrangements in cell nuclei from higher primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:4424–4429
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tanabe H, Habermann FA, Solovei I, Cremer M, Cremer T (2002b) Non-random radial arrangements of interphase chromosome territories: evolutionary considerations and functional implications. Mutat Res 504:37–45
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Tanabe H, Kupper K, Ishida T, Neusser M, Mizusawa H (2005) Inter- and intra-specific gene-density-correlated radial chromosome territory arrangements are conserved in Old World monkeys. Cytogenet Genome Res 108:255–261
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Thompson M, Haeusler RA, Good PD, Engelke DR (2003) Nucleolar clustering of dispersed tRNA genes. Science 302:1399–1401
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Thomson I, Gilchrist S, Bickmore WA, Chubb JR (2004) The radial positioning of chromatin is not inherited through mitosis but is established de novo in early G1. Curr Biol 14:166–172
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• van Driel R, Humbel B, de Jong L (1991) The nucleus: a black box being opened. J Cell Biochem 47:311–316
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, Li PW, Mural RJ, Sutton GG, Smith HO, Yandell M, Evans CA, Holt RA, Gocayne JD, Amanatides P, Ballew RM, Huson DH, Wortman JR, Zhang Q, Kodira CD, Zheng XH, Chen L, Skupski M et al (2001) The sequence of the human genome. Science 291:1304–1351
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Vergnes L, Peterfy M, Bergo MO, Young SG, Reue K (2004) Lamin B1 is required for mouse development and nuclear integrity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:10428–10433
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Verschure PJ, van Der Kraan I, Manders EM, van Driel R (1999) Spatial relationship between transcription sites and chromosome territories. J Cell Biol 147:13–24
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Verschure PJ, Van Der Kraan I, Enserink JM, Mone MJ, Manders EM, Van Driel R (2002) Large-scale chromatin organization and the localization of proteins involved in gene expression in human cells. J Histochem Cytochem 50:1303–1312
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Verschure PJ, van der Kraan I, Manders EM, Hoogstraten D, Houtsmuller AB, van Driel R (2003) Condensed chromatin domains in the mammalian nucleus are accessible to large macromolecules. EMBO Rep 4:861–866
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Visintin R, Amon A (2000) The nucleolus: the magician's hat for cell cycle tricks. Curr Opin Cell Biol 12:752
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Visser AE, Aten JA (1999) Chromosomes as well as chromosomal subdomains constitute distinct units in interphase nuclei. J Cell Sci 112:3353–3360
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Visser AE, Eils R, Jauch A, Little G, Bakker PJ, Cremer T, Aten JA (1998) Spatial distributions of early and late replicating chromatin in interphase chromosome territories. Exp Cell Res 243:398–407
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Vlcek S, Just H, Dechat T, Foisner R (1999) Functional diversity of LAP2alpha and LAP2beta in postmitotic chromosome association is caused by an alpha-specific nuclear targeting domain. EMBO J 18:6370–6384
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Volpi EV, Chevret E, Jones T, Vatcheva R, Williamson J, Beck S, Campbell RD, Goldsworthy M, Powis SH, Ragoussis J, Trowsdale J, Sheer D (2000) Large-scale chromatin organization of the major histocompatibility complex and other regions of human chromosome 6 and its response to interferon in interphase nuclei. J Cell Sci 113:1565–1576
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Walter J, Schermelleh L, Cremer M, Tashiro S, Cremer T (2003) Chromosome order in HeLa cells changes during mitosis and early G1, but is stably maintained during subsequent interphase stages. J Cell Biol 160:685–697
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wansink DG, Schul W, van der Kraan I, van Steensel B, van Driel R, de Jong L (1993) Fluorescent labeling of nascent RNA reveals transcription by RNA polymerase II in domains scattered throughout the nucleus. J Cell Biol 122:283–293
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wei X, Samarabandu J, Devdhar RS, Siegel AJ, Acharya R, Berezney R (1998) Segregation of transcription and replication sites into higher order domains. Science 281:1502–1506
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wei X, Somanathan S, Samarabandu J, Berezney R (1999) Three-dimensional visualization of transcription sites and their association with splicing factor-rich nuclear speckles. J Cell Biol 146:543–558
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Weipoltshammer K, Schofer C, Almeder M, Philimonenko VV, Frei K, Wachtler F, Hozak P (1999) Intranuclear anchoring of repetitive DNA sequences: centromeres, telomeres, and ribosomal DNA. J Cell Biol 147:1409–1418
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Williams RR (2003) Transcription and the territory: the ins and outs of gene positioning. Trends Genet 19:298–302
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Williams RR, Broad S, Sheer D, Ragoussis J (2002) Subchromosomal positioning of the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) in keratinocyte and lymphoblast interphase nuclei. Exp Cell Res 272:163–175
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Worman HJ, Yuan J, Blobel G, Georgatos SD (1988) A lamin B receptor in the nuclear envelope. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:8531–8534
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ye Q, Worman HJ (1996) Interaction between an integral protein of the nuclear envelope inner membrane and human chromodomain proteins homologous to Drosophila HP1. J Biol Chem 271:14653–14656
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Ye Q, Callebaut I, Pezhman A, Courvalin JC, Worman HJ (1997) Domain-specific interactions of human HP1-type chromodomain proteins and inner nuclear membrane protein LBR. J Biol Chem 272:14983–14989
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Skepper JN, Yang F, Davies JD, Hegyi L, Roberts RG, Weissberg PL, Ellis JA, Shanahan CM (2001) Nesprins: a novel family of spectrin-repeat-containing proteins that localize to the nuclear membrane in multiple tissues. J Cell Sci 114:4485–4498
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Ragnauth CD, Skepper JN, Worth NF, Warren DT, Roberts RG, Weissberg PL, Ellis JA, Shanahan CM (2005) Nesprin-2 is a multi-isomeric protein that binds lamin and emerin at the nuclear envelope and forms a subcellular network in skeletal muscle. J Cell Sci 118:673–687
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zimek A, Stick R, Weber K (2003) Genes coding for intermediate filament proteins: common features and unexpected differences in the genomes of humans and the teleost fish Fugu rubripes. J Cell Sci 116:2295–2302
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zink D, Cremer T, Saffrich R, Fischer R, Trendelenburg MF, Ansorge W, Stelzer EH (1998) Structure and dynamics of human interphase chromosome territories in vivo. Hum Genet 102:241–251
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zink D, Bornfleth H, Visser A, Cremer C, Cremer T (1999) Organization of early and late replicating DNA in human chromosome territories. Exp Cell Res 247:176–188
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Zirbel RM, Mathieu UR, Kurz A, Cremer T, Lichter P (1993) Evidence for a nuclear compartment of transcription and splicing located at chromosome domain boundaries. Chromosome Res 1:93–106
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar