Antibody targeted drugs as cancer therapeutics (original) (raw)

• Papac, R. J. Origins of cancer therapy. Yale J. Biol. Med. 74, 391–398 (2001).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dunn, F. B. National Cancer Act: Leaders Reflect on 30 Years of Progress. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 94, 8–9 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schwartz, R. S. Paul Ehrlich's magic bullets. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 1079–1080 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Köhler, G. & Milstein, C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. 1975. Biotechnology 24, 524–526 (1992).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Yelton, D. E. & Scharff, M. D. Monoclonal antibodies: a powerful new tool in biology and medicine. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 50, 657–680 (1981).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Riechmann, L., Clark, M., Waldmann, H. & Winter, G. Reshaping human antibodies for therapy. Nature 332, 323–327 (1988).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liu, A. Y. et al. Chimeric mouse-human IgG1 antibody that can mediate lysis of cancer cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 3439–3443 (1987).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Grillo-Lopez, A. J., Hedrick, E., Rashford, M. & Benyunes, M. Rituximab: ongoing and future clinical development. Semin. Oncol. 29, 105–112 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Breedveld, F. C. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Lancet 355, 735–740 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Adams, G. P. & Weiner, L. M. Monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. Nature Biotechnol. 23, 1147–1157 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Milenic, D. E., Brady, E. D. & Brechbiel, M. W. Antibody-targeted radiation cancer therapy. Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 3, 488–499 (2004). An in depth review that describes the targeting of radionucleotides to tumors by antibodies.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. R. et al. A vindesine–anti-CEA conjugate cytotoxic for human cancer cells in vitro. Br. J. Cancer 44, 472–475 (1981).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Garnett, M. C. Targeted drug conjugates: principles and progress. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 53, 171–216 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Maxfield, F. R. & McGraw, T. E. Endocytic recycling. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 121–132 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Guillemard, V. & Uri, S. H. Prodrug chemotherapeutics bypass p-glycoprotein resistance and kill tumors in vivo with high efficacy and target-dependent selectivity. Oncogene 23, 3613–3621 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shen, W. C., Ballou, B., Ryser, H. J. & Hakala, T. R. Targeting, internalization, and cytotoxicity of methotrexate-monoclonal anti-stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 antibody conjugates in cultured F-9 teratocarcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 46, 3912–3916 (1986).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. A. & Laguzza, B. C. Antitumor xenograft activity with a conjugate of a Vinca derivative and the squamous carcinoma-reactive monoclonal antibody PF1/D. Cancer Res. 47, 3118–3122 (1987).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dillman, R. O., Johnson, D. E., Shawler, D. L. & Koziol, J. A. Superiority of an acid-labile daunorubicin-monoclonal antibody immunoconjugate compared to free drug. Cancer Res. 48, 6097–6102 (1988).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Doronina, S. O. et al. Development of potent monoclonal antibody auristatin conjugates for cancer therapy. Nature Biotechnol. 21, 778–784 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Jaracz, S., Chen, J., Kuznetsova, L. V. & Ojima, I. Recent advances in tumor-targeting anticancer drug conjugates. Bioorg. Med. Chem. (2005).
• Deguchi, T., Chu, T. M., Leong, S. S., Horoszewicz, J. S. & Lee, C. L. Effect of methotrexate-monoclonal anti-prostatic acid phosphatase antibody conjugate on human prostate tumor. Cancer Res. 46, 3751–3755 (1986).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Allen, T. M. Ligand-targeted therapeutics in anticancer therapy. Nature Rev. Cancer 2, 750–763 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hamblett, K. J. et al. Effects of drug loading on the antitumor activity of a monoclonal antibody drug conjugate. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 7063–7070 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Petersen, B. H., DeHerdt, S. V., Schneck, D. W. & Bumol, T. F. The human immune response to KS1/4-desacetylvinblastine (LY256787) and KS1/4-desacetylvinblastine hydrazide (LY203728) in single and multiple dose clinical studies. Cancer Res. 51, 2286–2290 (1991).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Carter, P. Improving the efficacy of antibody-based cancer therapies. Nature Rev. Cancer 1, 118–129 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Sievers, E. L. et al. Selective ablation of acute myeloid leukemia using antibody-targeted chemotherapy: a phase I study of an anti-CD33 calicheamicin immunoconjugate. Blood 93, 3678–3684 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Smith, S. V. Technology evaluation: cantuzumab mertansine, ImmunoGen. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 6, 666–674 (2004).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bross, P. F. et al. Approval summary: gemtuzumab ozogamicin in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 1490–1496 (2001). A description of the preclinical and clinical data for Mylotarg and the regulatory review leading to approval.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sievers, E. L. & Linenberger, M. Mylotarg: antibody-targeted chemotherapy comes of age. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 13, 522–527 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nabhan, C. et al. Phase II pilot trial of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) as first line therapy in acute myeloid leukemia patients age 65 or older. Leuk. Res. 29, 53–57 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tallman, M. S., Gilliland, D. G. & Rowe, J. M. Drug therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood (2005).
• Arceci, R. J. et al. Safety and efficacy of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg(R)) in pediatric patients with advanced CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia. Blood (2005).
• Sanderson, R. J. et al. In vivo drug-linker stability of an anti-CD30 dipeptide-linked auristatin immunoconjugate. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 843–852 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Baloglu, E. et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel taxoids designed for targeted delivery to tumors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 14, 5885–5888 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mandler, R., Kobayashi, H., Hinson, E. R., Brechbiel, M. W. & Waldmann, T. A. Herceptin-geldanamycin immunoconjugates: pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and enhanced antitumor activity. Cancer Res. 64, 1460–1467 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frankel, A. E. New anti-T cell immunotoxins for the clinic. Leuk. Res. 29, 249–251 (2005).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Frankel, A. E., Kreitman, R. J. & Sausville, E. A. Targeted toxins. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 326–334 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Thorpe, P. E. et al. Improved antitumor effects of immunotoxins prepared with deglycosylated ricin A-chain and hindered disulfide linkages. Cancer Res. 48, 6396–6403 (1988).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hexham, J. M. et al. Influence of relative binding affinity on efficacy in a panel of anti-CD3 scFv immunotoxins. Mol. Immunol. 38, 397–408 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Posey, J. A. et al. A phase I trial of the single-chain immunotoxin SGN-10 (BR96 sFv-PE40) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 3092–3099 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frankel, A. E. Reducing the immune response to immunotoxin. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 13–15 (2004). This paper demonstrates the possibility of reducing the immunogenicity of immunotoxins.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Youn, Y. S., Na, D. H., Yoo, S. D., Song, S. C. & Lee, K. C. Carbohydrate-specifically polyethylene glycol-modified ricin A-chain with improved therapeutic potential. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol 37, 1525–1533 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Arndt, M. A., Krauss, J., Vu, B. K., Newton, D. L. & Rybak, S. M. A dimeric angiogenin immunofusion protein mediates selective toxicity toward CD22+ tumor cells. J. Immunother. 28, 245–251 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Krauss, J., Arndt, M. A., Vu, B. K., Newton, D. L. & Rybak, S. M. Targeting malignant B-cell lymphoma with a humanized anti-CD22 scFv-angiogenin immunoenzymedouble dagger. Br. J. Haematol. 128, 602–609 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• De Lorenzo, C. et al. A fully human antitumor immunoRNase selective for ErbB-2-positive carcinomas. Cancer Res. 64, 4870–4874 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liu, C. et al. Eradication of large colon tumor xenografts by targeted delivery of maytansinoids. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8618–8623 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bagshawe, K. D. Antibody directed enzymes revive anti-cancer prodrugs concept. Br. J. Cancer 56, 531–532 (1987).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Denny, W. A. Tumor-activated prodrugs-a new approach to cancer therapy. Cancer Invest. 22, 604–619 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chester, K. et al. Engineering antibodies for clinical applications in cancer. Tumour. Biol. 25, 91–98 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Senter, P. D. & Springer, C. J. Selective activation of anticancer prodrugs by monoclonal antibody-enzyme conjugates. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev 53, 247–264 (2001). A detailed review on antibody dependent enzyme prodrug therapy.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sharma, S. K., Bagshawe, K. D. & Begent, R. H. Advances in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 6, 611–615 (2005).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Van Pel, A. & Boon, T. Protection against a nonimmunogenic mouse leukemia by an immunogenic variant obtained by mutagenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 79, 4718–4722 (1982).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, S. A., Yang, J. C., White, D. E. & Steinberg, S. M. Durability of complete responses in patients with metastatic cancer treated with high-dose interleukin-2: identification of the antigens mediating response. Ann. Surg. 228, 307–319 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Robinson, B. W. et al. Cytokine gene therapy or infusion as treatment for solid human cancer. J Immunother. 21, 211–217 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Soiffer, R. J., Robertson, M. J., Murray, C., Cochran, K. & Ritz, J. Interleukin-12 augments cytolytic activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with hematologic and solid malignancies. Blood 82, 2790–2796 (1993).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Manusama, E. R. et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α in isolated perfusion systems in the treatment of cancer: the Rotterdam preclinical-clinical program. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 14, 232–237 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Keilholz, U. et al. Recombinant interleukin-2-based treatments for advanced melanoma: the experience of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Cooperative Group. Cancer J. Sci. Am. 3 (Suppl. 1), S22–S28 (1997).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. IL-12 deaths: explanation and a puzzle. Science 270, 908 (1995).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mattijssen, V. et al. Intratumoral PEG-interleukin-2 therapy in patients with locoregionally recurrent head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma. Ann. Oncol. 5, 957–960 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lienard, D., Ewalenko, P., Delmotte, J. J., Renard, N. & Lejeune, F. J. High-dose recombinant tumor necrosis factor α in combination with interferon γ and melphalan in isolation perfusion of the limbs for melanoma and sarcoma. J Clin. Oncol. 10, 52–60 (1992).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hoogenboom, H. R., Volckaert, G. & Raus, J. C. Construction and expression of antibody-tumor necrosis factor fusion proteins. Mol. Immunol. 28, 1027–1037 (1991).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gillies, S. D., Young, D., Lo, K. M., Foley, S. F. & Reisfeld, R. A. Expression of genetically engineered immunoconjugates of lymphotoxin and a chimeric anti-ganglioside GD2 antibody. Hybridoma 10, 347–356 (1991).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gillies, S. D., Young, D., Lo, K. M. & Roberts, S. Biological activity and in vivo clearance of antitumor antibody/cytokine fusion proteins. Bioconjug. Chem. 4, 230–235 (1993). A description of the biological activity of several immunocytokines.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pancook, J. D., Becker, J. C., Gillies, S. D. & Reisfeld, R. A. Eradication of established hepatic human neuroblastoma metastases in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency by antibody-targeted interleukin-2. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 42, 88–92 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Becker, J. C., Pancook, J. D., Gillies, S. D., Mendelsohn, J. & Reisfeld, R. A. Eradication of human hepatic and pulmonary melanoma metastases in SCID mice by antibody-interleukin 2 fusion proteins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 2702–2707 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Xiang, R. et al. Elimination of established murine colon carcinoma metastases by antibody-interleukin 2 fusion protein therapy. Cancer Res. 57, 4948–4955 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kendra, K. et al. Pharmacokinetics and stability of the ch14.18-interleukin-2 fusion protein in mice. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 48, 219–229 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Becker, J. C., Pancook, J. D., Gillies, S. D., Furukawa, K. & Reisfeld, R. A. T cell-mediated eradication of murine metastatic melanoma induced by targeted interleukin 2 therapy. J. Exp. Med. 183, 2361–2366 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lode, H. N. et al. Natural killer cell-mediated eradication of neuroblastoma metastases to bone marrow by targeted interleukin-2 therapy. Blood 91, 1706–1715 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Niethammer, A. G. et al. Targeted interleukin 2 therapy enhances protective immunity induced by an autologous oral DNA vaccine against murine melanoma. Cancer Res. 61, 6178–6184 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Harvill, E. T., Fleming, J. M. & Morrison, S. L. In vivo properties of an IgG3-IL-2 fusion protein. A general strategy for immune potentiation. J. Immunol. 157, 3165–3170 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dela Cruz, J. S. et al. Protein vaccination with the HER2/neu extracellular domain plus anti-HER2/neu antibody-cytokine fusion proteins induces a protective anti-HER2/neu immune response in mice. Vaccine 21, 1317–1326 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dela Cruz, J. S., Morrison, S. L. & Penichet, M. L. Insights into the mechanism of anti-tumor immunity in mice vaccinated with the human HER2/neu extracellular domain plus anti-HER2/neu IgG3-(IL-2) or anti-HER2/neu IgG3-(GM-CSF) fusion protein. Vaccine (2005). This paper describes an approach to induce immune responses to soluble antigen by immunocytokines.
• King, D. M. et al. Phase I clinical trial of the immunocytokine EMD 273063 in melanoma patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 4463–4473 (2004). Results of the first phase I study of an IL-2 immunocytokine.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ko, Y. J. et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and biological pharmacodynamics of the immunocytokine EMD 273066 (huKS-IL2): results of a phase I trial in patients with prostate cancer. J. Immunother. 27, 232–239 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dela Cruz, J. S., Trinh, K. R., Morrison, S. L. & Penichet, M. L. Recombinant anti-human HER2/neu IgG3-(GM-CSF) fusion protein retains antigen specificity and cytokine function and demonstrates antitumor activity. J. Immunol. 165, 5112–5121 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Reisfeld, R. A., Gillies, S. D., Mendelsohn, J., Varki, N. M. & Becker, J. C. Involvement of B lymphocytes in the growth inhibition of human pulmonary melanoma metastases in athymic nu/nu mice by an antibody- lymphotoxin fusion protein. Cancer Res 56, 1707–1712 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Metelitsa, L. S. et al. Antidisialoganglioside/granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor fusion protein facilitates neutrophil antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and depends on FcγRII (CD32) and Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) for enhanced effector cell adhesion and azurophil granule exocytosis. Blood 99, 4166–4173 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Borsi, L. et al. Selective targeted delivery of TNFα to tumor blood vessels. Blood 102, 4384–4392 (2003).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Ebbinghaus, C. et al. Engineered vascular-targeting antibody-interferon-γ fusion protein for cancer therapy. Int. J. Cancer 116, 304–313 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Holliger, P. & Hudson, P. J. Engineered antibody fragments and the rise of single domains. Nature Biotechnol. 23, 1126–1136 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Schrama, D. et al. Targeting of lymphotoxin-α to the tumor elicits an efficient immune response associated with induction of peripheral lymphoid-like tissue. Immunity. 14, 111–121 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Halin, C. et al. Synergistic therapeutic effects of a tumor targeting antibody fragment, fused to interleukin 12 and to tumor necrosis factor α. Cancer Res. 63, 3202–3210 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hombach, A., Heuser, C. & Abken, H. Simultaneous targeting of IL2 and IL12 to Hodgkin's lymphoma cells enhances activation of resting NK cells and tumor cell lysis. Int. J. Cancer 115, 241–247 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hofmeister, V., Vetter, C., Schrama, D., Bröcker, E. B. & Becker, J. C. Tumor stroma-associated antigens for anti-cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1–14 (2005).
• Shimizu, M., Yoshimoto, T., Nagata, S. & Matsuzawa, A. A trial to kill tumor cells through Fas (CD95)-mediated apoptosis in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 228, 375–379 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Timmer, T., de Vries, E. G. & de Jong, S. Fas receptor-mediated apoptosis: a clinical application? J. Pathol. 196, 125–134 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schneider, P. et al. Conversion of membrane-bound Fas(CD95) ligand to its soluble form is associated with downregulation of its proapoptotic activity and loss of liver toxicity. J. Exp. Med. 187, 1205–1213 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Samel, D. et al. Generation of a FasL-based proapoptotic fusion protein devoid of systemic toxicity due to cell-surface antigen-restricted activation. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 32077–32082 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bremer, E. et al. Target cell-restricted apoptosis induction of acute leukemic T cells by a recombinant tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand fusion protein with specificity for human CD7. Cancer Res. 65, 3380–3388 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bremer, E. et al. Simultaneous inhibition of EGFR signaling and enhanced activation of TRAIL-R-mediated apoptosis induction by an scFv: sTRAIL fusion protein with specificity for human EGFR. J. Biol. Chem. (2005).
• Ou, X. et al. Antitumor effects of radioiodinated antisense oligonuclide mediated by VIP receptor. Cancer Gene Ther. 12, 313–320 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Brignole, C. et al. Neuroblastoma targeting by c-myb-selective antisense oligonucleotides entrapped in anti-GD(2) immunoliposome: immune cell-mediated anti-tumor activities. Cancer Lett. 228, 181–186 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schiffelers, R. M. et al. Cancer siRNA therapy by tumor selective delivery with ligand-targeted sterically stabilized nanoparticle. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, e149 (2004).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Song, E. et al. Antibody mediated in vivo delivery of small interfering RNAs via cell-surface receptors. Nature Biotechnol. 23, 709–717 (2005). A study demonstrating the feasibility of antibody mediated, cell-type specific siRNA targeting.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Moro, M. et al. Induction of therapeutic T-cell immunity by tumor targeting with soluble recombinant B7-immunoglobulin costimulatory molecules. Cancer Res. 59, 2650–2656 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Grosse-Hovest, L. et al. A recombinant bispecific single-chain antibody induces targeted, supra-agonistic CD28-stimulation and tumor cell killing. Eur. J. Immunol. 33, 1334–1340 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kipriyanov, S. M., Moldenhauer, G., Strauss, G. & Little, M. Bispecific CD3 x CD19 diabody for T cell-mediated lysis of malignant human B cells. Int. J. Cancer 77, 763–772 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bruenke, J. et al. Effective lysis of lymphoma cells with a stabilised bispecific single-chain Fv antibody against CD19 and FcγRIII (CD16). Br. J. Haematol. 130, 218–228 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kipriyanov, S. M. et al. Synergistic antitumor effect of bispecific CD19 x CD3 and CD19 x CD16 diabodies in a preclinical model of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J. Immunol 169, 137–144 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gao, Y. et al. Efficient inhibition of multidrug-resistant human tumors with a recombinant bispecific anti-P-glycoprotein x anti-CD3 diabody. Leukemia 18, 513–520 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wolf, E., Hofmeister, R., Kufer, P., Schlereth, B. & Baeuerle, P. A. BiTEs: bispecific antibody constructs with unique anti-tumor activity. Drug Discov. Today 10, 1237–1244 (2005). A review of particular bispecific antibody constructs mediating anti-tumor effects by activating T cells.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wang, X. B. et al. A new recombinant single chain trispecific antibody recruits T lymphocytes to kill CEA (carcinoma embryonic antigen) positive tumor cells in vitro efficiently. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 135, 555–565 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Harris, M. Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents for cancer. Lancet Oncol. 5, 292–302 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Winter, G., Griffiths, A. D., Hawkins, R. E. & Hoogenboom, H. R. Making antibodies by phage display technology. Annu. Rev. Immunol 12, 433–455 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Stohrer, M., Boucher, Y., Stangassinger, M. & Jain, R. K. Oncotic pressure in solid tumors is elevated. Cancer Res. 60, 4251–4255 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yokota, T., Milenic, D. E., Whitlow, M. & Schlom, J. Rapid tumor penetration of a single-chain Fv and comparison with other immunoglobulin forms. Cancer Res. 52, 3402–3408 (1992).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Adams, G. P. et al. Increased affinity leads to improved selective tumor delivery of single-chain Fv antibodies. Cancer Res. 58, 485–490 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Neri, D. & Bicknell, R. Tumour vascular targeting. Nature Rev. Cancer 5, 436–446 (2005). This review describes the anti-tumor effect of vascular targeting and strategies to identify putative tumor vascular targets.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Oh, P. et al. Subtractive proteomic mapping of the endothelial surface in lung and solid tumours for tissue-specific therapy. Nature 429, 629–635 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gillies, S. D., Reilly, E. B., Lo, K. M. & Reisfeld, R. A. Antibody-targeted interleukin 2 stimulates T-cell killing of autologous tumor cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 1428–1432 (1992).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• thor Straten, P. et al. Activation of preexisting T cell clones by targeted interleukin 2 therapy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 8785–8790 (1998).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Lode, H. N. et al. Melanoma immunotherapy by targeted IL-2 depends on CD4(+) T-cell help mediated by CD40/CD40L interaction. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1623–1630 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Schrama, D. et al. Therapeutic efficacy of tumor-targeted IL2 in LTα (−/−) mice depends on conditioned T cells. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1–6 (2005).
• Neal, Z. C. et al. Enhanced activity of hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine against murine NXS2 neuroblastoma when combined with interleukin 2 therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 4839–4847 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Eggert, A. O. et al. Specific peptide-mediated immunity against established melanoma tumors with dendritic cells requires IL-2 and fetal calf serum-free cell culture. Eur. J. Immunol 32, 122–127 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schrama, D. et al. Shift from systemic to site-specific memory by tumor-targeted IL-2. J. Immunol. 172, 5843–5850 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Penichet, M. L., Harvill, E. T. & Morrison, S. L. An IgG3–IL-2 fusion protein recognizing a murine B cell lymphoma exhibits effective tumor imaging and antitumor activity. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 18, 597–607 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wu, A. M. & Senter, P. D. Arming antibodies: prospects and challenges for immunoconjugates. Nature Biotechnol. 23, 1137–1146 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Francis, R. J. et al. A phase I trial of antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma or other CEA producing tumours. Br. J. Cancer 87, 600–607 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar