A mechanism for the initiation of allergen-induced T helper type 2 responses (original) (raw)

• Else, K.J. & Finkelman, F.D. Intestinal nematode parasites, cytokines and effector mechanisms. Int. J. Parasitol. 28, 1145–1158 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Chua, K.Y. et al. Sequence analysis of cDNA coding for a major house dust mite allergen, Der p 1. Homology with cysteine proteases. J Exp Med 167, 175–82 (1988).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Grobe, K., Becker, W.M., Schlaak, M. & Petersen, A. Grass group I allergens (β-expansins) are novel, papain-related proteinases. Eur. J. Biochem. 263, 33–40 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Kheradmand, F. et al. A protease-activated pathway underlying Th cell type 2 activation and allergic lung disease. J. Immunol. 169, 5904–5911 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• McKerrow, J.H., Caffrey, C., Kelly, B., Loke, P. & Sajid, M. Proteases in parasitic diseases. Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis. 1, 497–536 (2006).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Finkelman, F.D. & Urban, J.F., Jr. Cytokines: making the right choice. Parasitol. Today 8, 311–314 (1992).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Martin-Fontecha, A. et al. Induced recruitment of NK cells to lymph nodes provides IFN-γ for TH priming. Nat. Immunol. 5, 1260–1265 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Trinchieri, G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3, 133–146 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Acosta-Rodriguez, E.V., Napolitani, G., Lanzavecchia, A. & Sallusto, F. Interleukins 1β and 6 but not transforming growth factor-β are essential for the differentiation of interleukin 17–producing human T helper cells. Nat. Immunol. 8, 942–949 (2007).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• LeibundGut-Landmann, S. et al. Syk- and CARD9-dependent coupling of innate immunity to the induction of T helper cells that produce interleukin 17. Nat. Immunol. 8, 630–8 (2007).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Mowen, K.A. & Glimcher, L.H. Signaling pathways in Th2 development. Immunol. Rev. 202, 203–222 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Wedemeyer, J., Tsai, M. & Galli, S.J. Roles of mast cells and basophils in innate and acquired immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 12, 624–631 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Mukai, K. et al. Basophils play a critical role in the development of IgE-mediated chronic allergic inflammation independently of T cells and mast cells. Immunity 23, 191–202 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Oh, K., Shen, T., Le Gros, G. & Min, B. Induction of Th2 type immunity in a mouse system reveals a novel immunoregulatory role of basophils. Blood 109, 2921–2927 (2007).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.J. et al. TSLP: an epithelial cell cytokine that regulates T cell differentiation by conditioning dendritic cell maturation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25, 193–219 (2007).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Al-Shami, A., Spolski, R., Kelly, J., Keane-Myers, A. & Leonard, W.J. A role for TSLP in the development of inflammation in an asthma model. J. Exp. Med. 202, 829–839 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Omori, M. & Ziegler, S. Induction of IL-4 expression in CD4+ T cells by thymic stromal lymphopoietin. J. Immunol. 178, 1396–1404 (2007).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gough, L., Schulz, O., Sewell, H.F. & Shakib, F. The cysteine protease activity of the major dust mite allergen Der p 1 selectively enhances the immunoglobulin E antibody response. J. Exp. Med. 190, 1897–902 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Chambers, L. et al. Enzymatically active papain preferentially induces an allergic response in mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 253, 837–840 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Novey, H.S., Marchioli, L.E., Sokol, W.N. & Wells, I.D. Papain-induced asthma–physiological and immunological features. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 63, 98–103 (1979).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Mohrs, M., Shinkai, K., Mohrs, K. & Locksley, R.M. Analysis of type 2 immunity in vivo with a bicistronic IL-4 reporter. Immunity 15, 303–311 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Mohrs, K., Wakil, A.E., Killeen, N., Locksley, R.M. & Mohrs, M. A two-step process for cytokine production revealed by IL-4 dual-reporter mice. Immunity 23, 419–429 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Banchereau, J. & Steinman, R.M. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392, 245–252 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Ohshima, Y. et al. OX40 costimulation enhances interleukin-4 (IL-4) expression at priming and promotes the differentiation of naive human CD4+ T cells into high IL-4-producing effectors. Blood 92, 3338–3345 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Amsen, D. et al. Instruction of distinct CD4 T helper cell fates by different notch ligands on antigen-presenting cells. Cell 117, 515–526 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Henri, S. et al. The dendritic cell populations of mouse lymph nodes. J. Immunol. 167, 741–748 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Min, B. et al. Basophils produce IL-4 and accumulate in tissues after infection with a Th2-inducing parasite. J. Exp. Med. 200, 507–517 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gessner, A., Mohrs, K. & Mohrs, M. Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils acquire constitutive IL-4 and IL-13 transcripts during lineage differentiation that are sufficient for rapid cytokine production. J. Immunol. 174, 1063–1072 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Phillips, C., Coward, W.R., Pritchard, D.I. & Hewitt, C.R. Basophils express a type 2 cytokine profile on exposure to proteases from helminths and house dust mites. J. Leukoc. Biol. 73, 165–171 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Dillon, S.R. et al. Interleukin 31, a cytokine produced by activated T cells, induces dermatitis in mice. Nat. Immunol. 5, 752–760 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zingoni, A. et al. The chemokine receptor CCR8 is preferentially expressed in Th2 but not Th1 cells. J. Immunol. 161, 547–551 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liu, Z. et al. IL-2 and autocrine IL-4 drive the in vivo development of antigen-specific Th2 T cells elicited by nematode parasites. J. Immunol. 174, 2242–2249 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Noben-Trauth, N., Hu-Li, J. & Paul, W.E. Conventional, naive CD4+ T cells provide an initial source of IL-4 during Th2 differentiation. J. Immunol. 165, 3620–3625 (2000).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zhou, B. et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin as a key initiator of allergic airway inflammation in mice. Nat. Immunol. 6, 1047–1053 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Al-Shami, A. et al. A role for thymic stromal lymphopoietin in CD4+ T cell development. J. Exp. Med. 200, 159–168 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Friend, S.L. et al. A thymic stromal cell line supports in vitro development of surface IgM+ B cells and produces a novel growth factor affecting B and T lineage cells. Exp. Hematol. 22, 321–328 (1994).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Park, L.S., Friend, D.J., Schmierer, A.E., Dower, S.K. & Namen, A.E. Murine interleukin 7 (IL-7) receptor. Characterization on an IL-7-dependent cell line. J. Exp. Med. 171, 1073–1089 (1990).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Cote-Sierra, J. et al. Interleukin 2 plays a central role in Th2 differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 3880–3885 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zheng, W. & Flavell, R.A. The transcription factor GATA-3 is necessary and sufficient for Th2 cytokine gene expression in CD4 T cells. Cell 89, 587–596 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Krammer, P.H., Arnold, R. & Lavrik, I.N. Life and death in peripheral T cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7, 532–542 (2007).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Shakib, F., Schulz, O. & Sewell, H. A mite subversive: cleavage of CD23 and CD25 by Der p 1 enhances allergenicity. Immunol. Today 19, 313–6 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Ghaemmaghami, A.M., Gough, L., Sewell, H.F. & Shakib, F. The proteolytic activity of the major dust mite allergen Der p 1 conditions dendritic cells to produce less interleukin-12: allergen-induced Th2 bias determined at the dendritic cell level. Clin Exp Allergy 32, 1468–75 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Voehringer, D., Shinkai, K. & Locksley, R.M. Type 2 immunity reflects orchestrated recruitment of cells committed to IL-4 production. Immunity 20, 267–277 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Khodoun, M.V., Orekhova, T., Potter, C., Morris, S. & Finkelman, F.D. Basophils initiate IL-4 production during a memory T-dependent response. J. Exp. Med. 200, 857–870 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Luccioli, S. et al. IgE+, Kit−, I-A/I-E− myeloid cells are the initial source of Il-4 after antigen challenge in a mouse model of allergic pulmonary inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 110, 117–124 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zaph, C. et al. Epithelial-cell-intrinsic IKK-β expression regulates intestinal immune homeostasis. Nature 446, 552–556 (2007).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Urban, J.F., Jr. et al. The importance of Th2 cytokines in protective immunity to nematodes. Immunol. Rev. 127, 205–220 (1992).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gottar, M. et al. Dual detection of fungal infections in Drosophila via recognition of glucans and sensing of virulence factors. Cell 127, 1425–1437 (2006).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Jones, J.D. & Dangl, J.L. The plant immune system. Nature 444, 323–329 (2006).
  Article CAS Google Scholar