Scavenger receptors in homeostasis and immunity (original) (raw)
Brown, M. S. & Goldstein, J. L. Receptor-mediated endocytosis: insights from the lipoprotein receptor system. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA76, 3330–3337 (1979). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Brown, M. S., Goldstein, J. L., Krieger, M., Ho, Y. K. & Anderson, R. G. Reversible accumulation of cholesteryl esters in macrophages incubated with acetylated lipoproteins. J. Cell Biol.82, 597–613 (1979). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Greaves, D. R. & Gordon, S. The macrophage scavenger receptor at 30 years of age: current knowledge and future challenges. J. Lipid Res.50, S282–S286 (2008). PubMed Google Scholar
Kzhyshkowska, J., Neyen, C. & Gordon, S. Role of macrophage scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis. Immunobiology217, 492–502 (2012). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Hansson, G. K. & Hermansson, A. The immune system in atherosclerosis. Nature Immunol.12, 204–212 (2011). CAS Google Scholar
Tabas, I., Williams, K. J. & Borén, J. Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications. Circulation116, 1832–1844 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Miller, Y. I. et al. Oxidation-specific epitopes are danger-associated molecular patterns recognized by pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity. Circ. Res.108, 235–248 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hartvigsen, K. et al. The role of innate immunity in atherogenesis. J. Lipid Res.50, S388–S393 (2008). In this study, the authors introduce the idea that oxidation-specific epitopes are DAMPs, which are major targets of many innate PRRs. PubMed Google Scholar
Shibata, M. et al. Type F scavenger receptor SREC-I interacts with advillin, a member of the gelsolin/villin family, and induces neurite-like outgrowth. J. Biol. Chem.279, 40084–40090 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kzhyshkowska, J., Gratchev, A. & Goerdt, S. Stabilin-1, a homeostatic scavenger receptor with multiple functions. J. Cell. Mol. Med.10, 635–649 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gu, B. J., Saunders, B. M., Petrou, S. & Wiley, J. S. P2X7 is a scavenger receptor for apoptotic cells in the absence of its ligand, extracellular ATP. J. Immunol.187, 2365–2375 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bonventre, J. V. & Yang, L. Kidney injury molecule-1. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care16, 556–561 (2010). PubMed Google Scholar
Van Gorp, H., Delputte, P. L. & Nauwynck, H. J. Scavenger receptor CD163, a Jack-of-all-trades and potential target for cell-directed therapy. Mol. Immunol.47, 1650–1660 (2010). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Areschoug, T., Gordon, S., Egesten, A., Schmidt, A. & Herwald, H. in Contributions to microbiology 45–60 (Karger, 2008). Google Scholar
Plüddemann, A., Mukhopadhyay, S. & Gordon, S. The interaction of macrophage receptors with bacterial ligands. Expert Rev. Mol. Med.8, 1–25 (2006). PubMed Google Scholar
Plüddemann, A., Mukhopadhyay, S. & Gordon, S. Innate immunity to intracellular pathogens: macrophage receptors and responses to microbial entry. Immunol. Rev.240, 11–24 (2011). PubMed Google Scholar
Krieger, M. The other side of scavenger receptors: pattern recognition for host defense. Curr. Opin. Lipidol.8, 275–280 (1997). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Medzhitov, R. & Janeway, C. A. Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system. Science296, 298–300 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mukhopadhyay, S., Plüddemann, A., Gordon, S. & Kishore, U. in Target pattern recognition in innate immunity 1–14 (Springer New York, 2009). Google Scholar
Areschoug, T. & Gordon, S. Scavenger receptors: role in innate immunity and microbial pathogenesis. Cell. Microbiol.11, 1160–1169 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mukhopadhyay, S. & Gordon, S. The role of scavenger receptors in pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Immunobiology209, 39–49 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Plüddemann, A., Neyen, C. & Gordon, S. Macrophage scavenger receptors and host-derived ligands. Methods43, 207–217 (2007). PubMed Google Scholar
Suzuki, H. et al. A role for macrophage scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis and susceptibility to infection. Nature386, 292–296 (1997). This study shows that scavenger receptors — in particular SR-A1 — have an important role not only in host defence against pathogens but also in contributing to the generation of atherosclerotic lesionsin vivo. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Taylor, P. R. et al. Macrophage receptors and immune recognition. Annu. Rev. Immunol.23, 901–944 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Herrmann, M. et al. Clearance of fetuin-A−-containing calciprotein particles is mediated by scavenger receptor-A. Circ. Res.111, 575–584 (2012). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sun, M. et al. Light-induced oxidation of photoreceptor outer segment phospholipids generates ligands for CD36-mediated phagocytosis by retinal pigment epithelium: a potential mechanism for modulating outer segment phagocytosis under oxidant stress conditions. J. Biol. Chem.281, 4222–4230 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Palani, S. et al. Stabilin-1/CLEVER-1, a type 2 macrophage marker, is an adhesion and scavenging molecule on human placental macrophages. Eur. J. Immunol.41, 2052–2063 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Shimaoka, T. et al. Cell surface-anchored SR-PSOX/CXC chemokine ligand 16 mediates firm adhesion of CXC chemokine receptor 6-expressing cells. J. Leukoc. Biol.75, 267–274 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Santiago-Garcia, J., Kodama, T. & Pitas, R. The class A scavenger receptor binds to proteoglycans and mediates adhesion of macrophages to the extracellular matrix. J. Biol. Chem.278, 6942–6946 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Murshid, A., Gong, J., Calderwood, S. K., Henderson, B. & Pockley, A. G. in Cellular trafficking of cell stress proteins in health and disease 215–227 (Springer Netherlands, 2012). Google Scholar
Feng, H. et al. Deficiency of scavenger receptor BI leads to impaired lymphocyte homeostasis and autoimmune disorders in mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.31, 2543–2551 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kzhyshkowska, J. Multifunctional receptor stabilin-1 in homeostasis and disease. Scientific World Journal10, 2039–2053 (2010). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Park, L. et al. Innate immunity receptor CD36 promotes cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA110, 3089–3094 (2013). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Podrez, E. A. et al. Platelet CD36 links hyperlipidemia, oxidant stress and a prothrombotic phenotype. Nature Med.13, 1086–1095 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Silverstein, R. L. & Febbraio, M. CD36, a scavenger receptor involved in immunity, metabolism, angiogenesis, and behavior. Sci. Signal.2, re3 (2009). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Wiley, J. S., Sluyter, R., Gu, B. J., Stokes, L. & Fuller, S. J. The human P2X7 receptor and its role in innate immunity. Tissue Antigens78, 321–332 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pal, S., Wu, L. & Kishore, U. Lessons from the fly: pattern recognition in Drosophila melanogaster. Target Pattern Recogn. Innate Immun.653, 162–174 (2009). CAS Google Scholar
Stuart, L. M. & Ezekowitz, R. A. Phagocytosis and comparative innate immunity: learning on the fly. Nature Rev. Immunol.8, 131–141 (2008). CAS Google Scholar
Cherry, S. & Silverman, N. Host-pathogen interactions in drosophila: new tricks from an old friend. Nature Immunol.7, 911–917 (2006). CAS Google Scholar
Song, L., Lee, C. & Schindler, C. Deletion of the murine scavenger receptor CD68. J. Lipid Res.52, 1542–1550 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Fabriek, B. O. et al. The macrophage scavenger receptor CD163 functions as an innate immune sensor for bacteria. Blood113, 887–892 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Murphy, J. E., Tedbury, P. R., Homer-Vanniasinkam, S., Walker, J. H. & Ponnambalam, S. Biochemistry and cell biology of mammalian scavenger receptors. Atherosclerosis182, 1–15 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sheikine, Y. & Sirsjö, A. CXCL16/SR-PSOX — A friend or a foe in atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis197, 487–495 (2008). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sarrias, M.-R. et al. CD6 binds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns and protects from LPS-induced septic shock. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104, 11724–11729 (2007). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Vera, J. et al. The CD5 ectodomain interacts with conserved fungal cell wall components and protects from zymosan-induced septic shock-like syndrome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA106, 1506–1511 (2009). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ichimura, T. et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 is a phosphatidylserine receptor that confers a phagocytic phenotype on epithelial cells. J. Clin. Invest.118, 1657–1668 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Gu, B. J. et al. P2X7 receptor-mediated scavenger activity of mononuclear phagocytes toward non-opsonized particles and apoptotic cells is inhibited by serum glycoproteins but remains active in cerebrospinal fluid. J. Biol. Chem.287, 17318–17330 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Wiley, J. S. & Gu, B. J. A new role for the P2X7 receptor: a scavenger receptor for bacteria and apoptotic cells in the absence of serum and extracellular ATP. Purinerg. Signal8, 579–586 (2012). CAS Google Scholar
Ojala, J. R. M., Pikkarainen, T., Tuuttila, A., Sandalova, T. & Tryggvason, K. Crystal structure of the cysteine-rich domain of scavenger receptor, MARCO reveals the presence of a basic and an acidic cluster that both contribute to ligand recognition. J. Biol. Chem.282, 16654–16666 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rodamilans, B. et al. Crystal structure of the third extracellular domain of CD5 reveals the fold of a group B scavenger cysteine-rich receptor domain. J. Biol. Chem.282, 12669–12677 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ohki, I. et al. Crystal structure of human lectin-like, oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 ligand binding domain and its ligand recognition mode to OxLDL. Structure13, 905–917 (2005). This structural analysis was the first to identify basic features of the ligand-recognition surface of a scavenger receptor (in this case, LOX1), which has an essential role in oxLDL binding. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Park, H., Adsit, F. G. & Boyington, J. C. The 1.4 angstrom crystal structure of the human oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor lox-1. J. Biol. Chem.280, 13593–13599 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Feinberg, H., Taylor, M. E. & Weis, W. I. Scavenger receptor C-type lectin binds to the leukocyte cell surface glycan Lewisx by a novel mechanism. J. Biol. Chem.282, 17250–17258 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Wilke, S., Krausze, J. & Büssow, K. Crystal structure of the conserved domain of the DC lysosomal associated membrane protein: implications for the lysosomal glycocalyx. BMC Biol.10, 62 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kar, N. S., Ashraf, M. Z., Valiyaveettil, M. & Podrez, E. A. Mapping and characterization of the binding site for specific oxidized phospholipids and oxidized low density lipoprotein of scavenger receptor CD36. J. Biol. Chem.283, 8765–8771 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Shimaoka, T. et al. Chemokines generally exhibit scavenger receptor activity through their receptor-binding domain. J. Biol. Chem.279, 26807–26810 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Andersson, L. & Freeman, M. Functional changes in scavenger receptor binding conformation are induced by charge mutants spanning the entire collagen domain. J. Biol. Chem.273, 19592–19601 (1998). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kodama, T. et al. Collagenous macrophage scavenger receptors. Curr. Opin. Lipidol.7, 287–291 (1996). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Podrez, E. A. et al. Macrophage scavenger receptor CD36 is the major receptor for LDL modified by monocyte-generated reactive nitrogen species. J. Clin. Invest.105, 1095–1108 (2000). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Boullier, A. et al. The binding of oxidized low density lipoprotein to mouse CD36 is mediated in part by oxidized phospholipids that are associated with both the lipid and protein moieties of the lipoprotein. J. Biol. Chem.275, 9163–9169 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Nicholson, A. C., Frieda, S., Pearce, A. & Silverstein, R. L. Oxidized LDL binds to CD36 on human monocyte-derived macrophages and transfected cell lines. Evidence implicating the lipid moiety of the lipoprotein as the binding site. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.15, 269–275 (1995). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rigotti, A., Acton, S. L. & Krieger, M. The class B scavenger receptors SR-BI and CD36 are receptors for anionic phospholipids. J. Biol. Chem.270, 16221–16224 (1995). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ryeom, S. W., Silverstein, R. L., Scotto, A. & Sparrow, J. R. Binding of anionic phospholipids to retinal pigment epithelium may be mediated by the scavenger receptor CD36. J. Biol. Chem.271, 20536–20539 (1996). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Podrez, E. A. et al. Identification of a novel family of oxidized phospholipids that serve as ligands for the macrophage scavenger receptor CD36. J. Biol. Chem.277, 38503–38516 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Podrez, E. A. et al. A novel family of atherogenic oxidized phospholipids promotes macrophage foam cell formation via the scavenger receptor CD36 and is enriched in atherosclerotic lesions. J. Biol. Chem.277, 38517–38523 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Greenberg, M. E. et al. Oxidized phosphatidylserine- CD36 interactions play an essential role in macrophage-dependent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. J. Exp. Med.203, 2613–2625 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Gaidukov, L., Nager, A. R., Xu, S., Penman, M. & Krieger, M. Glycine dimerization motif in the N-terminal transmembrane domain of the high density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI required for normal receptor oligomerization and lipid transport. J. Biol. Chem.286, 18452–18464 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Reaven, E., Cortez, Y., Leers-Sucheta, S., Nomoto, A. & Azhar, S. Dimerization of the scavenger receptor class B type I formation, function, and localization in diverse cells and tissues. J. Lipid Res.45, 513–528 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sankala, M. et al. Characterization of recombinant soluble macrophage scavenger receptor MARCO. J. Biol. Chem.277, 33378–33385 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rahaman, S. O. et al. A CD36-dependent signaling cascade is necessary for macrophage foam cell formation. Cell. Metab.4, 211–221 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bull, H. A., Brickell, P. M. & Dowd, P. M. Src-related protein tyrosine kinases are physically associated with the surface antigen CD36 in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. FEBS Lett.351, 41–44 (1994). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Huang, M. M., Bolen, J. B., Barnwell, J. W., Shattil, S. J. & Brugge, J. S. Membrane glycoprotein IV (CD36) is physically associated with the Fyn, Lyn, and Yes protein-tyrosine kinases in human platelets. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA88, 7844–7848 (1991). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Jiménez, B. et al. Signals leading to apoptosis-dependent inhibition of neovascularization by thrombospondin-1. Nature Med.6, 41–48 (2000). PubMed Google Scholar
Shaw, A. S. et al. Short related sequences in the cytoplasmic domains of CD4 and CD8 mediate binding to the amino-terminal domain of the p56lck tyrosine protein kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol.10, 1853–1862 (1990). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Turner, J. M. et al. Interaction of the unique N-terminal region of tyrosine kinase p56lck with cytoplasmic domains of CD4 and CD8 is mediated by cysteine motifs. Cell60, 755–765 (1990). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Moore, K. J. et al. A CD36-initiated signaling cascade mediates inflammatory effects of beta-amyloid. J. Biol. Chem.277, 47373–47379 (2002). This is the initial report of a pro-inflammatory role of CD36 induced by β-amyloid. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Medeiros, L. A. et al. Fibrillar amyloid protein present in atheroma activates CD36 signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem.279, 10643–10648 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Stewart, C. R. et al. CD36 ligands promote sterile inflammation through assembly of a Toll-like receptor 4 and 6 heterodimer. Nature Immunol.11, 155–161 (2010). This study establishes that the assembly of the TLR4–TLR6 heterodimer is regulated by CD36 and that signals from the CD36–TLR4–TLR6 complex characterize the mechanism by which atherogenic lipids and β-amyloid trigger sterile inflammation. CAS Google Scholar
Calzada, M. J. et al. Identification of novel β1 integrin binding sites in the type 1 and type 2 repeats of thrombospondin-1. J. Biol. Chem.279, 41734–41743 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Chang, Y. & Finnemann, S. C. Tetraspanin CD81 is required for the αvβ5-integrin-dependent particle-binding step of RPE phagocytosis. J. Cell Sci.120, 3053–3063 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Heit, B. et al. Multimolecular signaling complexes enable Syk-mediated signaling of CD36 internalization. Dev. Cell24, 372–383 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Todt, J. C., Hu, B. & Curtis, J. L. The scavenger receptor SR-A I/II (CD204) signals via the receptor tyrosine kinase Mertk during apoptotic cell uptake by murine macrophages. J. Leukoc. Biol.84, 510–518 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Yu, H. et al. Scavenger receptor A (SR-A) is required for LPS-induced TLR4 mediated NF-κB activation in macrophages. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1823, 1192–1198 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Mukhopadhyay, S. et al. SR-A/MARCO-mediated ligand delivery enhances intracellular TLR and NLR function, but ligand scavenging from cell surface limits TLR4 response to pathogens. Blood117, 1319–1328 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Triantafilou, M. et al. Membrane sorting of toll-like receptor (TLR)-2/6 and TLR2/1 heterodimers at the cell surface determines heterotypic associations with CD36 and intracellular targeting. J. Biol. Chem.281, 31002–31011 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Erdman, L. K. et al. CD36 and TLR interactions in inflammation and phagocytosis: implications for malaria. J. Immunol.183, 6452–6459 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pupovac, A., Foster, C. M. & Sluyter, R. Human P2X7 receptor activation induces the rapid shedding of CXCL16. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.432, 626–631 (2013). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gu, X. et al. The efficient cellular uptake of high density lipoprotein lipids via scavenger receptor class B type I requires not only receptor-mediated surface binding but also receptor-specific lipid transfer mediated by Its extracellular domain. J. Biol. Chem.273, 26338–26348 (1998). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rigotti, A., Miettinen, H. E. & Krieger, M. The role of the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI in the lipid metabolism of endocrine and other Ttissues. Endocr. Rev.24, 357–387 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Chroni, A., Nieland, T. J. F., Kypreos, K. E., Krieger, M. & Zannis, V. I. SR-BI mediates cholesterol efflux via its interactions with lipid-bound ApoE. Structural mutations in SR-BI diminish cholesterol efflux. Biochemistry44, 13132–13143 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Nieland, T. J. F., Xu, S., Penman, M. & Krieger, M. Negatively cooperative binding of high-density lipoprotein to the HDL. receptor SR-BI. Biochemistry50, 1818–1830 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Su, X. & Abumrad, N. A. Cellular fatty acid uptake: a pathway under construction. Trends Endocrinol. Metabol.20, 72–77 (2009). CAS Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. J. & Kashyap, S. R. Pathogenic role of scavenger receptor CD36 in the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord.9, 239–245 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Martin, C. et al. CD36 as a lipid sensor. Physiol. Behav.105, 36–42 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Martin, C. et al. The lipid-sensor candidates CD36 and GPR120 are differentially regulated by dietary lipids in mouse taste buds: impact on spontaneous fat preference. PLoS ONE6, e24014 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Pepino, M. Y., Love-Gregory, L., Klein, S. & Abumrad, N. A. The fatty acid translocase gene CD36 and lingual lipase influence oral sensitivity to fat in obese subjects. J. Lipid Res.53, 561–566 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Helming, L., Winter, J. & Gordon, S. The scavenger receptor CD36 plays a role in cytokine-induced macrophage fusion. J. Cell Sci.122, 453–459 (2009). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Anderson, J. M. Multinucleated giant cells. Curr. Opin. Hematol.7, 40–47 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Byrd, T. F. Multinucleated giant cell formation induced by IFN-γ/IL-3 is associated with restriction of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to cell invasion in human monocyte monolayers. Cell. Immunol.188, 89–96 (1998). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Reczek, D. et al. LIMP-2 is a receptor for lysosomal mannose-6-phosphate-independent targeting of β-glucocerebrosidase. Cell131, 770–783 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Blanz, J. et al. Disease-causing mutations within the lysosomal integral membrane protein type 2 (LIMP-2) reveal the nature of binding to its ligand β-glucocerebrosidase. Hum. Mol. Genet.19, 563–572 (2010). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Desmond, M. J. et al. Tubular proteinuria in mice and humans lacking the intrinsic lysosomal protein SCARB2/Limp-2. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.300, F1437–F1447 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Etzerodt, A. & Moestrup, S. K. CD163 and inflammation: biological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects. Antioxid. Redox Signal.18, 2352–2363 (2012). PubMed Google Scholar
Braun, M. et al. The CD6 scavenger receptor is differentially expressed on a CD56 natural killer cell subpopulation and contributes to natural killer-derived cytokine and chemokine secretion. J. Innate Immun.3, 420–434 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Abel, S. et al. The transmembrane CXC-chemokine ligand 16 is induced by IFN-γ and TNF-α and shed by the activity of the disintegrin-like metalloproteinase ADAM10. J. Immunol.172, 6362–6372 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Burdo, T. H. et al. Soluble CD163 made by monocyte/macrophages is a novel marker of HIV activity in early and chronic infection prior to and after anti-retroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis.204, 154–163 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Madsen, M. et al. Molecular characterization of the haptoglobin.hemoglobin receptor CD163. Ligand binding properties of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain region. J. Biol. Chem.279, 51561–51567 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kristiansen, M. et al. Identification of the haemoglobin scavenger receptor. Nature409, 198–201 (2001). This reference identifies CD163 as the receptor for the haptoglobin–haemoglobin complex, which provides a mechanism for haemoglobin clearance. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Alonso, R. et al. Aberrant expression of CD6 on B-cell subsets from patients with Sjögren's syndrome. J. Autoimmun35, 336–341 (2010). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Smith, E. R., Hanssen, E., McMahon, L. P. & Holt, S. G. Fetuin-A-containing calciprotein particles reduce mineral stress in the macrophage. PLoS ONE8, e60904 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen, Y. et al. Defective microarchitecture of the spleen marginal zone and impaired response to a thymus-independent type 2 antigen in mice lacking scavenger receptors MARCO and SR-A. J. Immunol.175, 8173–8180 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Karlsson, M. C. et al. Macrophages control the retention and trafficking of B lymphocytes in the splenic marginal zone. J. Exp. Med.198, 333–340 (2003). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Mosser, D. M. & Edwards, J. P. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nature Rev. Immunol.8, 958–969 (2008). CAS Google Scholar
Mantovani, A., Biswas, S. K., Galdiero, M. R., Sica, A. & Locati, M. Macrophage plasticity and polarization in tissue repair and remodelling. J. Pathol.229, 176–185 (2013). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sica, A. & Mantovani, A. Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas. J. Clin. Invest.122, 787–795 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Oh, J. et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress controls M2 macrophage differentiation and foam cell formation. J. Biol. Chem.287, 11629–11641 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Buechler, C. et al. Regulation of scavenger receptor CD163 expression in human monocytes and macrophages by pro- and antiinflammatory stimuli. J. Leukoc. Biol.67, 97–103 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Weaver, L. K., Pioli, P. A., Wardwell, K., Vogel, S. N. & Guyre, P. M. Up-regulation of human monocyte CD163 upon activation of cell-surface Toll-like receptors. J. Leukoc. Biol.81, 663–671 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Xu, W. et al. Human peritoneal macrophages show functional characteristics of M-CSF-driven anti-inflammatory type 2 macrophages. Eur. J. Immunol.37, 1594–1599 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Tippett, E. et al. Differential expression of CD163 on monocyte subsets in healthy and HIV-1 infected individuals. PloS ONE6, e19968 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ogden, C. A. et al. Enhanced apoptotic cell clearance capacity and B cell survival factor production by IL-10-activated macrophages: implications for Burkitt's lymphoma. J. Immunol.174, 3015–3023 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Xu, W. et al. IL-10-producing macrophages preferentially clear early apoptotic cells. Blood107, 4930–4937 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Zizzo, G., Hilliard, B. A., Monestier, M. & Cohen, P. L. Efficient clearance of early apoptotic cells by human macrophages requires M2c polarization and MerTK induction. J. Immunol.189, 3508–3520 (2012). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Fadok, V. A., Warner, M. L., Bratton, D. L. & Henson, P. M. CD36 is required for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by human macrophages that use either a phosphatidylserine receptor or the vitronectin receptor (αvβ3). J. Immunol.161, 6250–6257 (1998). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bover, L. C. et al. A previously unrecognized protein-protein interaction between TWEAK and CD163: potential biological implications. J. Immunol.178, 8183–8194 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Schaer, D. J., Alayash, A. I. & Buehler, P. W. Gating the radical hemoglobin to macrophages: the anti-inflammatory role of CD163, a scavenger receptor. Antioxid. Redox Signal.9, 991–999 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Philippidis, P. et al. Hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 mediates interleukin-10 release and heme oxygenase-1 synthesis: antiinflammatory monocyte-macrophage responses in vitro, in resolving skin blisters in vivo, and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Circul. Res.94, 119–126 (2004). CAS Google Scholar
Józefowski, S. & Kobzik, L. Scavenger receptor A mediates H2O2 production and suppression of IL-12 release in murine macrophages. J. Leukoc.Biol.76, 1066–1074 (2004). In this study the authors show that the scavenger receptors SR-A1 and MARCO are differentially regulated by M1-polarizing versus M2-polarizing factors. In addition, MARCO is shown to stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production, whereas SR-A1 has the opposite effect. PubMed Google Scholar
Józefowski, S., Arredouani, M., Sulahian, T. & Kobzik, L. Disparate regulation and function of the class A scavenger receptors SR-AI/II and MARCO. J. Immunol.175, 8032–8041 (2005). This study shows that the class B scavenger receptor CD36 is a selective sensor of microbial diacylated lipoproteins and LTA, which signal through the TLR2–TLR6 heterodimer. PubMed Google Scholar
Hoebe, K. et al. CD36 is a sensor of diacylglycerides. Nature433, 523–527 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. J. et al. A CD36-dependent pathway enhances macrophage and adipose tissue inflammation and impairs insulin signalling. Cardiovasc. Res.89, 604–613 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mantovani, A., Sozzani, S., Locati, M., Allavena, P. & Sica, A. Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol.23, 549–555 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mukhopadhyay, S. & Gordon, S. The role of scavenger receptors in pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Immunobiology209, 39–49 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Peiser, L. et al. Identification of Neisseria meningitidis nonlipopolysaccharide ligands for class A macrophage scavenger receptor by using a novel assay. Infect. Immun.74, 5191–5199 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Thomas, C. A. et al. Protection from lethal Gram-positive infection by macrophage scavenger receptor-dependent phagocytosis. J. Exp. Med.191, 147–156 (2000). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Peiser, L. et al. The class A macrophage scavenger receptor is a major pattern recognition receptor for Neisseria meningitidis which is independent of lipopolysaccharide and not required for secretory responses. Infect. Immun.70, 5346–5354 (2002). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Arredouani, M. S. et al. The macrophage scavenger receptor SR-AI/II and lung defense against pneumococci and particles. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol.35, 474–478 (2006). This study shows that SR-A1 and MARCO recognize overlapping but distinct sets of endogenous and microbial ligands, which highlights the fine specificities of two related scavenger receptors. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Plüddemann, A. et al. SR-A, MARCO and TLRs differentially recognise selected surface proteins from Neisseria meningitidis: an example of fine specificity in microbial ligand recognition by innate immune receptors. J. Innate Immun.1, 153–163 (2009). PubMed Google Scholar
Amiel, E. et al. Pivotal advance: Toll-like receptor regulation of scavenger receptor-A-mediated phagocytosis. J. Leukoc. Biol.85, 595–605 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bowdish, D. M. E. et al. MARCO, TLR2, and CD14 are required for macrophage cytokine responses to mycobacterial trehalose dimycolate and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog.5, e1000474 (2009). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Dreux, M. et al. Receptor complementation and mutagenesis reveal SR-BI as an essential HCV entry factor and functionally imply its intra- and extra-cellular domains. PLoS Pathog.5, e1000310 (2009). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ploss, A. et al. Human occludin is a hepatitis C virus entry factor required for infection of mouse cells. Nature457, 882–886 (2009). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Westhaus, S. et al. Characterization of the inhibition of hepatitis C virus entry by _in vitro_-generated and patient-derived oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Hepatology57, 1716–1724 (2012). Google Scholar
Dao Thi, V. L. et al. Characterization of hepatitis C virus particle subpopulations reveals multiple usage of the scavenger receptor BI for entry steps. J. Biol. Chem.287, 31242–31257 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Cox, J. V., Naher, N., Abdelrahman, Y. M. & Belland, R. J. Host HDL biogenesis machinery is recruited to the inclusion of _Chlamydia trachomatis_-infected cells and regulates chlamydial growth. Cell. Microbiol.14, 1497–1512 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Yamayoshi, S. et al. Scavenger receptor B2 is a cellular receptor for enterovirus 71. Nature Med.15, 798–801 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Yamayoshi, S. et al. Human SCARB2-dependent infection by coxsackievirus A7, A14, and A16 and enterovirus 71. J. Virol.86, 5686–5696 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Yamayoshi, S., Ohka, S., Fujii, K. & Koike, S. Functional Comparison of SCARB2 and PSGL1 as Receptors for Enterovirus 71. J. Virol.87, 3335–3347 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Stuart, L. M. et al. Response to Staphylococcus aureus requires CD36-mediated phagocytosis triggered by the COOH-terminal cytoplasmic domain. J. Cell Biol.170, 477–485 (2005). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Baranova, I. N. et al. Role of human CD36 in bacterial recognition, phagocytosis, and pathogen-induced JNK-mediated signaling. J. Immunol.181, 7147–7156 (2008). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Patel, S. N. et al. Disruption of CD36 impairs cytokine response to Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositol and confers susceptibility to severe and fatal malaria in vivo. J. Immunol.178, 3954–3961 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Philips, J. A., Rubin, E. J. & Perrimon, N. Drosophila RNAi screen reveals CD36 family member required for mycobacterial infection. Science309, 1251–1253 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Hawkes, M. et al. CD36 deficiency attenuates experimental mycobacterial infection. BMC Infect. Dis.10, 299 (2010). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Santiago-Garcia, J., Mas-Oliva, J., Innerarity, T. & Pitas, R. Secreted forms of the amyloid-β precursor protein are ligands for the class A scavenger receptor. J. Biol. Chem.276, 30655–30661 (2001). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Park, L. et al. Scavenger receptor CD36 is essential for the cerebrovascular oxidative stress and neurovascular dysfunction induced by amyloid-β. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA108, 5063–5068 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hansson, G. K. Inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis. J. Thromb. Haemost.7, 328–331 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Yang, Z. & Ming, X.-F. CD36: the common soil for inflammation in obesity and atherosclerosis? Cardiovasc. Res.89, 485–486 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
van Berkel, T. J. C. et al. Scavenger receptors: friend or foe in atherosclerosis? Curr. Opin. Lipidol.16, 525–535 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Moore, K. J. & Freeman, M. W. Scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis beyond lipid uptake. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.26, 1702–1711 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gautam, S. & Banerjee, M. The macrophage Ox-LDL receptor, CD36 and its association with type II diabetes mellitus. Mol. Genet. Metab.102, 389–398 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Nosadini, R. & Tonolo, G. Role of oxidized low density lipoproteins and free fatty acids in the pathogenesis of glomerulopathy and tubulointerstitial lesions in type 2 diabetes. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis.21, 79–85 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Wilkinson, K. & El Khoury, J. Microglial scavenger receptors and their roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Alzheimers Dis.2012, 1–10 (2012). Google Scholar
Yamanaka, M. et al. PPARγ/RXRα-induced and CD36-mediated microglial amyloid-β phagocytosis results in cognitive improvement in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice. J. Neurosci.32, 17321–17331 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Mathieu, P., Pibarot, P. & Després, J. P. Metabolic syndrome: the danger signal in atherosclerosis. Vasc. Health Risk Manag.2, 285–302 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Tabas, I. Macrophage death and defective inflammation resolution in atherosclerosis. Nature Rev. Immunol.10, 36–46 (2010). CAS Google Scholar
Xu, S. et al. LOX-1 in atherosclerosis: biological functions and pharmacological modifiers. Cell. Mol. Life Sci.70, 2859–2872 (2013). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Silverstein, R. L., Li, W., Park, Y. M. & Rahaman, S. O. Mechanisms of cell signaling by the scavenger receptor CD36: implications in atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc.121, 206–220 (2010). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Mitra, S., Goyal, T. & Mehta, J. L. Oxidized LDL, LOX-1 and Atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther.25, 419–429 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kunjathoor, V. V. et al. Scavenger receptors class A-I/II and CD36 are the principal receptors responsible for the uptake of modified low density lipoprotein leading to lipid loading in macrophages. J. Biol. Chem.277, 49982–49988 (2002). This study shows the pro-atherogenic role of CD36in vivo. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sun, B. et al. Distinct mechanisms for OxLDL uptake and cellular trafficking by class B scavenger receptors CD36 and SR-BI. J. Lipid Res.48, 2560–2570 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kuchibhotla, S. et al. Absence of CD36 protects against atherosclerosis in ApoE knock-out mice with no additional protection provided by absence of scavenger receptor A I/II. Cardiovasc. Res.78, 185–196 (2008). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Stewart, C. R. et al. CD36 ligands promote sterile inflammation through assembly of a Toll-like receptor 4 and 6 heterodimer. Nature Immunol.11, 155–161 (2010). CAS Google Scholar
Sheedy, F. J. et al. CD36 coordinates NLRP3 inflammasome activation by facilitating intracellular nucleation of soluble ligands into particulate ligands in sterile inflammation. Nature Immunol.14, 812–820 (2013). CAS Google Scholar
Björkbacka, H. et al. Reduced atherosclerosis in MyD88-null mice links elevated serum cholesterol levels to activation of innate immunity signaling pathways. Nature Med.10, 416–421 (2004). PubMed Google Scholar
Michelsen, K. S. et al. Lack of Toll-like receptor 4 or myeloid differentiation factor 88 reduces atherosclerosis and alters plaque phenotype in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA101, 10679–10684 (2004). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Nagy, L., Tontonoz, P., Alvarez, J. G., Chen, H. & Evans, R. M. Oxidized LDL regulates macrophage gene expression through ligand activation of PPARγ. Cell93, 229–240 (1998). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bujold, K. et al. CD36-mediated cholesterol efflux is associated with PPARγ activation via a MAPK-dependent COX-2 pathway in macrophages. Cardiovasc. Res.83, 457–464 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Tontonoz, P., Nagy, L., Alvarez, J. G., Thomazy, V. A. & Evans, R. M. PPARγ promotes monocyte/macrophage differentiation and uptake of oxidized LDL. Cell93, 241–252 (1998). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Scull, C. M. & Tabas, I. Mechanisms of ER stress-induced apoptosis in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.31, 2792–2797 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Tandon, N. N., Lipsky, R. H., Burgess, W. H. & Jamieson, G. A. Isolation and characterization of platelet glycoprotein IV (CD36). J. Biol. Chem.264, 7570–7575 (1989). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Podrez, E. A. et al. Platelet CD36 links hyperlipidemia, oxidant stress and a prothrombotic phenotype. Nature Med.13, 1086–1095 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rhainds, D. & Brissette, L. The role of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) in lipid trafficking: Defining the rules for lipid traders. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.36, 39–77 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Carvalho, A. C., Colman, R. W. & Lees, R. S. Platelet function in hyperlipoproteinemia. N. Engl. J. Med.290, 434–438 (1974). This report establishes SR-B1 as a bona fide HDL receptor. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Stuart, M. J., Gerrard, J. M. & White, J. G. Effect of cholesterol on production of thromboxane b2 by platelets in vitro. N. Engl. J. Med.302, 6–10 (1980). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Davì, G. et al. Increased levels of soluble P-selectin in hypercholesterolemic patients. Circulation97, 953–957 (1998). PubMed Google Scholar
Davì, G. et al. Increased thromboxane biosynthesis in type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Circulation85, 1792–1798 (1992). PubMed Google Scholar
Ghosh, A. et al. Platelet CD36 mediates interactions with endothelial cell-derived microparticles and contributes to thrombosis in mice. J. Clin. Invest.118, 1934–1943 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen, M. et al. Activation-dependent surface expression of LOX-1 in human platelets. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.282, 153–158 (2001). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Marwali, M. R. et al. Modulation of ADP-induced platelet activation by aspirin and pravastatin: role of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and inside-out integrin signaling. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.322, 1324–1332 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kozarsky, K. F., Donahee, M. H., Glick, J. M., Krieger, M. & Rader, D. J. Gene transfer and hepatic overexpression of the HDL receptor SR-BI reduces atherosclerosis in the cholesterol-fed LDL receptor-deficient mouse. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.20, 721–727 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Braun, A. et al. Loss of SR-BI expression leads to the early onset of occlusive atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, spontaneous myocardial infarctions, severe cardiac dysfunction, and premature death in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circ. Res.90, 270–276 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Zhang, W. et al. Inactivation of macrophage scavenger receptor class B type I promotes atherosclerotic lesion development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation108, 2258–2263 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mineo, C. & Shaul, P. W. Functions of scavenger receptor class B, type I in atherosclerosis. Curr. Opin. Lipidol23, 487–493 (2012). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Imachi, H. et al. Expression of human scavenger receptor B1 on and in human platelets. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.23, 898–904 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Valiyaveettil, M. et al. Oxidized high-density lipoprotein inhibits platelet activation and aggregation via scavenger receptor BI. Blood111, 1962–1971 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Acton, S. et al. Identification of scavenger receptor SR-BI as a high density lipoprotein receptor. Science271, 518–520 (1996). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rosenson, R. S. et al. Cholesterol efflux and atheroprotection advancing the concept of reverse cholesterol transport. Circulation125, 1905–1919 (2012). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Chadwick, A. C. & Sahoo, D. Functional genomics of the human high-density lipoprotein receptor scavenger receptor BI: an old dog with new tricks. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes.20, 124–131 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Rhainds, D. et al. Localization and regulation of SR-BI in membrane rafts of HepG2 cells. J. Cell Sci.117, 3095–3105 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Silver, D. L. SR-BI and protein–protein interactions in hepatic high density lipoprotein metabolism. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.5, 327–333 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Yancey, P. G. et al. Severely altered cholesterol homeostasis in macrophages lacking apoE and SR-BI. J. Lipid Res.48, 1140–1149 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Manichaikul, A. et al. Association of SCARB1 variants with subclinical atherosclerosis and incident cardiovascular disease: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.32, 1991–1999 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Naj, A. C. et al. Association of scavenger receptor class B type I polymorphisms with subclinical atherosclerosis: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet.3, 47–52 (2010). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Aronow, W. S. Antiplatelet therapy in peripheral arterial disease. Curr. Drug Targets Cardiovasc. Haematol. Disord.4, 265–267 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Aslanian, A. M. & Charo, I. F. Targeted disruption of the scavenger receptor and chemokine CXCL16 accelerates atherosclerosis. Circulation114, 583–590 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sakaguchi, H. et al. Role of macrophage scavenger receptors in diet-induced atherosclerosis in mice. Lab Invest.78, 423–434 (1998). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Holland, W. L. et al. Lipid mediators of insulin resistance. Nutr. Rev.65, S39–46 (2007). PubMed Google Scholar
Holloway, G. P. et al. In obese rat muscle transport of palmitate is increased and is channeled to triacylglycerol storage despite an increase in mitochondrial palmitate oxidation. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.296, E738–E747 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Glatz, J. F., Luiken, J. J. & Bonen, A. Membrane fatty acid transporters as regulators of lipid metabolism: implications for metabolic disease. Physiol. Rev.90, 367–417 (2010). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bonen, A. et al. Triacylglycerol accumulation in human obesity and type 2 diabetes is associated with increased rates of skeletal muscle fatty acid transport and increased sarcolemmal FAT/CD36. FASEB J.18, 1144–1146 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Coort, S. L. M. et al. Sulfo-_N_-succinimidyl esters of long chain fatty acids specifically inhibit fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36)-mediated cellular fatty acid uptake. Mol. Cell. Biochem.239, 213–219 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pelsers, M. M. et al. Skeletal muscle fatty acid transporter protein expression in type 2 diabetes patients compared with overweight, sedentary men and age-matched, endurance-trained cyclists. Acta Physiol. (Oxf.)190, 209–219 (2007). CAS Google Scholar
Bokor, S. et al. Single-nucleotide polymorphism of CD36 locus and obesity in European adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring)18, 1398–1403 (2010). CAS Google Scholar
Heni, M. et al. Variants in the CD36 gene locus determine whole-body adiposity, but have no independent effect on insulin sensitivity. Obesity (Silver Spring)19, 1004–1009 (2011). CAS Google Scholar
Love-Gregory, L. et al. Variants in the CD36 gene associate with the metabolic syndrome and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Hum. Mol. Genet.17, 1695–1704 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Leprêtre, F., Cheyssac, C., Amouyel, P., Froguel, P. & Helbecque, N. A promoter polymorphism in CD36 is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile in a French general population. Atherosclerosis173, 375–377 (2004). PubMed Google Scholar
Ma, X. et al. A common haplotype at the CD36 locus is associated with high free fatty acid levels and increased cardiovascular risk in Caucasians. Hum. Mol. Genet.13, 2197–2205 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Leprêtre, F. et al. Genetic study of the CD36 gene in a French diabetic population. Diabetes Metab.30, 459–463 (2004). PubMed Google Scholar
Corpeleijn, E. et al. Direct association of a promoter polymorphism in the CD36/FAT fatty acid transporter gene with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. Diabet. Med.23, 907–911 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Alkhatatbeh, M. J., Enjeti, A. K., Acharya, S., Thorne, R. F. & Lincz, L. F. The origin of circulating CD36 in type 2 diabetes. Nutr. Diabetes3, e59 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhu, W., Li, W. & Silverstein, R. L. Advanced glycation end products induce a prothrombotic phenotype in mice via interaction with platelet CD36. Blood119, 6136–6144 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ghosh, A. et al. Platelet CD36 surface expression levels affect functional responses to oxidized LDL and are associated with inheritance of specific genetic polymorphisms. Blood117, 6355–6366 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Heneka, M. T. & O'Banion, M. K. Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neuroimmunol.184, 69–91 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Chung, H., Brazil, M. I., Irizarry, M. C., Hyman, B. T. & Maxfield, F. R. Uptake of fibrillar β-amyloid by microglia isolated from MSR-A (type I and type II) knockout mice. Neuroreport12, 1151–1154 (2001). CASPubMed Google Scholar