Phagocytosis promotes programmed cell death in C. elegans (original) (raw)

References

  1. Ellis, H. M. & Horvitz, H. R. Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode C. elegans. Cell 44, 817–829 (1986).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  2. Conradt, B. & Horvitz, H. R. The C. elegans protein EGL-1 is required for programmed cell death and interacts with the Bcl-2-like protein CED-9. Cell 93, 519–529 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  3. Hedgecock, E. M., Sulston, J. E. & Thomson, J. N. Mutations affecting programmed cell deaths in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 220, 1277–1279 (1983).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  4. Ellis, R. E., Jacobson, D. M. & Horvitz, H. R. Genes required for the engulfment of cell corpses during programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 129, 79–94 (1991).
    CAS Google Scholar
  5. Chung, S., Gumienny, T. L., Hengartner, M. O. & Driscoll, M. A common set of engulfment genes mediates removal of both apoptotic and necrotic cell corpses in C. elegans. Nature Cell Biol. 2, 931–937 (2000).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  6. Zhou, Z., Hartwieg, E. & Horvitz, H. R. CED-1 is a transmembrane receptor that mediates cell corpse engulfment in C. elegans. Cell 104, 43–56 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  7. Yuan, J., Shaham, S., Ledoux, S., Ellis, H. M. & Horvitz, H. R. The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. Cell 75, 641–652 (1993).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  8. Vaux, D. L. & Korsmeyer, S. J. Cell death in development. Cell 96, 245–254 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  9. Sulston, J. E. & Horvitz, H. R. Post-embryonic cell lineages of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol. 56, 110–156 (1977).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  10. Robertson, A. M. G. & Thomson, J. N. Morphology of programmed cell death in the ventral nerve cord of C. elegans larvae. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 67, 89–100 (1982).
    Google Scholar
  11. Metzstein, M. M., Stanfield, G. M. & Horvitz, H. R. Genetics of programmed cell death in C. elegans: Past, present and future. Trends Genet. 14, 410–416 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  12. Albert, M. L., Kim, J. I. & Birge, R. B. alpha Vβ5 integrin recruits the CrkII-Dock180-rac1 complex for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Nature Cell Biol. 2, 899–905 (2000).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  13. Wu, Y. C. & Horvitz, H. R. The C. elegans cell corpse engulfment gene ced-7 encodes a protein similar to ABC transporters. Cell 93, 951–960 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  14. Liu, Q. A. & Hengartner, M. O. Candidate adaptor protein CED-6 promotes the engulfment of apoptotic cells in C. elegans. Cell 93, 961–972 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  15. Wu, Y. C. & Horvitz, H. R. C. elegans phagocytosis and cell-migration protein CED-5 is similar to human DOCK180. Nature 392, 501–504 (1998).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  16. Reddien, P. W. & Horvitz, H. R. CED-2/CrkII and CED-10/Rac control phagocytosis and cell migration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature Cell Biol. 2, 131–136 (2000).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  17. Shaham, S., Reddien, P. W., Davies, B. & Horvitz, H. R. Mutational analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell-death gene ced-3. Genetics 153, 1655–1671 (1999).
    CAS Google Scholar
  18. Freyd, G., Kim, S. K. & Horvitz, H. R. Novel cysteine-rich motif and homeodomain in the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell lineage gene lin-11. Nature 344, 876–879 (1990).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  19. Conradt, B. & Horvitz, H. R. The TRA-1A sex determination protein of C. elegans regulates sexually dimorphic cell deaths by repressing the egl-I cell death activator gene. Cell 98, 317–327 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  20. Hengartner, M. O. & Horvitz, H. R. C. elegans cell survival gene ced-9 encodes a functional homolog of the mammalian proto-oncogene bcl-2. Cell 76, 665–676 (1994).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  21. Hengartner, M. O. & Horvitz, H. R. Activation of C. elegans cell death protein CED-9 by an amino-acid substitution in a domain conserved in Bcl-2. Nature 369, 318–320 (1994).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  22. Stanfield, G. M. & Horvitz, H. R. The ced-8 gene controls the timing of programmed cell deaths in C. elegans. Mol. Cell 5, 423–433 (2000).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  23. Sulston, J. E., Albertson, D. G. & Thomson, J. N. The Caenorhabditis elegans male: postembryonic development of nongonadal structures. Dev. Biol. 78, 542–576 (1980).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  24. Wu, Y. C., Stanfield, G. M. & Horvitz, H. R. NUC-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans DNase II homolog, functions in an intermediate step of DNA degradation during apoptosis. Genes Dev. 14, 536–548 (2000).
    CAS Google Scholar
  25. Wyllie, A. H. Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature 284, 555–556 (1980).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  26. Lang, R. A. & Bishop, J. M. Macrophages are required for cell death and tissue remodeling in the developing mouse eye. Cell 74, 453–462 (1993).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  27. Little, G. H. & Flores, A. Inhibition of programmed cell death by catalase and phenylalanine methyl ester. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Physiol. 105, 79–83 (1993).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  28. Diez-Roux, G. & Lang, R. A. Macrophages induce apoptosis in normal cells in vivo. Development 124, 3633–3638 (1997).
    CAS Google Scholar
  29. Clark, S. G., Lu, X. & Horvitz, H. R. The Caenorhabditis elegans locus lin-15, a negative regulator of a tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, encodes two different proteins. Genetics 137, 987–997 (1994).
    CAS Google Scholar
  30. Hobert, O. et al. Regulation of interneuron function in the C. elegans thermoregulatory pathway by the ttx-3 LIM homeobox gene. Neuron 19, 345–357 (1997).
    Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references