Growth of the plant cell wall (original) (raw)

• Carpita, N. C. & Gibeaut, D. M. Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. Plant J. 3, 1–30 (1993). A detailed technical review of the structure of cell wall polysaccharides and how they might be arranged in the wall.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• O'Neill, M. A. & York, W. S. The Plant Cell Wall (ed. Rose, J. K. C.) 1–54 (Blackwell, Oxford, 2003).
  Google Scholar
• Willats, W. G., McCartney, L., Mackie, W. & Knox, J. P. Pectin: cell biology and prospects for functional analysis. Plant Mol. Biol. 47, 9–27 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vincken, J. P. et al. If homogalacturonan were a side chain of rhamnogalacturonan I. Implications for cell wall architecture. Plant Physiol. 132, 1781–1789 (2003). Discusses alternative models for how pectin domains may be connected to one another.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Iwai, H., Masaoka, N., Ishii, T. & Satoh, S. A pectin glucuronyltransferase gene is essential for intercellular attachment in the plant meristem. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 16319–16324 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kimura, S. et al. Immunogold labeling of rosette terminal cellulose-synthesizing complexes in the vascular plant Vigna angularis. Plant Cell 11, 2075–2085 (1999). Showed that cellulose synthase is associated with particle rosettes or terminal complexes in plants.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Doblin, M. S., Kurek, I., Jacob-Wilk, D. & Delmer, D. P. Cellulose biosynthesis in plants: from genes to rosettes. Plant Cell Physiol. 43, 1407–1420 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Saxena, I. M. & Brown, R. M. Jr. Cellulose biosynthesis: current views and evolving concepts. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 96, 9–21 (2005).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Ray, P. M. Radiographic study of cell wall deposition in growing plant cells. J. Cell Biol. 35, 659–674 (1967).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Proseus, T. E. & Boyer, J. S. Turgor pressure moves polysaccharides into growing cell walls of Chara corallina. Ann. Bot. 95, 967–976 (2005). Showed that turgor pressure facilitates movement of polysaccharides into the cell wall by multiple means.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Pear, J. R., Kawagoe, Y., Schreckengost, W. E., Delmer, D. P. & Stalker, D. M. Higher plants contain homologs of the bacterial celA genes encoding the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 12637–12642 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Arioli, T. et al. Molecular analysis of cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Science 279, 717–720 (1998). Genetic evidence identifying cellulose synthase genes.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Taylor, N. G., Howells, R. M., Huttly, A. K., Vickers, K. & Turner, S. R. Interactions among three distinct CesA proteins essential for cellulose synthesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 1450–1455 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Burn, J. E., Hocart, C. H., Birch, R. J., Cork, A. C. & Williamson, R. E. Functional analysis of the cellulose synthase genes CesA1, CesA2, and CesA3 in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 129, 797–807 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Burton, R. A., Shirley, N. J., King, B. J., Harvey, A. J. & Fincher, G. B. The CesA gene family of barley. Quantitative analysis of transcripts reveals two groups of co-expressed genes. Plant Physiol. 134, 224–236 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Scheible, W. R. & Pauly, M. Glycosyltransferases and cell wall biosynthesis: novel players and insights. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 7, 285–295 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fagard, M. et al. PROCUSTE1 encodes a cellulose synthase required for normal cell elongation specifically in roots and dark-grown hypocotyls of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 12, 2409–2424 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Taylor, N. G., Howells, R. M., Huttly, A. K., Vickers, K. & Turner, S. R. Interactions among three distinct CesA proteins essential for cellulose synthesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 1450–1455 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kurek, I., Kawagoe, Y., Jacob-Wilk, D., Doblin, M. & Delmer, D. Dimerization of cotton fiber cellulose synthase catalytic subunits occurs via oxidation of the zinc-binding domains. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 11109–11114 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lloyd, C. & Chan, J. Microtubules and the shape of plants to come. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 13–22 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hayashi, T. Xyloglucans in the primary cell wall. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40, 139–168 (1989).