Diverse and dynamic functions of the Sir silencing complex (original) (raw)

• Craig, I.W. Organization of the human genome. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 17, 391–402 (1994).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Murphy, T.D. & Karpen, G.H. Centromeres take flight: α satellite and the quest for the human centromere. Cell 93, 317–320 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Wakimoto, B.T. Beyond the nucleosome: epigenetic aspects of position-effect variegation in Drosophila. Cell 93, 321– 324 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Grunstein, M. Yeast heterochromatin: regulation of its assembly and inheritance by histones. Cell 93, 325–328 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Rine, J. & Herskowitz, I. Four genes responsible for a position effect on expression from HML and HMR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 116, 9– 22 (1987).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Moazed, D., Kistler, A., Axelrod, A., Rine, J. & Johnson, A.D. Silent information regulator protein complexes in S. cerevisiae: a Sir2/Sir4 complex and evidence for a regulatory domain in Sir4 that inhibits its interaction with Sir3. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 2186–2191 ( 1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hecht, A., Laroche, T., Strahl-Bolsinger, S., Gasser, S. & Grunstein, M. Histone H3 and H4 N-termini interact with Sir3 and Sir4 proteins: a molecular model for the formation of heterochromatin in yeast. Cell 80, 583– 592 (1995).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Braunstein, M., Rose, A., Holmes, S., Allis, C.D. & Broach, J. Transcriptional silencing in yeast is associated with reduced nucleosomal acetylation. Genes Dev. 7, 592–604 (1993).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Loo, S. & Rine, J. Silencers and domains of generalized repression. Science 264, 1768– 1771 (1994).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Bi, X. & Broach, J. DNA in transcriptionally silenced chromatin assumes a distinct topology that is sensitive to cell cycle progression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17, 7077– 7087 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gottschling, D.E. et al. Position effect at S. cerevisiae telomeres: reversible repression of pol 11 transcription. Cell 63, 751–762 (1990).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Moretti, P., Freeman, K., Coodly, L. & Shore, D. Evidence that a complex of Sir proteins interacts with a silencer and telomere-binding protein RAP1. Genes Dev. 8, 2257– 2269 (1994).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Palladino, F. et al. SIR3 and SIR4 proteins are required for the positioning and integrity of yeast telomeres. Cell 75, 543 –555 (1993).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Critchlow, S.E. & Jackson, S.P. DNA end-joining: from yeast to man. Trends Biol. Sci. 23, 394–398 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gravel, S., Larrivee, M., Labrecque, P. & Wellinger, R.J. Yeast Ku as a regulator of chromosomal DNA end structure. Science 280, 741–744 ( 1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Laroche, T. et al. Mutation of yeast Ku genes disrupts the subnuclear organization of telomeres. Curr. Biol. 8, 653– 656 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gottlieb, S. & Esposito, R.E. A new role for a yeast transcriptional silencer gene, SIR2, in regulation of recombination in ribosomal DNA. Cell 56, 771–776 (1989).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Bryk, M. et al. Transcriptional silencing of Ty1 elements in the RDN1 locus of yeast. Genes Dev. 11, 255– 269 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Smith, J.S. & Boeke, J.D. An unusual form of transcriptional silencing in yeast ribosomal DNA. Genes Dev. 11, 241–254 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Fritze, C. & Esposito, R. Direct evidence for Sir2 modulation of chromatin structure in yeast rDNA. EMBO J. 16, 6495–6509 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Brachmann, C.B. et al. The SIR2 gene family, conserved from bacteria to humans, functions in silencing, cell cycle progression, and chromosome stability. Genes Dev. 9, 2888–2902 (1995).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Tsukamoto, Y., Kato, J. & Ikeda, H. Silencing factors participate in DNA repair and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature 388, 900– 903 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Astrom, S.U., Okamura, S.M. & Rine, J. Yeast cell-type regulation of DNA repair. Nature 397, 310 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Mills, K.D., Sinclair, D.A. & Guarente, L. _MEC1_-dependent redistribution of the Sir3 silencing protein from telomeres to DNA double-strand breaks. Cell 97, 609–620 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Lee, H.E., Paques, F., Sylvan, J. & Haber, J. Role of yeast SIR genes and mating type in directing DNA double strand breaks to homologous and non-homologous repair paths. Curr. Biol. 9, 767–770 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Martin, S.G., Laroche, T., Suka, N., Grunstein, M. & Gasser, S.M. Relocalization of telomeric Ku and SIR proteins in response to DNA strand breaks in yeast. Cell 97, 621–633 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Jeggo, P.A., Carr, A.M. & Lehman, A.R. Splitting the ATM: distinct repair and checkpoint defects in ataxia-telangiectasia. Trends Genet. 14, 312–316 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Savitsky, K. et al. A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase. Science 268, 1749– 1784 (1995).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Marcand, S. et al. Silencing of genes at nontelomeric sites in yeast is controlled by sequestration of silencing factors at telomeres by Rap1 protein. Genes Dev. 10, 1297–1309 (1996).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Straight, A.F. et al. Net1, a Sir2-associated nucleolar protein required for rDNA silencing and nucleolar integrity. Cell 97, 245–256 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Schwab, M., Lutum, A.S. & Seufert, W. Yeast Hct1 is a regulator of Clb2 cyclin proteolysis. Cell 90, 683–693 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Visintin, R., Prinz, S. & Amon, A. CDC20 and CDH1: a family of substrate-specific activators of APC-dependent proteolysis. Science 278, 460– 463 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Visintin, R., Hwang, E. & Amon, A. Cfi1 prevents premature exit from mitosis by anchoring Cdc14 phosphatase in the nucleolus. Nature 398, 818– 823 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Shou, W. et al. Exit from mitosis is triggered by tem1-dependent release of the protein phosphatase Cdc14 from Nucleolar RENT Complex. Cell 97, 233–244 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Weber, J.D. et al. Nucleolar Arf sequesters Mdm2 and activates p53. Nature Cell Biol. 1, 20–26 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. & Xiong, Y. Mutations in human ARF exon 2 disrupt its nucleolar localization and impair its ability to block nuclear export of MDM2 and p53. Mol. Cell 3, 579– 591 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• San-Segundo, P.A. & Roeder, G.S. Pch2 links chromatin silencing to meiotic checkpoint control. Cell 97, 313–324 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sym, M., Engebrecht, J. & Roeder, G.S. ZIP1 is a synaptonenmal complex protein required for meiotic chromosome synapsis. Cell 72, 365 –378 (1993).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Mortimer, R.K. & Johnston, J.R. Life span of individual yeast cells. Nature 183, 1751 –1752 (1959).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sinclair, D.A., Mills, K. & Guarente, L. Molecular mechanisms of yeast aging. Trends Biol. Sci. 23, 131–134 ( 1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kaeberlein, M., McVey, M. & Guarente, L. The Sir2/3/4 complex and Sir2 alone promote longevity in S. cerevisiae by two different mechanisms. Genes Dev. 13, 2570–2580 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sinclair, D.A. & Guarente, L. Extrachromosomal rDNA circles—a cause of aging in yeast. Cell 91, 1033–1042 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Park, P.U., Defossez, P.A. & Guarente, L. Effects of mutations in DNA repair genes on formation of ribosomal DNA circles and life span in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 3848– 3856 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Defossez, P.A. et al. Elimination of replication block protein Fob1 extends the life span of yeast mother cells. Mol. Cell 3, 447–455 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Rothstein, R. & Gangloff, S. The shuffling of a mortal coil. Nature Genet. 22, 4–6 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, T. & Horiuchi, T. A yeast gene product, Fob1 protein, required for both replication fork blocking and recombination hotspot activities. Genes Cells 1, 465–474 (1996).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Brewer, B.J. & Fangman, W.L. A replication fork barrier at the 3′ end of yeast ribosomal RNA genes. Cell 55, 637–643 (1988).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Frye, R.A. Characterization of five human cDNAs with homology to the yeast SIR2 gene: Sir2-like proteins (Sirtuins) metabolize NAD and may have protein ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun. 260, 273–279 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• C. elegans sequencing consortium. Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology. Science 282, 2012–2018 (1998).
  Article Google Scholar
• Sherman, J.M. et al. The conserved core of a human SIR2 homolog functions in yeast silencing. Mol. Biol. Cell 10, 3045– 3059 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Perez-Martin, J., Uria, J.A. & Johnson, A.D. Phenotypic switching in Candida Albicans is controlled by a SIR2 gene. EMBO J. 18, 2580–2592 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Tsang, A.W. & Escalante-Semerena, J.C. CobB, a new member of the SIR2 family of eucaryotic regulatory proteins, is required for the lack of nicotinate mononucleotide: 5, 6-dimethylbenzimidazole phophoribosyltransferase activity in cobT mutants during cobalamin biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. J. Bacteriol. 178, 7016–7019 (1996).
  Article CAS Google Scholar