- Bos, J.L. et al. Prevalence of ras gene mutations in human colorectal cancer. Nature 327, 293–297 (1987).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Forrester, K., Almoguera, C., Han, K., Grizzle, W.E. & Perucho, M. Detection of high incidence of K-ras oncogenes during human colon tumorigenesis. Nature 327, 298–303 (1987).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Baker, S.J. et al. Chromosome 17 deletions and p53 gene mutations in colorectal carcinomas. Science 244, 217–221 (1989).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Fearon, E.R. et al. Identification of a chromosome 18q gene that is altered in colorectal cancers. Science 247, 49–56 (1990).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kinzler, K. et al. Identification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21. Science 253, 661–665 (1991).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Groden, J. et al. Identification and characterization of the familial adenomatous polyposis coli gene. Cell 66, 589–600 (1991).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Fearon, E. & Vogelstein, B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61, 759–767 (1990).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Fearon, E. & Jones, P.A. Progressing toward a molecular description of colorectal cancer development. FASEB J. 6, 2783–2790 (1992).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Ionov, J., Peinado, M.A., Malkhosyan, S., Shibata, D. & Perucho, M. Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis. Nature 363, 558–561 (1993).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Thibodeau, S., Bren, G. & Schaid, D. Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science 260, 816–819 (1993).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Aaltonen, L.A. et al. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science 260, 812–816 (1993).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Nelson, R.L. & Mason, H.S. An explicit hypothesis for chemical carcinogenesis. J. theor. Biol. 37, 197–200 (1972).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Loeb, L.A., Springgate, C.F., & Battula, N. Errors in DNA replication as a basis of malignant changes. Cancer Res. 34, 2311–2321 (1974).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Cairns, J. Mutation selection and the natural history of cancer. Nature 255, 197–200 (1975).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Lynch, H.T. et al. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome I and II). Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 143, 160–170 (1991).
Google Scholar
- Peltomaki, P. et al. Genetic mapping of a locus predisposing to human colorectal cancer. Science 260, 810–812 (1993).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Lindblom, A., Tannergard, P., Werelius, B. & Nordenskjold, M. Genetic mapping of a second locus predisposing to hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. Nature Genet. 5, 279–282 (1993).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Peinado, M.A., Malkhosyan, S., Velazquez, A. & Perucho, M. Isolation and characterization of allelic losses and gains in colorectal tumours by arbitrarily primed polymerasechain reaction. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 10065–10069 (1992).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Hearne, K.M., Ghosh, S. & Todd, J.A. Microsatellites for linkage analysis of genetic traits. Trends Genet. 8, 288–293 (1992).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Weber, J.L. & Wong, C. Mutation of human short tandem repeats. Hum. molec. Genet. 2, 1123–1128 (1993).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Strand, M., Prolla, T., Liskay, M.R. & Petes, T.D. Destabilization of tracts of simple repetitive DNA in yeast by mutations affecting DNA mismatch repair. Nature 365, 274–276 (1993).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Streisinger, G. et al. Frameshift mutations and the genetic code. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. quant. Biol 31, 77–84 (1966).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Richards, R.I. & Sutherland, G.R. Dynamic mutations: A new class of mutations causing human disease. Cell 70, 709–712 (1992).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Mandel, J. Questions of expansion. Nature Genet. 4, 8–9 (1993).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Shibata, D. et al. Specific genetic analysis of microscopic tissue after Selective Ultraviolet Radiation Fractionation and the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Am. J. Pathol. 141, 1–5 (1992).
Google Scholar
- Shibata, D., Schaeffer, J., Li, Z., Capella, G. & Perucho, M. Genetic heterogeneity of the c-K-ras locus In colorectal adenomas but not adenocarcinomas. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 85, 1058–1063 (1993).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Lasko, D., Cavenee, W. & Nordenskjold, M. Loss of constitutional heterozygosity in human cancer. A. Rev. Genetics 25, 281–314 (1991).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Pardue, M.L., Instability of Chromosomes and Genomes. Cell 66, 427–431 (1991).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Naumova, A. & Sapienza, C. The genetics of retinoblastoma, revisited. Am. J. hum. Genet. (in the press).
- Ripley, L.S. Frameshift mutations: Determinants of specificity. Ann. Rev. Genet. 24, 189–213 (1990).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Fashena, S.J., Reeves, R. & Ruddle, N.H. A poly(dA-dT) upstream activating sequence binds high-mobility group I protein and contributes to lymphotoxin (tumor necrosis factor-B) gene regulation. Molec. Cell. Biol. 12, 894–903 (1992).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Foulds, L. The experimental study of tumour progression: A review. Cancer Res. 14, 327–337 (1954).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Nowell, P. The clonal evolution of tumour cell populations. Science 194, 23–28 (1976).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Brattain, M.G., Fine, W.D., Khaled, F.M., Thompson, J. & Brattain, D.E. Heterogeneity of malignant cells from a human colonic carcinoma. Cancer Res. 41, 1751–1756 (1981).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Leith, J.T. & Dexter, D.L. in Mammalian tumour cell heterogeneity 11–22 and 97–120 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1986).
Google Scholar
- Kunkel, T.A. Frameshift mutagenesis by eucaryotic DNA polymerases in vitro. J. biol. Chem. 261, 13581–13587 (1986).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kunkel, T. Biological asymmetries and the fldelity of eukaryotic DNA replication. BioEssays 14, 303–308 (1992).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Sinden, R.R. & Wells, R.D. DNA structure, mutations, and human genetic disease. Curr. Op. Biotech. 3, 612–622 (1992).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Levinson, G. & Gutman, G.A. Slipped-Strand mispairing: a major mechanism for DNA sequence evolution. Molec. Biol. Evol. 4 (3), 203–221 (1987).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Trinh, Q. & Sinden, R.R. Preferential DNA secondary structure mutagenesis in the lagging strand of replication in E. coli. Nature 352, 544–547 (1991).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Beckman, J.S. & Weber, J.L. Survey of human and rat microsatellites. Genomics 12, 627–631 (1992).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Kem, S.E. Clonality: more than just a tumor-progression model. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 85, 1020–1021 (1993).
Article Google Scholar
- Lynch, H.T. et al. Flat adenomas in a colon cancer-prone kindred. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 80, 278–282 (1988).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Kunkel, T. Slippery DNA and diseases. Nature 365, 207–208 (1993).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Welsh, J. & McClelland, M. Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers. Nucl. Acids Res. 18, 7213–7218 (1990).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Mullis, K.B., & Faloona, F.A. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase catalyzed chain reaction. Meth. Enzymol. 155, 335–350 (1987).
Article CAS Google Scholar
- Weber, J.L., Kwitek, A.E. & May, P.E. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at the D5S107, D5S11, D5S117 and D5S118 loci. Nucl. Acids Res. 18, 4035 (1990).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
- Weber, J.L., Kwitek, A.E. & May, P.E. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at the D6S87 locus. Nuc. Acid Res. 18, 4636 (1990).
Google Scholar
- Weber, J.L. et al. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at the D17S250 and D17S261 loci. Nuc. Acid Res. 18, 4640 (1990).
Google Scholar
- Leibovitz, A. et al. Classification of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res. 36, 4562–4569 (1976).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Tom, B.H. et al. Human Colonic Adenocarcinoma Cells. I. Establishment and Description of a New Line. In Vitro 12 (13), 180–191 (1976).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Peinado, M.A., Fernandez-Renart, M., Capella, G., Wilson, L. & Perucho, M. Mutations in the p53 suppressor gene do not correlate with c-K_-ras_ oncogene mutations in colorectal cancer. Int. J. Oncol. 2, 123–134 (1993).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Dexter, D.L., Barbosa, J.A. & Calabresi, P. _N, N_-dimethylformamide-induced alteration of cell culture characteristics and loss of tumorigenicity in cultured human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 39, 1020–1025 (1979).
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Sugarbaker, P., Gunderson, L. & Wittes, R., Colorectal Cancer. In Cancer, principles and practice of oncology. (eds De Vita, V., Hellman, S.& Rosenberg, S.) 814–815 (J. B. Lippincott Co, Philadelphia, 1985).
Google Scholar
- Fishel, R. et al. The human mutatorgene homolog MSH2 and its association with Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer. Cell 75, 1027–1038 (1993).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Leach, F. et al. Mutations of a mutS homolog in Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer. Cell 75, 1215–1225 (1993).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
- Parsons, R. et al. Hypermutability and mismatch repair deficiency in RER+ tumor cells. Cell 75, 1227–1236 (1993).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar