Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide (original) (raw)

References

  1. Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J. & Shackleton, N. J. Variations in the Earth's orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science 194, 1121– 1132 (1976).
    ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  2. Berger, A., Imbrie, J., Hays, J., Kukla, G. & Saltzman, B. (eds) Milankovitch and Climate (Reidel, Boston, 1984).
    Google Scholar
  3. Barnola, J. M., Raynaud, D., Korotkevich, Y. S. & Lorius, C. Vostok ice core provides 160,000-year record of atmospheric CO2. Nature 329, 408–414 (1987).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  4. Petit, J. R. et al. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399, 429–436 (1999).
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
  5. Webb, R. S., Lehman, S. J., Rind, D. H., Healy, R. J. & Sigman, D. M. Influence of ocean heat transport on the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 385, 695–699 (1997).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  6. Broecker, W. S. Glacial to interglacial changes in oceanchemistry. Progr. Oceanogr. 2, 151–197 ( 1982).
    ADS Google Scholar
  7. Adams, J. M., Faure, H., Faure-Denard, L., McGlade, J. M. & Woodward, F. I. Increases in terrestrial carbon storage from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present. Nature 348, 711–714 (1990).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  8. Crowley, T. J. Ice-Age terrestrial carbon changes revisited. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 9, 377–389 ( 1995).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  9. Shackleton, N. J. in The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Oceans (eds Sundquist, E. T. & Broecker, W. S.) 401–427 (American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 1977).
    Google Scholar
  10. Curry, W. B., Duplessy, J. C., Labeyrie, L. D. & Shackleton, N. J. Changes in the distribution of δ13C of deep water TCO 2 between the last glaciation and the Holocene. Paleoceanography 3, 317–341 ( 1988).
    ADS Google Scholar
  11. Duplessy, J. C. et al. Deepwater source variations during the last climatic cycle and their impact on the global deepwater circulation. Paleoceanography 3, 343–360 ( 1988).
    ADS Google Scholar
  12. Bird, M. I., Lloyd, J. & Farquhar, G. D. Terrestrial carbon storage at the LGM. Nature 371, 566 (1994).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  13. Spero, H., Bijma, J., Lea, D. & Bemis, B. Effect of seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotopes. Nature 390, 497–500 ( 1997).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  14. CLIMAP. The surface of the ice-age earth. Science 191, 1131– 1144 (1976).
    Google Scholar
  15. Guilderson, T. P., Fairbanks, R. G. & Rubenstone, J. L. Tropical temperature variations since 20,000 years ago: modulating interhemispheric climate change. Science 263, 663–665 (1994).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  16. Keir, R. S. On the late Pleistocene ocean geochemistry and circulation. Paleoceanography 3, 413–445 ( 1988).
    ADS Google Scholar
  17. Broecker, W. S. et al. How strong is the Harvardton-Bear constraint? Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 13, 817–820 (1999).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  18. Fairbanks, R. G. A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: Influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature 342, 637–642 ( 1989).
    ADS Google Scholar
  19. Broecker, W. S. Ocean chemistry during glacial time. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, 1689–1706 (1982).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  20. Berger, W. H. Increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere during deglaciation: The coral reef hypothesis. Naturwissenschaften 69, 87–88 (1982).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  21. Broecker, W. S. & Peng, T.-H. The role of CaCO 3 compensation in the glacial to interglacial atmospheric CO2 change. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 1, 15– 29 (1987).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  22. Milliman, J. D. Marine Carbonates (Springer, New York, 1974).
    Google Scholar
  23. Edmond, J. M. et al. Ridge crest hydrothermal activity and the balances of the major and minor elements in the ocean: The Galapagos data. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 46, 1–18 (1979).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  24. Sayles, F. L. & Mangelsdorf, P. C. Jr . The equilibration of clay minerals with seawater: exchange reactions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 41, 951–960 ( 1977).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  25. Berger, W. H. Planktonic foraminifera: selective solution and the lysocline. Mar. Geol. 8, 111–138 ( 1970).
    ADS Google Scholar
  26. Archer, D. Modeling the calcite lysocline. J. Geophys. Res. 96 , 17037–17050 (1991).
    ADS Google Scholar
  27. Broecker, W. S. & Takahashi, T. The relationship between lysocline depth and in situ carbonate ion concentration. Deep-Sea Res. 25, 65–95 (1978).
    CAS Google Scholar
  28. Broecker, W. S. in The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages (ed. Turekian, K. K.) 239 –265 (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1971).
    Google Scholar
  29. Catubig, N. et al. Global deep-sea burial rate of calcium carbonate during the last glacial maximum. Paleoceanography 13, 298–310 (1998).
    ADS Google Scholar
  30. Archer, D. & Maier-Raimer, E. Effect of deep-sea sedimentary calcite preservation on atmospheric CO2 concentration. Nature 367, 260–263 ( 1994).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  31. Dymond, J. & Lyle, M. Flux comparisons between sediments and sediment traps in the eastern tropical Pacific: Implications for atmospheric CO2 variations during the Pleistocene. Limnol. Oceanogr. 30, 699–712 ( 1985).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  32. Keir, R. S. Is there a component of Pleistocene CO2 change associated with carbonate dissolution cycles? Paleoceanography 10, 871–880 (1995).
    ADS Google Scholar
  33. Sigman, D. M., McCorkle, D. C. & Martin, W. R. The calcite lysocline as a constraint on glacial/interglacial low-latitude production changes. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 12, 409–427 (1998).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  34. Emerson, S. & Bender, M. L. Carbon fluxes at the sediment-water interface of the deep sea: calcium carbonate preservation. J. Mar. Res. 39, 139–162 ( 1981).
    CAS Google Scholar
  35. Hales, B. & Emerson, S. Calcite dissolution in sediments of the Ceara Rise: In situ measurements of porewater O2, pH, and CO2(aq). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 501–514 (1997).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  36. Redfield, A. C., Ketchum, B. H. & Richards, F. A. in The Sea (ed. Hill, M. N.) Vol. 2, 26–77 (Interscience, New York, 1963 ).
    Google Scholar
  37. McElroy, M. B. Marine biological controls on atmospheric CO2 and climate. Nature 302, 328–329 ( 1983).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  38. Chisholm, S. W. & Morel, F. M. M. (eds) What controls phytoplankton production in nutrient-rich areas of the open sea? Limnol. Oceanogr. 36(8) (special volume) 1507–1970 (1991).
    Google Scholar
  39. Ruttenberg, K. C. Reassessment of the oceanic residence time of phosphorous. Chem. Geol. 107, 405–409 ( 1993).
    ADS Google Scholar
  40. Broecker, W. S. & Henderson, G. M. The sequence of events surrounding Termination II and their implications for the cause of glacial-interglacial CO2 changes. Paleoceanography 13, 352–364 ( 1998).
    ADS Google Scholar
  41. Gruber, N. & Sarmiento, J. L. Global patterns of marine nitrogen fixation and denitrification. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 11, 235–266 (1997).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  42. Ganeshram, R. S., Pedersen, T. F., Calvert, S. E. & Murray, J. W. Large changes in oceanic nutrient inventories from glacial to interglacial periods. Nature 376, 755– 758 (1995).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  43. Altabet, M. A., Francois, R., Murray, D. W. & Prell, W. L. Climate-related variations in denitrification in the Arabian Sea from sediment 15N/14N ratios. Nature 373, 506–509 (1995).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  44. Pride, C. et al. Nitrogen isotopic variations in the Gulf of California since the last deglaciation: Response to global climate change. Paleoceanography 14, 397–409 ( 1999).
    ADS Google Scholar
  45. Falkowski, P. G. Evolution of the nitrogen cycle and its influence on the biological sequestration of CO2 in the ocean. Nature 387, 272–275 (1997).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  46. Broecker, W. S. & Peng, T. -H. Tracers in the Sea (Eldigio, Palisades, New York, 1982).
    Google Scholar
  47. Tyrrel, T. The relative influences of nitrogen and phosphorus on oceanic primary production. Nature 400, 525–531 (1999).
    ADS Google Scholar
  48. Karl, D. et al. The role of nitrogen fixation in biogeochemical cycling in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Nature 388, 533–538 (1997).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  49. Haug, G. H. et al. Glacial/interglacial variations in productivity and nitrogen fixation in the Cariaco Basin during the last 550 ka. Paleoceanography 13, 427–432 ( 1998).
    ADS Google Scholar
  50. Pedersen, T. F. Increased productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the last glacial maximum (19,000 to 14,000 yr B. P.). Geology 11, 16–19 (1983).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  51. Berger, W. H., Herguera, J. C., Lange, C. B. & Schneider, R. in Carbon Cycling in the Glacial Ocean: Constraints on the Ocean's Role in Global Change (eds Zahn, R., Kaminski, M., Labeyrie, L. & Pederson, T. F.) 385–412 (Springer, New York, 1994).
    Google Scholar
  52. Farrell, J. W., Pedersen, T. F., Calvert, S. E. & Nielsen, B. Glacial–interglacial changes in nutrient utilization in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 377, 514– 517 (1995).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  53. Sanyal, A., Hemming, N. G., Broecker, W. S. & Hanson, G. N. Changes in pH in the eastern equatorial Pacific across stage 5-6 boundary based on boron isotopes in foraminifera. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 11, 125–133 ( 1997).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  54. Knox, F. & McElroy, M. Changes in atmospheric CO2 influence of the marine biota at high latitude. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 4629–4637 ( 1984).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  55. Sarmiento, J. L. & Toggweiler, J. R. A new model for the role of the oceans in determining atmospheric p CO 2 . Nature 308, 621– 624 (1984).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  56. Siegenthaler, U. & Wenk, T. Rapid atmospheric CO2 variations and ocean circulation. Nature 308, 624–626 (1984).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  57. Broecker, W. S. & Peng, T.-H. The cause of the glacial to interglacial atmospheric CO2 change: A polar alkalinity hypothesis. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 3, 215–239 (1989).
    ADS Google Scholar
  58. Martin, J. H. Glacial-interglacial CO2 change: The iron hypothesis. Paleoceanography 5, 1–13 (1990).
    ADS Google Scholar
  59. Francois, R. F. et al. Water column stratification in the Southern Ocean contributed to the lowering of glacial atmospheric CO2. Nature 389, 929–935 (1997).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  60. Mortlock, R. A. et al. Evidence for lower productivity in the Antarctic during the last glaciation. Nature 351, 220– 223 (1991).
    ADS Google Scholar
  61. Kumar, N. et al. Increased biological productivity and export production in the glacial Southern Ocean. Nature 378, 675– 680 (1995).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  62. Rosenthal, Y., Dahan, M. & Shemesh, A. Southern Ocean contributions to glacial-interglacial changes of atmospheric CO2: Evidence from carbon isotope records in diatoms. Paleoceanography 15, 65– 75 (2000).
    ADS Google Scholar
  63. Smith, H. J., Fischer, H., Wahlen, M., Mastroianni, D. & Deck, B. Dual modes of the carbon cycle since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 400, 248– 250 (1999).
    ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  64. Di Tullio, G. R. et al. Rapid and early export of Phaeocystis antarctica blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Nature 404, 595 –598 (2000).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  65. Moore, J. K., Abbott, M. R., Richman, J. G. & Nelson, D. M. The Southern Ocean at the last glacial maximum: A strong sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 14, 455–475 (2000).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  66. Sigman, D. M., Altabet, M. A., Francois, R., McCorkle, D. C. & Gaillard, J.-F. The isotopic composition of diatom-bound nitrogen in Southern Ocean sediments. Paleoceanography 14, 118–134 ( 1999).
    ADS Google Scholar
  67. Toggweiler, J. R. Variations in atmospheric CO2 driven by ventilation of the ocean's deepest water. Paleoceanography 14, 571– 588 (1999).
    ADS Google Scholar
  68. Stephens, B. B. & Keeling, R. F. The influence of Antarctic sea ice on glacial/interglacial CO2 variations. Nature 404, 171–174 ( 2000).
    ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  69. Boyle, E. A. Cadmium: Chemical tracer of deepwater paleoceanography. Paleoceanography 3, 471–489 ( 1988).
    ADS Google Scholar
  70. Keigwin, L. D. & Boyle, E. A. Late quaternary paleochemistry of high-latitude surface waters. Paleogeogr. Palaeoclim. Paleoecol. 73, 85–106 ( 1989).
    ADS Google Scholar
  71. Charles, C. D. & Fairbanks, R. G. in Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic (eds Bleil, U. & Thiede, J.) 519–538 (Kluwer Academic, Boston, 1988).
    Google Scholar
  72. Elderfield, H. & Rickaby, R. E. M. Oceanic Cd/P ratio and nutrient utilization in the glacial Southern Ocean. Nature 405, 305–310 ( 2000).
    ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  73. Broecker, W. S. & Maier-Reimer, E. The influence of air and sea exchange on the carbon isotope distribution in the sea. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 6, 315–320 (1992)..
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  74. Altabet, M. A. & Francois, R. Sedimentary nitrogen isotopic ratio as a recorder for surface ocean nitrate utilization. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 8, 103–116 (1994).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  75. Sigman, D. M., Altabet, M. A., Francois, R., McCorkle, D. C. & Fischer, G. The δ15N of nitrate in the Southern Ocean: Consumption of nitrate in surface waters. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 13, 1149– 1166 (1999).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  76. McCorkle, D. C., Martin, P. A., Lea, D. W. & Klinkhammer, G. P. Evidence of a dissolution effect on benthic foraminiferal shell chemistry: delta C-13, Cd/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Sr/Ca results from the Ontong Java plateau. Paleoceanography 10, 699– 714 (1995).
    ADS Google Scholar
  77. Kohfeld, K. E., Fairbanks, R. G., Smith, S. L. & Walsh, I. D. Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral coiling) as paleoceanographic tracers in polar oceans: Evidence from northeast water polynya plankton tows, sediment traps, and surface sediments. Paleoceanography 11, 679–699 (1996).
    ADS Google Scholar
  78. De La Rocha, C. L., Brzezinski, M. A., DeNiro, M. J. & Shemesh, A. Silicon-isotope composition of diatoms as an indicator of past oceanic change. Nature 395, 680–683 (1998).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  79. Hutchins, D. A. & Bruland, K. W. Iron-limited diatom growth and Si:N uptake ratios in a coastal upwelling regime. Nature 393, 561–564 ( 1998).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  80. Takeda, S. Influence of iron availability on nutrient consumption ratio of diatoms in oceanic waters. Nature 393, 774– 777 (1998).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  81. Mahowald, N. et al. Dust sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: A comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 104, 15895–15916 (1998).
    ADS Google Scholar
  82. Rosenthal, Y., Boyle, E. A. & Labeyrie, L. Last glacial maximum paleochemistry and deepwater circulation in the Southern Ocean: evidence from foraminiferal cadmium. Paleoceanography 12, 787–796 ( 1997).
    ADS Google Scholar
  83. Toggweiler, J. R., Carson, S. & Bjornsson, H. Response of the ACC and the Antarctic pycnocline to a meridional shift in the southern hemisphere westerlies. Eos 80, OS286 (1999).
    Google Scholar
  84. Morley, J. J. & Hays, J. D. Oceanographic conditions associated with high abundances of the radiolarian Cycladophora davisiana. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 66, 63–72 (1983).
    ADS Google Scholar
  85. Sarmiento, J. L. & Orr, J. C. Three-dimensional simulations of the impact of Southern Ocean nutrient depletion on atmospheric CO2 and ocean chemistry. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 1928–1950 (1991).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  86. Herguera, J. C., Jansen, E. & Berger, W. H. Evidence for a bathyal front at 2000 m depth in the glacial Pacific, based on a depth transect on Ontong Java Plateau. Paleoceanography 7, 273– 288 (1992).
    ADS Google Scholar
  87. Behl, R. J. & Kennett, J. P. Brief interstadial events in the Santa Barbara basin, NE Pacific, during the past 60 kyr. Nature 379, 243–246 ( 1996).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  88. Boyle, E. A. The role of vertical chemical fractionation in controlling late quaternary atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 15701–15714 (1988).
    ADS Google Scholar
  89. Toggweiler, J. R. & Samuels, B. Effect of Drake Passage on the global thermohaline circulation. Deep-Sea Res. I 42, 477–500 ( 1998).
    Google Scholar
  90. Gnanadesikan, A. A simple predictive model for the structure of the oceanic pycnocline. Science 283, 2077–2079 ( 1999).
    ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  91. Boyle, E. A. & Keigwin, L. D. Deep circulation of the North Atlantic for the last 200,000 years: geochemical evidence. Science 218, 784–787 ( 1982).
    ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  92. Leuenberger, M., Siegenthaler, U. & Langway, C. C. Carbon isotope composition of atmospheric CO 2 during the last Ice Age from an Antarctic ice core. Nature 357, 488–490 ( 1992).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  93. Marino, B. D. & McElroy, M. B. Isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 inferred from carbon in C4 plant cellulose. Nature 349, 127–131 ( 1991).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  94. Sowers, T. & Bender, M. Climate records covering the last deglaciation. Science 269, 210– 214 (1995).
    ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  95. Sarmiento, J. L., Hughes, T. M. C., Stouffer, R. J. & Manabe, S. Response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming. Nature 393, 245–249 ( 1998).
    ADS CAS Google Scholar
  96. Bassinot, F. C. et al. The astronomical theory of climate and the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 126, 91–108 (1994).
    ADS Google Scholar
  97. Holmen, K. in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (eds Butcher, S. S., Charlson, R. J., Orians, G. H. & Wolfe, G. V.) 239–262 (Academic, New York, 1992).
    Google Scholar
  98. Honjo, S. in Particle Flux in the Ocean (eds Ittekkot, V., Schafer, P., Honjo, S. & Depetris, P. J.) (Wiley Interscience, Munich, 1996).
    Google Scholar
  99. Oppo, D. W. & Lehman, S. J. Mid-depth circulation of the subpolar North Atlantic during the last glacial maximum. Science 259, 1148–1152 (1993).
    ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  100. Keigwin, L. D. Glacial-age hydrography of the far northwest Pacific Ocean. Paleoceanography 13, 323–339 ( 1998).
    ADS Google Scholar

Download references