Modern science versus the stigma of obesity (original) (raw)
Bray, G.A. Obesity: Historical development of scientific and cultural ideas. Int. J. Obes.14, 909–926 (1990). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Buchwald, H. & Knatterud, M.E. Morbid obesity: perceptions of character and comorbidities in Falstaff. Obes. Surg.10, 402–408 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Allison, D. et al. The heritability of body mass index among an international sample of monozygotic twins reared apart. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.20, 501–506 (1996). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Stunkard, A.J., Harris, J.R., Pedersen, N.L. & McClearn, G.E. The body-mass index of twins who have been reared apart. N. Engl. J. Med.322, 1483–1487 (1990). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Stunkard, A.J., Foch, T.T. & Hrubec, Z. A twin study of human obesity. J. Am. Med. Assoc.256, 51–54 (1986). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Flier, J.S. Obesity wars: molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic. Cell116, 337–350 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
O'Rahilly, S., Farooqi, I.S., Yeo, G. & Challis, B.G. Minireview: Human obesity—lessons from monogenic disorders. Endocrinology144, 3757–3764 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Leibel, R.L., Rosenbaum, M. & Hirsch, J. Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N. Engl. J. Med.332, 621–628 (1995). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wadden, T.A. et al. Short- and long-term changes in serum leptin dieting obese women: effects of caloric restriction and weight loss. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.83, 214–218 (1998). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Wadden, T.A. Treatment of obesity by moderate and severe caloric restriction. Results of clinical research trials. Ann. Intern. Med.119, 688–693 (1993). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Farooqi, I. et al. Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med.341, 879–884 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Farooqi, I.S. et al. Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. J. Clin. Invest.110, 1093–1103 (2002). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Flegal, K.M., Carroll, M.D., Ogden, C.L. & Johnson, C.L. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. J. Am. Med. Assoc.288, 1723–1727 (2002). Article Google Scholar
Harris, T. et al. Body mass index and mortality among nonsmoking older persons: the Framingham Heart Study. J. Am. Med. Assoc.259, 1520–1524 (1988). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Hetherington, A.W. & Ranson, S.W. The spontaneous activity and food intake of rats with hypothalamic lesions. Am. J. Physiol.136, 609–617 (1942). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H. & Jessell, T. Principles of Neural Science, 998–1003 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000). Google Scholar
Friedman, J.M. & Halaas, J.L. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature395, 763–770 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Montague, C.T. et al. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature387, 903–908 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Maffei, M. et al. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat. Med.1, 1155–1161 (1995). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ahima, R.S. et al. Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature382, 250–252 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Shimomura, I., Hammer, R., Ikemoto, S., Brown, M. & Goldstein, J. Leptin reverses insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in mice with congenital lipodystrophy. Nature401, 73–76 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Oral, E.A. et al. Leptin-replacement therapy for lipodystrophy. N. Engl. J. Med.346, 570–578 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Oral, E.A. et al. Effect of leptin replacement on pituitary hormone regulation in patients with severe lipodystrophy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87, 3110–3117 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Petersen, K.F. et al. Leptin reverses insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in patients with severe lipodystrophy. J. Clin. Invest.109, 1345–1350 (2002). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Heymsfield, S. et al. Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults. J. Am. Med. Assoc.282, 1568–1575 (1999). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Halaas, J.L. et al. Physiological response to long-term peripheral and central leptin infusion in lean and obese mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA94, 8878–8883 (1997). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Minokoshi, Y. et al. Leptin stimulates fatty acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nature415, 339–343 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fei, H. et al. Anatomic localization of alternatively spliced leptin receptors (Ob-R) in mouse brain and other tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA94, 7001–7005 (1997). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Glazer, G. Long-term pharmacotherapy of obesity 2000: a review of efficacy and safety. Arch. Intern. Med.161, 1814–1824 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Heisler, L.K. et al. Activation of central melanocortin pathways by fenfluramine. Science297, 609–611 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Erickson, J.C., Clegg, K.E. & Palmiter, R.D. Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Nature381, 415–418 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Obici, S. & Rossetti, L. Minireview: Nutrient sensing and the regulation of insulin action and energy balance. Endocrinology144, 5172–5178 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Li, C. & Friedman, J. Leptin receptor activation of SH2 domain protein tyrosone phosphatase 2 modulates ob receptor signal transduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA96, 9677–9682 (1999). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhao, A.Z., Huan, J.N., Gupta, S.K., Pal, R. & Sahu, A. A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphodiesterase 3B-cyclic AMP pathway in hypothalamic action of leptin on feeding. Nat. Neurosci.5, 727–728 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Vaisse, C. et al. Leptin activation of Stat3 in the hypothalamus of wild-type and ob/ob mice but not db/db mice. Nat. Genet.14, 95–97 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bates, S.H. et al. STAT3 signalling is required for leptin regulation of energy balance but not reproduction. Nature421, 856–859 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Zabolothy, J.M. et al. PTP1B regulates leptin signal transduction in vivo. Dev. Cell2, 489–495 (2002). Article Google Scholar
Bjorbaek, C., Elmquist, J.K., Frantz, J.D., Shoelson, S.E. & Flier, J.S. Identification of SOC-3 as a potential mediator of central leptin resistance. Mol. Cell1, 619–625 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yeo, G. et al. A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity. Nat. Genet.20, 111–112 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pinto, S. et al. Rapid re-wiring of arcuate nucleus feeding circuits by leptin. Science304, 110–115 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
West, D.B., Boozer, C.N., Moody, D.L. & Atkinson, R.L. Dietary obesity in nine inbred mouse strains. Am. J. Physiol.262, R1025–R1032 (1992). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ogus, S., Ke, Y., Qiu, J., Wang, B. & Chehab, F.F. Hyperleptinemia precipitates diet-induced obesity in transgenic mice overexpressing leptin. Endocrinology144, 2865–2869 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fulton, S., Woodside, B. & Shizgal, P. Modulation of brain reward circuitry by leptin. Science287, 125–128 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Saper, C.B., Chou, T.C. & Elmquist, J.K. The need to feed: homeostatic and hedonic control of eating. Neuron36, 199–211 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
DeFalco, J. et al. Virus-assisted mapping of neural inputs to a feeding center in the hypothalamus. Science291, 2608–2613 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Schwartz, M.W., Peskind, E., Raskind, M., Boyko, E.J. & Porte, D. Jr. Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels: relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans. Nat. Med.2, 589–593 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Caro, J.F. et al. Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio in obesity: a possible mechanism for leptin resistance. Lancet348, 159–161 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Banks, W.A. & Farrell, C.L. Impaired transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier in obesity is acquired and reversible. J. Physiol.285, E10–E15 (2003). CAS Google Scholar
Li, C., Ioffe, E., Fidahusein, N., Connolly, E. & Friedman, J.M. Absence of soluble leptin receptor in plasma from _db_Pas/_db_Pas and other db/db mice. J. Biol. Chem.273, 10078–10082 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Weintraub, M., Hasday, J.D., Mushlin, A.I. & Lockwood, D.H. A double-blind clinical trial in weight control. Use of fenfluramine and phentermine alone and in combination. Arch. Intern. Med.144, 1143–1148 (1984). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Heal, D.J., Cheetham, S.C., Prow, M.R., Martin, K.F. & Buckett, W.R. A comparison of the effects on central 5-HT function of sibutramine hydrochloride and other weight-modifying agents. Br. J. Pharmacol.125, 301–308 (1998). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Tecott, L.H. et al. Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2c serotonin receptors. Nature374, 542–546 (1995). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Di Marzo, V. et al. Leptin-regulated endocannabinoids are involved in maintaining food intake. Nature410, 822–825 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lavoisier, A.L. & DeLaplace, P.S. Memoir on heat; Read to the Royal Academy of Sciences, 28 June 1783. Obes. Res.2, 189–203 (1994). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rubner, M. Die Quelle der thierischen Warme. Z. Biol.30, 73–142 (1894). Google Scholar
Allison, D.B., Heshka, S., Sepulveda, D. & Heymsfield, S.B. Counting calories—caveat emptor. J. Am. Med. Assoc.270, 1454–1456 (1993). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Ravussin, E. et al. Reduced rate of energy expenditure as a risk factor for body-weight gain. N. Engl. J. Med.318, 467–472 (1988). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bouchard, C. et al. The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins. N. Engl. J. Med.322, 1477–1482 (1990). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Levine, J.A., Eberhardt, N.L. & Jensen, M.D. Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science283, 212–214 (1999). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Brolin, R.E. Bariatric surgery and long-term control of morbid obesity. J. Am. Med. Assoc.288, 2793–2796 (2002). Article Google Scholar
Halaas, J.L. et al. Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science269, 543–546 (1995). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bultman, S.J., Michaud, E.J. & Woychik, R.P. Molecular characterization of the mouse agouti locus. Cell71, 1195–1204 (1992). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Smith, S. et al. Obesity resistance and multiple mechanisms of triglyceride synthesis in mice lacking DGAT. Nat. Genet.25, 87–90 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cohen, P. et al. Role for stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 in leptin mediated weight loss. Science297, 240–243 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Puigserver, P. et al. A cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis. Cell92, 829–839 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wang, Y.X. et al. Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor delta activates fat metabolism to prevent obesity. Cell113, 159–170 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bachman, E.S. et al. βAR signaling required for diet-induced thermogenesis and obesity resistance. Science297, 843–845 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Jackson, R.S. et al. Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 gene. Nat. Genet.16, 303–306 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Krude, H. et al. Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans. Nat. Genet.19, 155–157 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Barsh, G.S., Farooqi, I.S. & O'Rahilly, S. Genetics of body-weight regulation. Nature404, 644–651 (2000). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Neel, J.V. Diabetes mellitus: A “thrifty” genotype rendered detrimental by “progress”? Am. J. Hum. Genet.14, 353–362 (1962). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Tuomilehto, J. et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N. Engl. J. Med.344, 1343–1350 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar