Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism (original) (raw)

References

  1. Martin, S. & Parton, R. G. Lipid droplets: a unified view of a dynamic organelle. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 373–378 (2006)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  2. Zechner, R., Strauss, J. G., Haemmerle, G., Lass, A. & Zimmermann, R. Lipolysis: pathway under construction. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 16, 333–340 (2005)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  3. Finn, P. F. & Dice, J. F. Proteolytic and lipolytic responses to starvation. Nutrition 22, 830–844 (2006)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  4. Komatsu, M. et al. Impairment of starvation-induced and constitutive autophagy in Atg7-deficient mice. J. Cell Biol. 169, 425–434 (2005)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  5. Mizushima, N., Levine, B., Cuervo, A. M. & Klionsky, D. J. Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion. Nature 451, 1069–1075 (2008)
    Article CAS ADS Google Scholar
  6. Mizushima, N. & Klionsky, D. J. Protein turnover via autophagy: implications for metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 27, 19–40 (2007)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  7. Blommaart, E. F., Krause, U., Schellens, J. P., Vreeling-Sindelarova, H. & Meijer, A. J. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 inhibit autophagy in isolated rat hepatocytes. Eur. J. Biochem. 243, 240–246 (1997)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  8. Leclercq, I. A. et al. CYP2E1 and CYP4A as microsomal catalysts of lipid peroxides in murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1067–1075 (2000)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  9. Sahai, A. et al. Roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and osteopontin in steatosis and aminotransferase release by hepatocytes treated with methionine-choline-deficient medium. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 291, G55–G62 (2006)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  10. Owen, O. E., Reichard, G. A., Patel, M. S. & Boden, G. Energy metabolism in feasting and fasting. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 111, 169–188 (1979)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  11. Kellner-Weibel, G., McHendry-Rinde, B., Haynes, M. P. & Adelman, S. Evidence that newly synthesized esterified cholesterol is deposited in existing cytoplasmic lipid inclusions. J. Lipid Res. 42, 768–777 (2001)
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  12. Brasaemle, D. L. et al. Perilipin A increases triacylglycerol storage by decreasing the rate of triacylglycerol hydrolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 38486–38493 (2000)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  13. Gocze, P. M. & Freeman, D. A. Factors underlying the variability of lipid droplet fluorescence in MA-10 Leydig tumor cells. Cytometry 17, 151–158 (1994)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  14. Wiggins, D. & Gibbons, G. F. The lipolysis/esterification cycle of hepatic triacylglycerol. Its role in the secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein and its response to hormones and sulphonylureas. Biochem. J. 284, 457–462 (1992)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  15. Bernales, S., McDonald, K. L. & Walter, P. Autophagy counterbalances endoplasmic reticulum expansion during the unfolded protein response. PLoS Biol. 4, e423 (2006)
    Article Google Scholar
  16. Roberts, P. et al. Piecemeal microautophagy of nucleus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 129–141 (2003)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  17. Yorimitsu, T., Nair, U., Yang, Z. & Klionsky, D. J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress triggers autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 30299–30304 (2006)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  18. Cuervo, A. M. et al. Autophagy and aging: the importance of maintaining “clean” cells. Autophagy 1, 131–140 (2005)
    Article Google Scholar
  19. Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H. & Dietz, W. H. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 287, 356–359 (2002)
    Article Google Scholar
  20. Wang, Y., Schattenberg, J. M., Rigoli, R. M., Storz, P. & Czaja, M. J. Hepatocyte resistance to oxidative stress is dependent on protein kinase C-mediated down-regulation of c-Jun/AP-1. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 31089–31097 (2004)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  21. Mizushima, N. et al. Dissection of autophagosome formation using Apg5-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells. J. Cell Biol. 152, 657–668 (2001)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  22. Wang, Y. et al. Loss of macroautophagy promotes or prevents fibroblast apoptosis depending on the death stimulus. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 4766–4777 (2008)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  23. Hoppel, C., DiMarco, J. P. & Tandler, B. Riboflavin and rat hepatic cell structure and function. Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in deficiency states. J. Biol. Chem. 254, 4164–4170 (1979)
    CAS PubMed Google Scholar
  24. Piva, R. et al. Ablation of oncogenic ALK is a viable therapeutic approach for anaplastic large-cell lymphomas. Blood 107, 689–697 (2006)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  25. Schattenberg, J. M., Wang, Y., Singh, R., Rigoli, R. M. & Czaja, M. J. Hepatocyte CYP2E1 overexpression and steatohepatitis lead to impaired hepatic insulin signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 9887–9894 (2005)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  26. Kaushik, S., Massey, A. C. & Cuervo, A. M. Lysosome membrane lipid microdomains: novel regulators of chaperone-mediated autophagy. EMBO J. 25, 3921–3933 (2006)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  27. Postic, C. et al. Dual roles for glucokinase in glucose homeostasis as determined by liver and pancreatic beta cell-specific gene knock-outs using Cre recombinase. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 305–315 (1999)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  28. Brasaemle, D. L. & Wolins, N. E. Isolation of lipid droplets from cells by density gradient centrifugation. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. Chapter 3, unit 3.15 (2006)
  29. Cuervo, A. M., Palmer, A., Rivett, A. J. & Knecht, E. Degradation of proteasomes by lysosomes in rat liver. Eur. J. Biochem. 227, 792–800 (1995)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  30. Goldstein, J. L., Basu, S. K. & Brown, M. S. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein in cultured cells. Methods Enzymol. 98, 241–260 (1983)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  31. Andersson, L. et al. PLD1 and ERK2 regulate cytosolic lipid droplet formation. J. Cell Sci. 119, 2246–2257 (2006)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  32. Dunn, W. A. Studies on the mechanisms of autophagy: maturation of the autophagic vacuole. J. Cell Biol. 110, 1935–1945 (1990)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  33. Nixon, R. A. et al. Extensive involvement of autophagy in Alzheimer disease: an immuno-electron microscopy study. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 64, 113–122 (2005)
    Article Google Scholar
  34. Marzella, L., Ahlberg, J. & Glaumann, H. Isolation of autophagic vacuoles from rat liver: morphological and biochemical characterization. J. Cell Biol. 93, 144–154 (1982)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  35. Millar, J. S., Cromley, D. A., McCoy, M. G., Rader, D. J. & Billheimer, J. T. Determining hepatic triglyceride production in mice: comparison of poloxamer 407 with Triton WR-1339. J. Lipid Res. 46, 2023–2028 (2005)
    Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references