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Peng, L., Kawagoe, Y., Hogan, P. & Delmer, D. Sitosterol-β-glucoside as primer for cellulose synthesis in plants. Science 295, 147–150 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schrick, K. et al. A link between sterol biosynthesis, the cell wall, and cellulose in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 38, 227–243 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lane, D. R. et al. Temperature-sensitive alleles of RSW2 link the KORRIGAN endo-1,4-β-glucanase to cellulose synthesis and cytokinesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 126, 278–288 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Nicol, F. et al. A plasma membrane-bound putative endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase is required for normal wall assembly and cell elongation in Arabidopsis. EMBO J. 17, 5563–5576 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zuo, J. et al. KORRIGAN, an Arabidopsis endo-1,4-β-glucanase, localizes to the cell plate by polarized targeting and is essential for cytokinesis. Plant Cell 12, 1137–1152 (2000).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Szyjanowicz, P. M. et al. The irregular xylem 2 mutant is an allele of korrigan that affects the secondary cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 37, 730–740 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Robert, S., Mouille, G. & Hofte, H. The mechanism and regulation of cellulose synthesis in primary walls: lessons from cellulose-deficient Arabidopsis mutants. Cellulose 11, 351–364 (2004).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Persson, S., Wei, H., Milne, J., Page, G. P. & Somerville, C. R. Identification of genes required for cellulose synthesis by regression analysis of public microarray data sets. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 8633–8638 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Brown, D. M., Zeef, L. A., Ellis, J., Goodacre, R. & Turner, S. R. Identification of novel genes in Arabidopsis involved in secondary cell wall formation using expression profiling and reverse genetics. Plant Cell 17, 2281–2285 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Richmond, T. A. & Somerville, C. R. The cellulose synthase superfamily. Plant Physiol. 124, 495–498 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dhugga, K. S. et al. Guar seed β-mannan synthase is a member of the cellulose synthase super gene family. Science 303, 363–366 (2004). Elegant biochemical evidence that a member of the CSLA gene family encodes the β-mannan synthase.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liepman, A. H., Wilkerson, C. G. & Keegstra, K. Expression of cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes in insect cells reveals that CslA family members encode mannan synthases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 2221–2226 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fry, S. C. Cellulases, hemicelluloses and auxin-stimulated growth: A possible relationship. Physiol. Plant. 75, 532–536 (1989).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Talbott, L. D. & Ray, P. M. Molecular size and separability features of pea cell wall polysaccharides. Implications for models of primary wall structure. Plant Physiol. 92, 357–368 (1992). Showed that matrix polysaccharides are associated with each other mostly non-covalently and presented an alternative model of wall architecture.
  Article Google Scholar
• Labavitch, J. M. & Ray, P. M. Relationship between promotion of xyloglucan metabolism and induction of elongation by IAA. Plant Physiol. 54, 499–502 (1974).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Nishitani, K. & Masuda, Y. Auxin-induced changes in the cell wall structure: changes in the sugar compositions, intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight distributions of matrix polysaccharides of the epicotyl cell wall of Vigna angularis. Physiol. Plant. 52, 482–494 (1981).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Yuan, S., Wu, Y. & Cosgrove, D. J. A fungal endoglucanase with plant cell wall extension activity. Plant Physiol. 127, 324–333 (2001). First demonstration that plant cell walls can extend as a result of hydrolysis by an endoglucanase (fungal, not plant), but with characteristics very different from expansin action.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Park, Y. W. et al. Enhancement of growth and cellulose accumulation by overexpression of xyloglucanase in poplar. FEBS Lett. 564, 183–187 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Veytsman, B. A. & Cosgrove, D. J. A model of cell wall expansion based on thermodynamics of polymer networks. Biophys. J. 75, 2240–2250 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Takeda, T. et al. Suppression and acceleration of cell elongation by integration of xyloglucans in pea stem segments. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 9055–9060 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nishitani, K. & Tominaga, T. Endo-xyloglucan transferase, a novel class of glycosyltransferase that catalyzes transfer of a segment of xyloglucan molecule to another xyloglucan molecule. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 21058–21064 (1992).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Steele, N. M. et al. Ten isoenzymes of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase from plant cell walls select and cleave the donor substrate stochastically. Biochem. J. 355, 671–679 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Purugganan, M. M., Braam, J. & Fry, S. C. The Arabidopsis TCH4 xyloglucan endotransglycosylase. Substrate specificity, pH optimum, and cold tolerance. Plant Physiol. 115, 181–190 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yokoyama, R. & Nishitani, K. A comprehensive expression analysis of all members of a gene family encoding cell-wall enzymes allowed us to predict _cis_-regulatory regions involved in cell-wall construction in specific organs of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol. 42, 1025–1033 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rose, J. K., Braam, J., Fry, S. C. & Nishitani, K. The XTH family of enzymes involved in xyloglucan endotransglucosylation and endohydrolysis: Current perspectives and a new unifying nomenclature. Plant Cell Physiol. 43, 1421–1435 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. E. & Fry, S. C. Restructuring of wall-bound xyloglucan by transglycosylation in living plant cells. Plant J. 26, 23–34 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Strohmeier, M. et al. Molecular modeling of family GH16 glycoside hydrolases: potential roles for xyloglucan transglucosylases/hydrolases in cell wall modification in the Poaceae. Protein Sci. 13, 3200–3213 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Schroder, R., Wegrzyn, T. F., Bolitho, K. M. & Redgwell, R. J. Mannan transglycosylase: a novel enzyme activity in cell walls of higher plants. Planta 219, 590–600 (2004).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Marga, F., Grandbois, M., Cosgrove, D. J. & Baskin, T. I. Cell wall extension results in the coordinate separation of parallel microfibrils: evidence from scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Plant J. 43, 181–190 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cosgrove, D. J. Rapid suppression of growth by blue light: occurrence, time course, and general characteristics. Plant Physiol. 67, 584–590 (1981).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Forterre, Y., Skotheim, J. M., Dumais, J. & Mahadevan, L. How the Venus flytrap snaps. Nature 433, 421–425 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cosgrove, D. J. Wall extensibility: its nature, measurement, and relationship to plant cell growth. New Phytol. 124, 1–23 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cosgrove, D. J. Enzymes and other agents that enhance cell wall extensibility. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50, 391–417 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rayle, D. L. & Cleland, R. E. Enhancement of wall loosening and elongation by acid solutions. Plant Physiol. 46, 250–253 (1970).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cosgrove, D. J. Characterization of long-term extension of isolated cell walls from growing cucumber hypocotyls. Planta 177, 121–130 (1989). Analyzes 'acid-growth' of isolated cell walls and hypothesizes a wall-loosening enzyme with unusual properties, later purified and named expansin.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hager, A., Menzel, H. & Krauss, A. Versuche und hypothese zur primaerwirkung des auxins beim streckungswachstum. Planta 100, 47–75 (1971) (in German).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McQueen-Mason, S., Durachko, D. M. & Cosgrove, D. J. Two endogenous proteins that induce cell wall expansion in plants. Plant Cell 4, 1425–1433 (1992). Purification of two related proteins, later named expansins, that cause pH-dependent wall extension.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Link, B. M. & Cosgrove, D. J. Acid-growth response and α-expansins in suspension cultures of bright yellow 2 tobacco. Plant Physiol. 118, 907–916 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cosgrove, D. J. et al. The growing world of expansins. Plant Cell Physiol. 43, 1436–1444 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fleming, A. J., McQueen-Mason, S., Mandel, T. & Kuhlemeier, C. Induction of leaf primordia by the cell wall protein expansin. Science 276, 1415–1418 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Pien, S., Wyrzykowska, J., McQueen-Mason, S., Smart, C. & Fleming, A. Local expression of expansin induces the entire process of leaf development and modifies leaf shape. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 11812–11817 (2001). Used transient local micro-induction of EXPA genes on the shoot apical meristem and the flanks of leaf primordia to demonstrate that EXPA overexpression can markedly stimulate plant cell growth.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cho, H. T. & Cosgrove, D. J. Altered expression of expansin modulates leaf growth and pedicel abscission in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 9783–9788 (2000). Transgenic experiments to increase or reduce expansin gene expression, with results supporting expansin's role in cell growth and in abscission.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Choi, D., Lee, Y., Cho, H. T. & Kende, H. Regulation of expansin gene expression affects growth and development in transgenic rice plants. Plant Cell 15, 1386–1398 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zenoni, S. et al. Downregulation of the Petunia hybrida α-expansin gene PhEXP1 reduces the amount of crystalline cellulose in cell walls and leads to phenotypic changes in petal limbs. Plant Cell 16, 295–308 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cho, H. T. & Kende, H. Expression of expansin genes is correlated with growth in deepwater rice. Plant Cell 9, 1661–1671 (1997). Shows that expression of certain EXPA genes in rice is increased upon submergence-induced internode elongation.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Reinhardt, D., Wittwer, F., Mandel, T. & Kuhlemeier, C. Localized upregulation of a new expansin gene predicts the site of leaf formation in the tomato meristem. Plant Cell 10, 1427–1437 (1998). Shows that localized expression of an EXPA gene on the flanks of the shoot apical meristem precedes emergence of the leaf primordium.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Brummell, D. A., Harpster, M. H. & Dunsmuir, P. Differential expression of expansin gene family members during growth and ripening of tomato fruit. Plant Mol. Biol. 39, 161–169 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vriezen, W. H., De Graaf, B., Mariani, C. & Voesenek, L. A. C. J. Submergence induces expansin gene expressin in flooding tolerant Rumex palustris and not in flooding intolerant R. acetosa. Planta 210, 956–963 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. & Kende, H. Expression of β-expansins is correlated with internodal elongation in deepwater rice. Plant Physiol 127, 645–654 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., Thorne, E. T., Sharp, R. E. & Cosgrove, D. J. Modification of expansin transcript levels in the maize primary root at low water potentials. Plant Physiol. 126, 1471–1479 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cho, H. T. & Cosgrove, D. J. Regulation of root hair initiation and expansin gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 14, 3237–3253 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Chanliaud, E., de Silva, J., Strongitharm, B., Jeronimidis, G. & Gidley, M. J. Mechanical effects of plant cell wall enzymes on cellulose/xyloglucan composites. Plant J. 38, 27–37 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cosgrove, D. J. Relaxation in a high-stress environment: The molecular bases of extensible cell walls and cell enlargement. Plant Cell 9, 1031–1041 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Shcherban, T. Y. et al. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of expansins — a highly conserved, multigene family of proteins that mediate cell wall extension in plants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 9245–9249 (1995). Cloning of α-expansin ( EXPA ) showed that it belongs to a multigene family and lacks sequence similarity to any enzymes known at the time of publication.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McQueen-Mason, S. J. & Cosgrove, D. J. Expansin mode of action on cell walls. Analysis of wall hydrolysis, stress relaxation, and binding. Plant Physiol. 107, 87–100 (1995). Detailed biochemical and biophysical analysis of how α-expansins loosen plant cell walls.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• McQueen-Mason, S. & Cosgrove, D. J. Disruption of hydrogen bonding between plant cell wall polymers by proteins that induce wall extension. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 6574–6578 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Li, L. C. & Cosgrove, D. J. Grass group I pollen allergens (β-expansins) lack proteinase activity and do not cause wall loosening via proteolysis. Eur. J. Biochem. 268, 4217–4226 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Grobe, K., Becker, W. M. & Petersen, A. Grass group I allergens (β-expansins) are novel, papain-related proteinases. Eur. J. Biochem. 263, 33–40 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Poppelmann, M., Becker, W. M. & Petersen, A. Combination of zymography and immunodetection to analyze proteins in complex culture supernatants. Electrophoresis 23, 993–997 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kende, H. et al. Nomenclature for members of the expansin superfamily of genes and proteins. Plant Mol. Biol. 55, 311–314 (2004). This article by the expansin research community defines expansins and recommends naming conventions.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rose, J. K., Lee, H. H. & Bennett, A. B. Expression of a divergent expansin gene is fruit-specific and ripening-regulated. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 5955–5960 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Brummell, D. A. et al. Modification of expansin protein abundance in tomato fruit alters softening and cell wall polymer metabolism during ripening. Plant Cell 11, 2203–2216 (1999). Transgenic tomato fruits with higher levels of LeEXPA1 gene expression were much softer than controls, whereas fruits with reduced LeEXPA1 expression were firmer.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Belfield, E. J., Ruperti, B., Roberts, J. A. & McQueen-Mason, S. J. Changes in expansin activity and gene expression during ethylene-promoted leaflet abscission in Sambucus nigra. J. Exp. Bot. 56, 817–823 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cosgrove, D. J., Bedinger, P. & Durachko, D. M. Group I allergens of grass pollen as cell wall-loosening agents. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6559–6564 (1997). Shows that group-1 grass pollen allergens have expansin activity and defines the second family of expansins (β-expansins).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fry, S. C. et al. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, a new wall-loosening enzyme activity from plants. Biochem. J. 282, 821–828 (1992).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Antosiewicz, D. M., Purugganan, M. M., Polisensky, D. H. & Braam, J. Cellular localization of Arabidopsis xyloglucan endotransglycosylase- related proteins during development and after wind stimulation. Plant Physiol. 115, 1319–1328 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. E. & Fry, S. C. Trimming and solubilization of xyloglucan after deposition in the walls of cultured rose cells. J. Exp. Bot. 48, 297–305 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Redgwell, R. J. & Fry, S. C. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase activity increases during kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) ripening (implications for fruit softening). Plant Physiol. 103, 1399–1406 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Farkas, V., Sulova, Z., Stratilova, E., Hanna, R. & Maclachlan, G. Cleavage of xyloglucan by nasturtium seed xyloglucanase and transglycosylation to xyloglucan subnit oligosaccharides. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 298, 365–370 (1992).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fanutti, C., Gidley, M. J. & Reid, J. S. G. Action of a pure xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase (formerly called xyloglucan-specific endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase) from the cotyledons of germinated nasturtium seeds. Plant J. 3, 691–700 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bourquin, V. et al. Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylases have a function during the formation of secondary cell walls of vascular tissues. Plant Cell 14, 3073–3088 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Matsui, A. et al. AtXTH27 plays an essential role in cell wall modification during the development of tracheary elements. Plant J. 42, 525–534 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• McQueen-Mason, S. J., Fry, S. C., Durachko, D. M. & Cosgrove, D. J. The relationship between xyloglucan endotransglycosylase and in-vitro cell wall extension in cucumber hypocotyls. Planta 190, 327–331 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cutillas-Iturralde, A. & Lorences, E. P. Effect of xyloglucan oligosaccharides on growth, viscoelastic properties, and long-term extension of pea shoots. Plant Physiol. 113, 103–109 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kaku, T., Tabuchi, A., Wakabayashi, K., Kamisaka, S. & Hoson, T. Action of xyloglucan hydrolase within the native cell wall architecture and its effect on cell wall extensibility in azuki bean epicotyls. Plant Cell Physiol. 43, 21–26 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fry, S. C. In vivo formation of xyloglucan nonasaccharide — a possible biologically-active cell-wall fragment. Planta 169, 443–453 (1986).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ito, H. & Nishitani, K. Visualization of EXGT-mediated molecular grafting activity by means of a fluorescent-labeled xyloglucan oligomer. Plant Cell Physiol. 40, 1172–1176 (1999).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Fry, S. C. Novel 'dot-blot' assays for glycosyltransferases and glycosylhydrolases: optimization for xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) activity. Plant J. 11, 1141–1150 (1997).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Vissenberg, K., Fry, S. C. & Verbelen, J. P. Root hair initiation is coupled to a highly localized increase of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase action in Arabidopsis roots. Plant Physiol. 127, 1125–1135 (2001). Uses fluorescent xylo-oligosaccharide to identify local sites of XET action, which in this case is site of the future bulge formation where a root hair is initiated.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Vissenberg, K. et al. Differential expression of AtXTH17, AtXTH18, AtXTH19 and AtXTH20 genes in Arabidopsis roots. Physiological roles in specification in cell wall construction. Plant Cell Physiol. 46, 192–200 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Vissenberg, K., Fry, S. C., Pauly, M., Hofte, H. & Verbelen, J. P. XTH acts at the microfibril-matrix interface during cell elongation. J. Exp. Bot. 56, 673–683 (2005).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Potter, I. & Fry, S. C. Changes in xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) activity during hormone-induced growth in lettuce and cucumber hypocotyls and spinach cell suspension cultures. J. Exp. Bot. 45, 1703–1710 (1994).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Hyodo, H. et al. Active gene expression of a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase gene, XTH9, in inflorescence apices is related to cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol. Biol. 52, 473–482 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yokoyama, R., Rose, J. K. & Nishitani, K. A surprising diversity and abundance of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases in rice. Classification and expression analysis. Plant Physiol. 134, 1088–1099 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Herbers, K., Lorences, E. P., Barrachina, C. & Sonnewald, U. Functional characterisation of Nicotiana tabacum xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (NtXET-1): generation of transgenic tobacco plants and changes in cell wall xyloglucan. Planta 212, 279–287 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rose, J. K. C., Catala, C., Gonzalez-Carranza, Z. H. & Roberts, J. A. The Plant Cell Wall (ed. Rose, J. K. C.) 264–324 (Blackwell, Oxford, 2003).
  Google Scholar
• Libertini, E., Li, Y. & McQueen-Mason, S. J. Phylogenetic analysis of the plant endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene family. J. Mol. Evol. 58, 506–515 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ohmiya, Y. et al. Evidence that endo-1,4-β-glucanases act on cellulose in suspension- cultured poplar cells. Plant J. 24, 147–158 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ohmiya, Y., Takeda, T., Nakamura, S., Sakai, F. & Hayashi, T. Purification and properties of a wall-bound endo-1, 4-β-glucanase from suspension-cultured poplar cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 36, 607–614 (1995).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tsabary, G. et al. Abnormal 'wrinkled' cell walls and retarded development of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing endo-1,4-β-glucanase (cell) antisense. Plant Mol. Biol. 51, 213–224 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fry, S. C., Miller, J. G. & Dumville, J. C. A proposed role for copper ions in cell wall loosening. Plant Soil 247, 57–67 (2002).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Fry, S. C. Oxidative scission of plant cell wall polysaccharides by ascorbate-induced hydroxyl radicals. Biochem. J. 332, 507–515 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Liszkay, A. & Schopfer, P. Plasma membrane-generated superoxide anion radicals and peroxidase-generated hydroxyl radicals may be involved in the growth of coleoptiles. Free Radic. Res. 37, 26–27 (2003).
  Google Scholar
• Liszkay, A., Kenk, B. & Schopfer, P. Evidence for the involvement of cell wall peroxidase in the generation of hydroxyl radicals mediating extension growth. Planta 217, 658–667 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schopfer, P., Liszkay, A., Bechtold, M., Frahry, G. & Wagner, A. Evidence that hydroxyl radicals mediate auxin-induced extension growth. Planta 214, 821–828 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Miller, J. G. & Fry, S. C. Characteristics of xyloglucan after attack by hydroxyl radicals. Carbohydr. Res. 332, 389–403 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dumville, J. C. & Fry, S. C. Solubilisation of tomato fruit pectins by ascorbate: a possible non-enzymic mechanism of fruit softening. Planta 217, 951–961 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ridley, B. L., O'Neill, M. A. & Mohnen, D. Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, and oligogalacturonide-related signaling. Phytochem. 57, 929–967 (2001).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Jones, L., Milne, J. L., Ashford, D. & McQueen-Mason, S. J. Cell wall arabinan is essential for guard cell function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 11783–11788 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zykwinska, A. W., Ralet, M. C., Garnier, C. D. & Thibault, J. F. Evidence for in vitro binding of pectin side chains to cellulose. Plant Physiol. 139, 397–407 (2005). Neutral pectins, such as arabinans, bind to cellulose surfaces, implying that pectin might crosslink cellulose microfibrils.
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Baba, K., Sone, Y., Misaki, A. & Hayashi, T. Localization of xyloglucan in the macromolecular complex composed of xyloglucan and cellulose in pea stems. Plant Cell Physiol. 35, 439–444 (1994).
  Google Scholar
• Hayashi, T., Ogawa, K. & Mitsuishi, Y. Characterization of the adsorption of xyloglucan to cellulose. Plant Cell Physiol. 35, 1199–1205 (1994).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Park, Y. W. et al. Enhancement of growth by expression of poplar cellulase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 33, 1099–1106 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Keegstra, K., Talmadge, K. W., Bauer, W. D. & Albersheim, P. The structure of plant cell walls. III. A model of the walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells based on the interconnections of the macromolecular components. Plant Physiol. 51, 188–196 (1973).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. E. & Fry, S. C. Evidence for covalent linkage between xyloglucan and acidic pectins in suspension-cultured rose cells. Planta 211, 275–286 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cumming, C. M. et al. Biosynthesis and cell-wall deposition of a pectin-xyloglucan complex in pea. Planta (2005) (10.1007/s00425-005-1560-2).
• Ye, Z. H. & Varner, J. E. Differential expression of two O-methyltransferases in lignin biosynthesis in Zinnia elegans. Plant Physiol. 108, 459–467 (1995).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Troughton, J. & Donaldson, L. A. Probing Plant Structure. (McGraw-Hill, New York 1972).
  Google Scholar
• McCann, M. C., Wells, B. & Roberts, K. Direct visualization of cross-links in the primary plant cell wall. J. Cell Sci 96, 323–334 (1990).
  Google Scholar
• Rizk, S. E., Abdel-Massih, R. M., Baydoun, E. A. & Brett, C. T. Protein- and pH-dependent binding of nascent pectin and glucuronoarabinoxylan to xyloglucan in pea. Planta 211, 423–429 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar