Hijacking Rho GTPases by protein toxins and apoptosis: molecular strategies of pathogenic bacteria (original) (raw)

• Schiavo G and van der Goot FG (2001) The bacterial toxin toolkit. Nature 2: 530–537
  CAS Google Scholar
• Weinrauch Y and Zychlinsky A (1999) The induction of apoptosis by bacterial pathogens. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 53: 155–187
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Nelson KL, Brodsky RA and Buckley JT (1999) Channels formed by subnanomolar concentrations of the toxin aerolysin trigger apoptosis of T lymphomas. Cell Microbiol. 1: 69–74
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Muller A, Rassow J, Grimm J, Machuy N, Meyer TF and Rudel T (2002) VDAC and the bacterial porin PorB of Neisseria gonorrhoeae share mitochondrial import pathways. EMBO J. 21: 1916–1929
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Bantel H, Sinha B, Domschke W, Peters G, Sculze-Osthoff K and Janicke RU (2001) Alpha-toxin is a mediator of _Staphylococcus aureus_-induced cell death and activates caspases via the intrinsic death pathway independently of death receptor signalling. J Cell Biol. 155: 637–648
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Galmiche A, Rassow J, Doye A, Cagnol S, Chambard JC, Contamin S, de Thillot V, Just I, Ricci V, Solcia E, Van Obberghen E and Boquet P (2000) The N-terminal 34 kDa fragment of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin targets mitochondria and induces cytochrome c release. EMBO J. 19: 6361–6370
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Lavoie PM, McGrath H, Shoukry NH, Cazenave PA, Sekaly RP, Thibodeau J (2001) Quantitative relationship between MHC class II-superantigen complexes and the balance of T cell activation versus death. J. Immunol. 166:7229–7237
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Takai Y, Sasaki T and Matozaki T (2001) Small GTP-binding proteins. Physiol. Rev. 81: 153–208
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hall A (1998) Small GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science 279: 509–514
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Symons M and Settleman J (2000) Rho family GTPases: more than simple switches. Trends Cell Biol. 10: 415–419
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Coleman ML and Olson MF (2002) Rho GTPase signalling pathways in the morphological changes associated with apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 9: 493–504
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Just I, Hofman F and Aktories K (2000) Molecular mechanisms of action of the large Clostridial cytotoxins. In Bacterial Proteins Toxins (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 145), Aktories K and Just I, eds (Berlin: Springer) pp. 307–327
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Aktories K, Barth, H and Just I (2000) Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme and C3-like transferases. In Bacterial Proteins Toxins (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 145), Aktories K and Just I, eds (Berlin: Springer) pp. 207–225
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Popoff MR, Chaves-Olarte E, Lemichez E, von Eichel-Streiber C, Thelestam M, Chardin P, Cussac D, Antonny B, Chavrier P, Flatau G, Giry M, de Gunzburg J and Boquet P (1996) Ras, Rap and Rac small GTP-binding proteins are targets for Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin glucosylation. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 10217–10224
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Fiorentini C, Donelli G, Nicotera P and Thelestam M (1993) Clostridium difficile toxin A elicits Ca2+-independent cytotoxic effects in cultured normal rat intestinal cript cells. Infect. Immun. 61: 3988–3993
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mahida YR, Makh S, Hyde S, Gray T and Borriello SP (1996) Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human intestinal epithelial cells: induction of interleukin 8 production and apoptosis after cell detachment. Gut 38: 337–347
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Mahida YR, Galvin A, Makh S, Hyde S, Sanfilippo L, Borriello SP and Sewell HF (1998) Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human colonic lamina propria cells: early loss of macrophages followed by T-cell apoptosis. Infect. Immun. 66: 5462–5469
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Fiorentini C, Fabbri A, Falzano L, Fattorossi A, Matarrese P, Rivabene R and Donelli G (1998a) Clostridium difficile toxin B induces apoptosis in intestinal cultured cells. Infect. Immun. 66: 2660–2665
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Le Gall M, Chambard JC, Breittmayer JP, Grall D, Pouyssegur J, and Van Obberghen-Schilling E (2000) The p42/p44 MAP kinase pathway prevents apoptosis induced by anchorage and serum removal. Mol. Biol. Cell 11: 1103–1112
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Anderson RJ, Ray CJ and Popoff MR (2000) Evidence for rho protein regulation of renal tubular epithelial cell function. Kidney Int. 58: 1996–2006
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Gomez J, Martinez C, Giry M, Garcia A and Rebollo A (1997) Rho prevents apoptosis through Bcl-2 expression: implications for interleukin-2 receptor signal transduction. Eur. J. Immunol. 27: 2793–2799
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Moorman JP, Bobak DA and Hahn CS (1996) Inactivation of the small GTP binding protein Rho induces multinucleate cell formation and apoptosis in murine T lymphoma EL4. J. Immunol. 156: 4146–4153
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bobak D, Moorman J, Guanzon A, Gilmer L and Hahn C (1997) Inactivation of the small GTPase Rho disrupts cellular attachment and induces adhesion-dependent and adhesion-independent apoptosis. Oncogene 15: 2179–2189
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Henning SW, Galandrini R, Hall A and Cantrell DA (1997) The GTPase Rho has a critical regulatory role in thymus development. EMBO J. 16: 2397–2407
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Calderon GM, Torres-Lopez J, Lin TJ, Chavez B, Hernandez M, Munoz O, Befus AD and Enciso AJ (1998) Effects of toxin A from Clostridium difficile on mast cell activation and survival. Infect. Immun. 66: 2755–2761
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Subauste MC, Von Herrath M, Benard V, Chamberlain CE, Chuang TH, Chu K, Bokoch GM and Hahn KM (2000) Rho family proteins modulate rapid apoptosis induced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Fas. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 9725–9733
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Parlato S, Giammarioli AM, Logozzi M, Lozupone F, Matarrese P, Luciani F, Falchi M, Malorni W and Fais S (2000) CD95 (APO-1/Fas) linkage to the actin cytoskeleton through ezrin in human T lymphocytes: a novel regulatory mechanism of the CD95 apoptotic pathway. EMBO J. 19: 5123–5134
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Linseman DA, Laessing T, Meintzer MK, McClure M, Barth H, Aktories K and Heindenreich (2001) An essential role for Rac/Cdc42 GTPases in cerebellar granule neuron survival. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 39123–39131
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Jiang K, Coppola D, Crespo NC, Nicosia SV, Hamilton AD, Sebti SM and Cheng JQ (2000) The phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase/AKT2 pathway as a critical target for farnesyltransferase inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Mol. Cell Biol. 20: 139–148
  Article Google Scholar
• He D, Hagen SJ, Pothoulakis C, Chen M, Medina ND, Warny M and LaMont JT (2000) Clostridium difficile toxin A causes early damage to mitochondria in cultured cells. Gastroenterology 119: 139–150
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Qa Dan M, Ramsey M, Daniel J, Spyres LM, Safiejko-Mroczka B, Ortiz-Leduc W and Ballard JD (2002) Clostridium difficile toxin B activates dual caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis in intoxicated cells. Cell. Microbiol. 4: 425–434
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Boquet P and Fiorentini C (2000) The cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 from Escherichia coli. In Bacterial Proteins Toxins (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 145), Aktories K and Just I, eds (Berlin: Springer) pp. 361–379
  Chapter Google Scholar
• Fiorentini C, Matarrese P, Straface E, Falzano L, Fabbri A, Donelli G, Cossarizza A, Boquet P and Malorni W (1998) Toxin-induced activation of Rho GTP-binding protein increases Bcl-2 expression and influences mitochondrial homeostasis. Exp. Cell. Res. 242: 341–350
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Fiorentini C, Matarrese P, Straface E, Falzano L, Donelli G, Boquet P and Malorni W (1998) Rho-dependent cell spreading activated by E. coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 hinders apoptosis in epithelial cells. Cell Death Differ. 5: 921–929
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Mills M, Meysick KC and O'Brien AD (2000) Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 of uropathogenic Escherichia coli kills cultured human uroepithelial 5637 cells by an apoptotic mechanism. Infect. Immun. 68: 5869–5880
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Cammarano MS and Minden A (2001) Dbl and the Rho GTPases activate NFkB by IkB kinase (IKK)-dependent and IKK-independent pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 25876–25882
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Cornelis GR and Van Gijsegem F (2000) Assembly and function of type III secretory systems. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 54: 735–774
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Knodler LA, Celli J and Finlay BB (2001) Pathogenic trickery: deception of host cell processes. Nature 2: 578–588
  CAS Google Scholar
• Steele-Mortimer O, Knodler LA and Finlay BB (2000) Poisons, ruffles and rockets: bacterial pathogens and the host cell cytoskeleton. Traffic 1: 107–118
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Goehring UM, Schmidt G, Pederson KJ, Aktories K and Barbieri JT (1999) The N-terminal domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S is a GTPase-activating protein for Rho GTPases. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 36 369–36 372
  Article Google Scholar
• Von Pawel-Rammingen U, Telepnev MV, Schmidt G, Aktories K, Wolf-Watz H and Rosqvist R (2000) GAP activity of the Yersinia YopE cytotoxin specifically targets the Rho pathway: a mechanism for disruption of actin microfilament structure. Mol. Microbiol. 36: 737–748
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Shao F, Merritt PM, Bao Z, Innes RW and Dixon JE (2002) A Yersinia effector and a Pseudomonas avirulence protein define a family of cysteine proteases functioning in bacterial pathogenesis. Cell 109: 575–588
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zychlinsky A, Prevost MC, Holland IB and Sansonetti PJ (1992) Shigella flexneri induces apoptosis in infected macrophages. Nature 358: 167–169
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Zychlinsky A, Kenny B, Menard R, Prevost MC, Holland IB and Sansonetti PJ (1994) IpaB mediates macrophage apoptosis induced by Shigella flexneri. Mol. Microbiol. 11: 619–627
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hersh D, Monack DM, Smith MR, Ghori N, Falkow S and Zychlinsky A (1999) The _Salmonell_a invasin SipB induces macrophage apotosis by binding to caspase-1. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. 96: 2396–2401
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Jesenberger V, Procyk KJ, Yuan J, Reipert S and Baccarini M (2000) _Salmonella_-induced caspase-2 activation in macrophages: a novel mechanism in pathogen-mediated apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 192: 1035–1045
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Cornelis GR (2000) Molecular and cell biology aspects of plague. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97: 8778–8783
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Schneider DS (2002) Plant immunity and film noir: what gumshoe detectives can teach us about plant–pathogen interactions. Cell 109: 537–540
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Ruckdeschel K, Harb S, Roggeznkamp A, Hornef M, Zumbihl R, Kohler S, Heesemann J and Rout B (1998) Yersinia enterocolitica impairs activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB: involvement in the induction of programmed cell death and the suppression of the macrophage tumor necrosis factor alpha production. J. Exp. Med. 187: 1069–1079
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Denecher G, Declercq W, Geuijen CA, Boland A, Benabdillah R, van Gurp M, Sory MP, Vandenabeele P and Cornelis GR (2001) Yersinia enterocolitica YopP-induced apoptosis of macrophages involves the apoptotic signaling cascade upstream of bid. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 19 706–19 714
  Article Google Scholar
• Perona R, Montaner S, Saniger L, Sanchez-Perez I, Bravo R and Lacal JC . (1997) Activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB by Rho, CDC42, and Rac-1 proteins. Genes Dev. 11:463–475
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Tato CM and Hunter CA (2002) Host–pathogen interactions: subversion and utilization of the NF-_κ_B pathway during infection. Infect. Immun. 70: 3311–3317
  Article CAS Google Scholar