Conserved modes of recruitment of ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs to sites of DNA damage (original) (raw)
References
Zhou, B.-B. S. & Elledge, S. J. The DNA damage response: putting checkpoints in perspective. Nature408, 433–439 (2000) ArticleADSCASPubMed Google Scholar
Rouse, J. & Jackson, S. P. Interfaces between the detection, signaling, and repair of DNA damage. Science297, 547–551 (2002) ArticleADSCASPubMed Google Scholar
Melo, J. & Toczyski, D. A unified view of the DNA-damage checkpoint. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.14, 237–245 (2002) ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Shiloh, Y. ATM and related protein kinases: safeguarding genome integrity. Nature Rev. Cancer3, 155–168 (2003) ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Meek, K., Gupta, S., Ramsden, D. A. & Lees-Miller, S. P. The DNA-dependent protein kinase: the director at the end. Immunol. Rev.200, 132–141 (2004) ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hammarsten, O., DeFazio, L. G. & Chu, G. Activation of DNA-dependent protein kinase by single-stranded DNA ends. J. Biol. Chem.275, 1541–1550 (2000) ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Smith, G. C. M. et al. Purification and DNA binding properties of the ataxia-telangiectasia gene product ATM. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA96, 11134–11139 (1999) ArticleADSCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ünsal-Kaçmaz, K., Makhov, A. M., Griffith, J. D. & Sancar, A. Preferential binding of ATR protein to UV-damaged DNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA99, 6673–6678 (2002) ArticleADSPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Unsal-Kacmaz, K. & Sancar, A. Quaternary structure of ATR and effects of ATRIP and replication protein A on its DNA binding and kinase activities. Mol. Cell. Biol.24, 1292–1300 (2004) ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Zou, L. & Elledge, S. J. Sensing DNA damage through ATRIP recognition of RPA-ssDNA complexes. Science300, 1542–1548 (2003) ArticleADSCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gottlieb, T. M. & Jackson, S. P. The DNA-dependent protein kinase: requirement for DNA ends and association with Ku antigen. Cell72, 131–142 (1993) ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Dvir, A., Peterson, S. R., Knuth, M. W., Lu, H. & Dynan, W. S. Ku autoantigen is the regulatory component of a template-associated protein kinase that phosphorylates RNA polymerase II. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA89, 11920–11924 (1992) ArticleADSCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Andegeko, Y. et al. Nuclear retention of ATM at sites of DNA double strand breaks. J. Biol. Chem.276, 38224–38230 (2001) CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kitagawa, R., Bakkenist, C. J., McKinnon, P. J. & Kastan, M. B. Phosphorylation of SMC1 is a critical downstream event in the ATM-NBS1-BRCA1 pathway. Genes Dev.18, 1423–1438 (2004) ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
D'Amours, D. & Jackson, S. P. The Mre11 complex: at the crossroads of DNA repair and checkpoint signalling. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.3, 317–327 (2002) ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Bakkenist, C. J. & Kastan, M. B. DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation. Nature421, 499–506 (2003) ArticleADSCASPubMed Google Scholar
Lukas, C., Falck, J., Bartkova, J., Bartek, J. & Lukas, J. Distinct spatiotemporal dynamics of mammalian checkpoint regulators induced by DNA damage. Nature Cell Biol.5, 255–260 (2003) ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Horejsi, Z. et al. Distinct functional domains of Nbs1 modulate the timing and magnitude of ATM activation after low doses of ionizing radiation. Oncogene23, 3122–3127 (2004) ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Hickson, I. et al. Identification and characterization of a novel and specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM. Cancer Res.64, 9152–9159 (2004) ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Veuger, S. J., Curtin, N. J., Smith, G. C. & Durkacz, B. W. Effects of novel inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and the DNA-dependent protein kinase on enzyme activities and DNA repair. Oncogene23, 7322–7329 (2004) ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Stiff, T. et al. ATM and DNA-PK function redundantly to phosphorylate H2AX after exposure to ionizing radiation. Cancer Res.64, 2390–2396 (2004) ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gell, D. & Jackson, S. P. Mapping of protein–protein interactions within the DNA-dependent protein kinase complex. Nucleic Acids Res.27, 3494–3502 (1999) ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Singleton, B. K., Taccioli, G. E., Rottinghaus, S. & Jeggo, P. A. Interaction of the C-terminus of Ku80 with the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit. Mol. Cell. Biol.19, 3267–3277 (1999) ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Chan, D. W. et al. Autophosphorylation of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit is required for rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks. Genes Dev.16, 2333–2338 (2002) ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Douglas, P. et al. Identification of in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation sites in the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase. Biochem. J.368, 243–251 (2002) ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Rothkamm, K. & Lobrich, M. Evidence for a lack of DNA double-strand break repair in human cells exposed to very low x-ray doses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100, 5057–5062 (2003) ArticleADSCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Zou, L., Cortez, D. & Elledge, S. J. Regulation of ATR substrate selection by Rad17-dependent loading of Rad9 complexes onto chromatin. Genes Dev.16, 198–208 (2002) ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Rouse, J. & Jackson, S. P. Lcd1p recruits Mec1p to DNA lesions in vitro and in vivo . Mol. Cell9, 857–869 (2002) ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Costanzo, V., Paull, T., Gottesman, M. & Gautier, J. Mre11 assembles linear DNA fragments into DNA damage signaling complexes. PLoS Biol.2, E110 (2004) ArticlePubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Nakada, D., Matsumoto, K. & Sugimoto, K. ATM-related Tel1 associates with double-strand breaks through an Xrs2-dependent mechanism. Genes Dev.17, 1957–1962 (2003) ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Brodsky, M. H., Sekelsky, J. J., Tsang, G., Hawley, R. S. & Rubin, G. M. mus304 encodes a novel DNA damage checkpoint protein required during Drosophila development. Genes Dev.14, 666–678 (2000) CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Wakayama, T., Kondo, T., Ando, S., Matsumoto, K. & Sugimoto, K. Pie1, a protein interacting with Mec1, controls cell growth and checkpoint responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Mol. Cell. Biol.21, 755–764 (2001) ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Wolkow, T. D. & Enoch, T. Fission yeast Rad26 is a regulatory subunit of the Rad3 checkpoint kinase. Mol. Biol. Cell13, 480–492 (2002) ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lee, J. H. & Paull, T. T. Direct activation of the ATM protein kinase by the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex. Science304, 93–96 (2004) ArticleADSCASPubMed Google Scholar
Brewerton, S. C., Dore, A. S., Drake, A. C., Leuther, K. K. & Blundell, T. L. Structural analysis of DNA-PKcs: modelling of the repeat units and insights into the detailed molecular architecture. J. Struct. Biol.145, 295–306 (2004) ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Perry, J. & Kleckner, N. The ATRs, ATMs, and TORs are giant HEAT repeat proteins. Cell112, 151–155 (2003) ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Singleton, B. K., Torres-Arzayus, M. I., Rottinghaus, S. T., Taccioli, G. E. & Jeggo, P. A. The C terminus of Ku80 activates the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit. Mol. Cell. Biol.19, 3267–3277 (1999) ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Goldberg, M. et al. MDC1 is required for the intra-S-phase DNA damage checkpoint. Nature421, 952–956 (2003) ArticleADSCASPubMed Google Scholar
Falck, J., Petrini, J. H. J., Williams, B. R., Lukas, J. & Bartek, J. The DNA damage-dependent intra-S phase checkpoint is regulated by parallel pathways. Nature Genet.30, 290–294 (2002) ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Xu, B., Kim, S.-T. & Kastan, M. B. Involvement of Brca1 in S-phase and G2-phase checkpoints after ionizing irradiation. Mol. Cell. Biol.21, 3445–3450 (2001) ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Tsao, C. C., Geisen, C. & Abraham, R. T. Interaction between human MCM7 and Rad17 proteins is required for replication checkpoint signaling. EMBO J.23, 4660–4669 (2004) ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar