Unabated planetary warming and its ocean structure since 2006 (original) (raw)

References

1. Rhein, M. et al. in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) 264–265 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).
   Google Scholar
2. Gould, J. et al. Argo profiling floats bring new era of in situ ocean observations. Eos Trans. AGU 85, 185–191 (2004).
   Article Google Scholar
3. Roemmich, D. & Gilson, J. The global ocean imprint of ENSO. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L13606 (2011).
   Article Google Scholar
4. Shindell, D. T. Inhomogeneous forcing and transient climate sensitivity. Nature Clim. Change 4, 274–277 (2014).
   Article CAS Google Scholar
5. Abraham, J. P. et al. A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change. Rev. Geophys. 51, 450–483 (2013).
   Article Google Scholar
6. Wijffels, S. E. et al. Changing expendable bathythermograph fall rates and their impact on estimates of thermosteric sea level rise. J. Clim. 21, 5657–5672 (2008).
   Article Google Scholar
7. Davis, R. E., Sherman, J. T. & Dufour, J. Profiling ALACEs and other advances in autonomous subsurface floats. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 18, 982–993 (2001).
   Article Google Scholar
8. Stephens, G. L. et al. An update on Earth’s energy balance in light of the latest global observations. Nature Geosci. 5, 691–696 (2012).
   Article CAS Google Scholar
9. Loeb, N. G. et al. Observed changes in top-of-the-atmosphere radiation and upper-ocean heating consistent within uncertainty. Nature Geosci. 5, 110–113 (2012).
   Article CAS Google Scholar
10. Roemmich, D., Gould, W. J. & Gilson, J. 135 years of global ocean warming between the Challenger Expedition and the Argo Program. Nature Clim. Change 2, 425–428 (2012).
    Article Google Scholar
11. Levitus, S. et al. World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0–2,000 m) 1955–2010. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L10603 (2012).
    Article Google Scholar
12. Domingues, C. M. et al. Improved estimates of upper-ocean warming and multi-decadal sea-level rise. Nature 453, 1090–1093 (2008).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
13. Ishii, M. & Kimoto, M. Reevaluation of historical ocean heat content variations with time-varying XBT and MBT depth bias corrections. J. Oceanogr. 65, 287–299 (2009).
    Article Google Scholar
14. Palmer, M. D., Haines, K., Tett, S. F. B. & Ansell, T. J. Isolating the signal of ocean global warming. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L23610 (2007).
    Article Google Scholar
15. Lyman, J. M. et al. Robust warming of the global upper ocean. Nature 465, 334–337 (2010).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
16. Llovel, W., Willis, J. K., Landerer, F. W. & Fukumori, I. Deep-ocean contribution to sea level and energy budget not detectable over the past decade. Nature Clim. Change 4, 1031–1035 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
17. Allan, R. P. et al. Changes in global net radiative imbalance 1985–2012. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 5588–5597 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
18. Cheng, L. & Zhu, J. Artifacts in variations of ocean heat content induced by the observation system changes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 7276–7283 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
19. Durack, P. J., Gleckler, P. J., Landerer, F. W. & Taylor, K. E. Quantifying underestimates of long-term upper-ocean warming. Nature Clim. Change 4, 999–1005 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
20. Flato, G. et al. in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) 769–772 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).
    Google Scholar
21. Kosaka, Y. & Xie, S. P. Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling. Nature 501, 403–407 (2013).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
22. England, M. et al. Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus. Nature Clim. Change 4, 222–227 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
23. Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T., Branstator, G. & Phillips, A. S. Seasonal aspects of the recent pause in surface warming. Nature Clim. Change 4, 911–916 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
24. Roemmich, D. & Gilson, J. The 2004–2008 mean and annual cycle of temperature, salinity, and steric height in the global ocean from the Argo Program. Prog. Oceanogr. 82, 81–100 (2009).
    Article Google Scholar
25. Durack, P. J. & Wijffels, S. E. Fifty year trends in global ocean salinities and their relationship to broad-scale ocean warming. J. Clim. 23, 4342–4362 (2010).
    Article Google Scholar
26. Kaplan, A., Kushnir, Y. & Cane, M. A. Reduced space optimal interpolation of historical marine sea level pressure: 1854–1992. J. Clim. 13, 2987–3002 (2000).
    Article Google Scholar
27. Reynolds, R., Rayner, N. A., Smith, T. M., Stokes, D. C. & Wang, W. An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Clim. 15, 1609–1625 (2002).
    Article Google Scholar
28. Palmer, M. D. & McNeall, D. J. Internal variability of Earth’s energy budget simulated by CMIP5 climate models. Environ. Res. Lett. 9, 034016 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
29. Chen, X. & Tung, K-K. Varying planetary heat sink led to global-warming slowdown and acceleration. Science 345, 897–903 (2014).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
30. Roemmich, D. et al. Decadal spinup of the South Pacific subtropical gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 37, 162–173 (2007).
    Article Google Scholar
31. Sutton, P. & Roemmich, D. Decadal steric and sea surface height changes in the Southern Hemisphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L08604 (2011).
    Article Google Scholar
32. Sloyan, B. & Rintoul, S. Circulation, renewal, and modification of Antarctic Mode and Intermediate Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 31, 1005–1030 (2001).
    Article Google Scholar
33. Purkey, S. G. & Johnson, G. C. Warming of global abyssal and deep Southern Ocean waters between the 1990s and 2000s: Contributions to global heat and sea level rise budgets. J. Clim. 23, 6336–6351 (2010).
    Article Google Scholar
34. Trenberth, K. & Fasullo, J. Tracking Earth’s energy. Science 328, 316–317 (2010).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
35. Myhre, G. et al. in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) Ch. 8 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).
    Google Scholar
36. Church, J. et al. in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) Ch. 13 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).
    Google Scholar
37. Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T. & Balmaseda, M. A. Earth’s energy imbalance. J. Clim. 27, 3129–3144 (2014).
    Article Google Scholar
38. Ducet, N., Le Traon, P. Y. & Reverdin, G. Global high-resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 and -2. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 19477–19498 (2000).
    Article Google Scholar
39. Barker, P. M., Dunn, J. R., Domingues, C. M. & Wijffels, S. Pressure sensor drifts in Argo and their impacts. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 28, 1036–1049 (2011).
    Article Google Scholar
40. Church, J. A., White, N. J., Coleman, R., Lambeck, K. & Mitrovica, J. X. Estimates of the regional distribution of sea level rise over the 1950–2000 period. J. Clim. 17, 2609–2625 (2004).
    Article Google Scholar
41. Ridgway, K. R., Dunn, J. R. & Wilkin, J. L. Ocean interpolation by four-dimensional weighted least squares—Application to the waters around Australasia. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 19, 1357–1375 (2002).
    Article Google Scholar

Download references