Quantifying global soil carbon losses in response to warming (original) (raw)

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative (GSBI) for support during this project. This project was largely funded by grants to T.W.C. from Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions, the British Ecological Society and the Yale Climate and Energy Institute. M.A.B. and W.R.W. were supported by grants from the US National Science Foundation and W.R.W. from the US Department of Energy and K.E.O.T.-B. by the Linus Pauling Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship programme. The experiments that produced the data were funded by grants too numerous to list here.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708, PB, The Netherlands
    T. W. Crowther, B. L. Snoek & M. A. Bradford
  2. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 370 Prospect Street, Connecticut, 06511, New Haven, USA
    T. W. Crowther, C. W. Rowe & M. A. Bradford
  3. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99354, Washington, USA
    K. E. O. Todd-Brown & N. W. Sokol
  4. Climate & Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, 80307, Colorado, USA
    W. R. Wieder
  5. Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80303, Colorado, USA
    W. R. Wieder
  6. Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, 02543, Massachusetts, USA
    J. C. Carey
  7. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, 1499 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523-1499, Colorado, USA
    M. B. Machmuller & J. M. Lavallee
  8. Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708, PB, The Netherlands
    B. L. Snoek
  9. Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, No. 46 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
    S. Fang & G. Zhou
  10. Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast Meteorological Disaster Warning & Assessment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
    S. Fang
  11. Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, California, 92697, Irvine, USA
    S. D. Allison
  12. Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, California, 92697, Irvine, USA
    S. D. Allison & K. K. Treseder
  13. Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506, Kansas, USA
    J. M. Blair
  14. Institute of Ecology & Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, 97403, Oregon, USA
    S. D. Bridgham, L. Pfeifer-Meister & L. L. Reynolds
  15. School of Forest Resources & Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 49931, Michigan, USA
    A. J. Burton
  16. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2570, New South Wales, Australia
    Y. Carrillo, P. B. Reich & E. Pendall
  17. Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108, Minnesota, USA
    P. B. Reich
  18. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, 27708, North Carolina, USA
    J. S. Clark
  19. The Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, 15, 2100, København Ø, Denmark.,
    A. T. Classen
  20. Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, 37996, Tennessee, USA
    A. T. Classen
  21. Centre for Carbon, Water & Food, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, New South Wales, Australia
    F. A. Dijkstra
  22. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.,
    B. Elberling & A. Michelsen
  23. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
    B. A. Emmett & S. Reinsch
  24. CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
    M. Estiarte & J. Peñuelas
  25. CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
    M. Estiarte & J. Peñuelas
  26. Department of Natural Resources & the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, 03824, New Hampshire, USA
    S. D. Frey
  27. Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, Jilin Province, China
    J. Guo
  28. Energy & Resources Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA
    J. Harte
  29. Department of Microbiology & Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73019, Oklahoma, USA
    L. Jiang & Y. Luo
  30. Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Oregon, Eugene, 97403, Oregon, USA
    B. R. Johnson
  31. Institute of Ecology & Botany, Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia Centre for Ecological Research, 2–4 Alkotmany, Utcakereso, 2163, Vacratot, Hungary
    G. Kröel-Dulay
  32. Department of Geosciences & Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,
    K. S. Larsen & I. K. Schmidt
  33. Department of Forest Ecology & Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden.,
    H. Laudon
  34. Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
    J. M. Lavallee
  35. Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
    Y. Luo
  36. Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, Singapore, 117570, Singapore
    M. Lupascu
  37. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation & Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
    L. N. Ma
  38. Institute of Soil Science & Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
    S. Marhan & C. Poll
  39. Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
    A. Michelsen
  40. Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, 30601, Georgia, USA
    J. Mohan
  41. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation & Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
    S. Niu
  42. School of Natural Science, Hampshire College, 893 West Street, Amherst, 01002, Massachusetts, USA
    S. Sistla
  43. Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA
    P. H. Templer
  44. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA.,
    J. M. Welker

Authors

  1. T. W. Crowther
  2. K. E. O. Todd-Brown
  3. C. W. Rowe
  4. W. R. Wieder
  5. J. C. Carey
  6. M. B. Machmuller
  7. B. L. Snoek
  8. S. Fang
  9. G. Zhou
  10. S. D. Allison
  11. J. M. Blair
  12. S. D. Bridgham
  13. A. J. Burton
  14. Y. Carrillo
  15. P. B. Reich
  16. J. S. Clark
  17. A. T. Classen
  18. F. A. Dijkstra
  19. B. Elberling
  20. B. A. Emmett
  21. M. Estiarte
  22. S. D. Frey
  23. J. Guo
  24. J. Harte
  25. L. Jiang
  26. B. R. Johnson
  27. G. Kröel-Dulay
  28. K. S. Larsen
  29. H. Laudon
  30. J. M. Lavallee
  31. Y. Luo
  32. M. Lupascu
  33. L. N. Ma
  34. S. Marhan
  35. A. Michelsen
  36. J. Mohan
  37. S. Niu
  38. E. Pendall
  39. J. Peñuelas
  40. L. Pfeifer-Meister
  41. C. Poll
  42. S. Reinsch
  43. L. L. Reynolds
  44. I. K. Schmidt
  45. S. Sistla
  46. N. W. Sokol
  47. P. H. Templer
  48. K. K. Treseder
  49. J. M. Welker
  50. M. A. Bradford

Contributions

The study was conceived by T.W.C. and N.W.S., and developed by T.W.C., M.A.B., K.E.O.T.-B. and W.R.W. Statistical analysis was performed by K.E.O.T.-B., M.A.B. and B.L.S. Spatial scaling and mapping were performed by W.R.W. and C.W.R. The manuscript was written by T.W.C. with assistance from C.W.R., M.A.B., W.R.W., K.E.O.T.-B., S.D.A. and P.B.R. All other authors reviewed and provided input on the manuscript. Measurements of soil C, bulk density and geospatial data from climate change experiments around the world were provided by J.C.C., M.B.M., S.F., G.Z., A.J.B., B.E., S.R., J.H., H.L., Y.L., A.M., J.P., M.E., S.D.F., G.K.-D., C.P., P.H.T., L.L.R., E.P., S.S., J.M.L., S.D.A., K.K.T., B.E., L.N.M., I.K.S., K.S.L., Y.C., F.A.D., S.D.B., S.M., S.N., A.T.C., J.M.B., J.S.C., J.G., B.R.J., J.M., L.P.-M. and P.B.R.

Corresponding author

Correspondence toT. W. Crowther.

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Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Additional information

Reviewer Information Nature thanks C. Jones and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Crowther, T., Todd-Brown, K., Rowe, C. et al. Quantifying global soil carbon losses in response to warming.Nature 540, 104–108 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20150

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