The succinate receptor GPR91 in neurons has a major role in retinal angiogenesis (original) (raw)

• Adair, T.H., Gay, W.J. & Montani, J.P. Growth regulation of the vascular system: evidence for a metabolic hypothesis. Am. J. Physiol. 259, R393–R404 (1990).
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Aiello, L.P. Vascular endothelial growth factor and the eye: biochemical mechanisms of action and implications for novel therapies. Ophthalmic Res. 29, 354–362 (1997).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Enge, M. et al. Endothelium-specific platelet-derived growth factor-B ablation mimics diabetic retinopathy. EMBO J. 21, 4307–4316 (2002).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Smith, L.E. et al. Essential role of growth hormone in ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. Science 276, 1706–1709 (1997).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Watanabe, D. et al. Erythropoietin as a retinal angiogenic factor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 782–792 (2005).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• D'Amore, P.A. Mechanisms of retinal and choroidal neovascularization. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35, 3974–3979 (1994).
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cai, W., Rook, S.L., Jiang, Z.Y., Takahara, N. & Aiello, L.P. Mechanisms of hepatocyte growth factor–induced retinal endothelial cell migration and growth. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 1885–1893 (2000).
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Folbergrova, J., Ljunggren, B., Norberg, K. & Siesjo, B.K. Influence of complete ischemia on glycolytic metabolites, citric acid cycle intermediates, and associated amino acids in the rat cerebral cortex. Brain Res. 80, 265–279 (1974).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hoyer, S. & Krier, C. Ischemia and aging brain. Studies on glucose and energy metabolism in rat cerebral cortex. Neurobiol. Aging 7, 23–29 (1986).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gutman, M., Bonomi, F., Pagani, S., Cerletti, P. & Kroneck, P. Modulation of the flavin redox potential as mode of regulation of succinate dehydrogenase activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 591, 400–408 (1980).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Meixner-Monori, B., Kubicek, C.P., Habison, A., Kubicek-Pranz, E.M. & Rohr, M. Presence and regulation of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. J. Bacteriol. 161, 265–271 (1985).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Mailloux, R.J. et al. The tricarboxylic acid cycle, an ancient metabolic network with a novel twist. PLoS ONE 2, e690 (2007).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Burns, P.A. & Wilson, D.J. Angiogenesis mediated by metabolites is dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Angiogenesis 6, 73–77 (2003).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Lee, M.S. et al. Angiogenic activity of pyruvic acid in in vivo and in vitro angiogenesis models. Cancer Res. 61, 3290–3293 (2001).
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Murray, B. & Wilson, D.J. A study of metabolites as intermediate effectors in angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 4, 71–77 (2001).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Neuman, R.E. & Mc, C.T. Growth-promoting properties of pyruvate oxal-acetate, and α-ketoglutarate for isolated Walker carcinosarcoma 256 cells. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 98, 303–306 (1958).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• He, W. et al. Citric acid cycle intermediates as ligands for orphan G protein–coupled receptors. Nature 429, 188–193 (2004).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Sennlaub, F. et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 in human and experimental ischemic proliferative retinopathy. Circulation 108, 198–204 (2003).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Kushnir, M.M., Komaromy-Hiller, G., Shushan, B., Urry, F.M. & Roberts, W.L. Analysis of dicarboxylic acids by tandem mass spectrometry. High-throughput quantitative measurement of methylmalonic acid in serum, plasma, and urine. Clin. Chem. 47, 1993–2002 (2001).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• van Adel, B.A., Kostic, C., Deglon, N., Ball, A.K. & Arsenijevic, Y. Delivery of ciliary neurotrophic factor via lentiviral-mediated transfer protects axotomized retinal ganglion cells for an extended period of time. Hum. Gene Ther. 14, 103–115 (2003).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Wittenberger, T. et al. GPR99, a new G protein–coupled receptor with homology to a new subgroup of nucleotide receptors. BMC Genomics 3, 17 (2002).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ogunshola, O.O. et al. Neuronal VEGF expression correlates with angiogenesis in postnatal developing rat brain. Brain Res. Dev. Brain. Res. 119, 139–153 (2000).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Marti, H.H. & Risau, W. Systemic hypoxia changes the organ-specific distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 15809–15814 (1998).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Stowe, A.M. et al. VEGF protein associates to neurons in remote regions following cortical infarct. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 27, 76–85 (2007).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Calza, L., Giardino, L., Giuliani, A., Aloe, L. & Levi-Montalcini, R. Nerve growth factor control of neuronal expression of angiogenetic and vasoactive factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4160–4165 (2001).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Iriyama, A., Chen, Y.N., Tamaki, Y. & Yanagi, Y. Effect of anti-VEGF antibody on retinal ganglion cells in rats. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 91, 1230–1233 (2007).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zhu, T. et al. Proangiogenic effects of protease-activated receptor 2 are tumor necrosis factor-α and consecutively Tie2 dependent. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26, 744–750 (2006).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Eklund, L. & Olsen, B.R. Tie receptors and their angiopoietin ligands are context-dependent regulators of vascular remodeling. Exp. Cell Res. 312, 630–641 (2006).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Koivunen, P. et al. Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) hydroxylases by citric acid cycle intermediates: possible links between cell metabolism and stabilization of HIF. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 4524–4532 (2007).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Selak, M.A. et al. Succinate links TCA cycle dysfunction to oncogenesis by inhibiting HIF-α prolyl hydroxylase. Cancer Cell 7, 77–85 (2005).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• McColm, J.R., Geisen, P. & Hartnett, M.E. VEGF isoforms and their expression after a single episode of hypoxia or repeated fluctuations between hyperoxia and hypoxia: relevance to clinical ROP. Mol. Vis. 10, 512–520 (2004).
  PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Ikeda, M., Hosoda, Y., Hirose, S., Okada, Y. & Ikeda, E. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms and their receptors Flt-1, KDR and neuropilin-1 in synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis. J. Pathol. 191, 426–433 (2000).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Usui, T. et al. VEGF164(165) as the pathological isoform: differential leukocyte and endothelial responses through VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 368–374 (2004).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sapieha, P.S., Peltier, M., Rendahl, K.G., Manning, W.C. & Di Polo, A. Fibroblast growth factor-2 gene delivery stimulates axon growth by adult retinal ganglion cells after acute optic nerve injury. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 24, 656–672 (2003).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Berkelaar, M., Clarke, D.B., Wang, Y.C., Bray, G.M. & Aguayo, A.J. Axotomy results in delayed death and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in adult rats. J. Neurosci. 14, 4368–4374 (1994).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Huxlin, K.R., Dreher, Z., Schulz, M. & Dreher, B. Glial reactivity in the retina of adult rats. Glia 15, 105–118 (1995).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Mu, X. et al. Ganglion cells are required for normal progenitor cell proliferation but not cell-fate determination or patterning in the developing mouse retina. Curr. Biol. 15, 525–530 (2005).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Higgins, R.D. et al. Diltiazem reduces retinal neovascularization in a mouse model of oxygen induced retinopathy. Curr. Eye Res. 18, 20–27 (1999).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Gariano, R.F. & Gardner, T.W. Retinal angiogenesis in development and disease. Nature 438, 960–966 (2005).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Arjamaa, O. & Nikinmaa, M. Oxygen-dependent diseases in the retina: role of hypoxia-inducible factors. Exp. Eye Res. 83, 473–483 (2006).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Shweiki, D., Itin, A., Soffer, D. & Keshet, E. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359, 843–845 (1992).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Johnson, R.N. & Hansford, R.G. The control of tricarboxylate-cycle oxidations in blowfly flight muscle. The steady-state concentrations of citrate, isocitrate 2-oxoglutarate and malate in flight muscle and isolated mitochondria. Biochem. J. 146, 527–535 (1975).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Hems, D.A. & Brosnan, J.T. Effects of ischaemia on content of metabolites in rat liver and kidney in vivo. Biochem. J. 120, 105–111 (1970).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Pierce, E.A., Avery, R.L., Foley, E.D., Aiello, L.P. & Smith, L.E. Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor expression in a mouse model of retinal neovascularization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 905–909 (1995).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Smith, L.E. et al. Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35, 101–111 (1994).
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Matthews, P.M., Nagy, Z., Brown, G.K., Land, J. & Squier, M.V. Isolated capillary proliferation in Leigh's syndrome. Clin. Neuropathol. 13, 139–141 (1994).
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Piao, Y.S., Tang, G.C., Yang, H. & Lu, D.H. Clinico-neuropathological study of a Chinese case of familial adult Leigh syndrome. Neuropathology 26, 218–221 (2006).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Francois, J. & Neetens, A. Comparative anatomy of the vascular supply of the eye in vertebrates. in In The Eye Vol. 5, (ed. H. Davson & L.T. Graham) 1–70 (Academic Press, New York, 1974).
  Google Scholar
• Johnson, G.L. Ophthalmoscopic studies on the eyes of mammals. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B2, 1–82 (1968).
  Google Scholar
• Michaelson, I.C. Retinal Circulation in Man and Mammals. (ed. Thomas, C.C.) Ch. 1–9 (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1954).
  Google Scholar
• Braun, R.D., Linsenmeier, R.A. & Goldstick, T.K. Oxygen consumption in the inner and outer retina of the cat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36, 542–554 (1995).
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Fruttiger, M. et al. PDGF mediates a neuron-astrocyte interaction in the developing retina. Neuron 17, 1117–1131 (1996).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Hughes, S., Yang, H. & Chan-Ling, T. Vascularization of the human fetal retina: roles of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 1217–1228 (2000).
  PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Dreher, B. & Robinson, S.R. Development of the retinofugal pathway in birds and mammals: evidence for a common 'timetable'. Brain Behav. Evol. 31, 369–390 (1988).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Cringle, S.J., Yu, P.K., Su, E.N. & Yu, D.Y. Oxygen distribution and consumption in the developing rat retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 4072–4076 (2006).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Arany, Z. et al. HIF-independent regulation of VEGF and angiogenesis by the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α. Nature 451, 1008–1012 (2008).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Frassetto, L.J. et al. Kinase-dependent differentiation of a retinal ganglion cell precursor. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 427–438 (2006).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Dull, T. et al. A third-generation lentivirus vector with a conditional packaging system. J. Virol. 72, 8463–8471 (1998).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
• Penn, J.S., Henry, M.M. & Tolman, B.L. Exposure to alternating hypoxia and hyperoxia causes severe proliferative retinopathy in the newborn rat. Pediatr. Res. 36, 724–731 (1994).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar