Campellone, K. G. & Welch, M. D. A nucleator arms race: cellular control of actin assembly. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.11, 237–251 (2010). CAS Google Scholar
Insall, R. H. & Machesky, L. M. Actin dynamics at the leading edge: from simple machinery to complex networks. Dev. Cell17, 310–322 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Loisel, T. P., Boujemaa, R., Pantaloni, D. & Carlier, M. F. Reconstitution of actin-based motility of Listeria and Shigella using pure proteins. Nature401, 613–616 (1999). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rorth, P. Whence directionality: guidance mechanisms in solitary and collective cell migration. Dev. Cell20, 9–18 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Stramer, B. et al. Clasp-mediated microtubule bundling regulates persistent motility and contact repulsion in Drosophila macrophages in vivo. J. Cell Biol.189, 681–689 (2010). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Moore, R. et al. Par3 controls neural crest migration by promoting microtubule catastrophe during contact inhibition of locomotion. Development140, 4763–4775 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Teddy, J. M. & Kulesa, P. M. In vivo evidence for short- and long-range cell communication in cranial neural crest cells. Development131, 6141–6151 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Cooper, J. A. Cell biology in neuroscience: mechanisms of cell migration in the nervous system. J. Cell Biol.202, 725–734 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Petrie, R. J., Doyle, A. D. & Yamada, K. M. Random versus directionally persistent cell migration. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.10, 538–549 (2009). CAS Google Scholar
Suraneni, P. et al. The Arp2/3 complex is required for lamellipodia extension and directional fibroblast cell migration. J. Cell Biol.197, 239–251 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Krause, M. et al. Lamellipodin, an Ena/VASP ligand, is implicated in the regulation of lamellipodial dynamics. Dev. Cell7, 571–583 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Wu, C. et al. Arp2/3 is critical for lamellipodia and response to extracellular matrix cues but is dispensable for chemotaxis. Cell148, 973–987 (2012). Together with reference 11, this paper shows that the ARP2/3 complex is required for lamellipodium formation. These papers show that ARP2/3- deficient cells are defective in persistent cell migration (reference 11) and display highly reduced random cell migration and haptotaxis (reference 13). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Law, A. L. et al. Lamellipodin and the Scar/WAVE complex cooperate to promote cell migration in vivo. J. Cell Biol.203, 673–689 (2013). This paper shows that lamellipodin directly interacts with the WAVE complex downstream of activated RAC, thereby controlling lamellipodium formation and the speed and persistence of cell migrationin vitro, and both mesenchymal and epithelial collective cell migrationin vivo. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Nurnberg, A., Kitzing, T. & Grosse, R. Nucleating actin for invasion. Nature Rev. Cancer11, 177–187 (2011). Google Scholar
Hoshino, D., Branch, K. M. & Weaver, A. M. Signaling inputs to invadopodia and podosomes. J. Cell Sci.126, 2979–2989 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Paluch, E. K. & Raz, E. The role and regulation of blebs in cell migration. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.25, 582–590 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Poincloux, R. et al. Contractility of the cell rear drives invasion of breast tumor cells in 3D Matrigel. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA108, 1943–1948 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Panopoulos, A., Howell, M., Fotedar, R. & Margolis, R. L. Glioblastoma motility occurs in the absence of actin polymer. Mol. Biol. Cell22, 2212–2220 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Cooper, J. A. & Sept, D. New insights into mechanism and regulation of actin capping protein. Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol.267, 183–206 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Romero, S. et al. Formin is a processive motor that requires profilin to accelerate actin assembly and associated ATP hydrolysis. Cell119, 419–429 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bear, J. E. et al. Antagonism between Ena/VASP proteins and actin filament capping regulates fibroblast motility. Cell109, 509–521 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Barzik, M. et al. Ena/VASP proteins enhance actin polymerization in the presence of barbed end capping proteins. J. Biol. Chem.280, 28653–28662 (2005). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Pasic, L., Kotova, T. & Schafer, D. A. Ena/VASP proteins capture actin filament barbed ends. J. Biol. Chem.283, 9814–9819 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Breitsprecher, D. et al. Molecular mechanism of Ena/VASP-mediated actin-filament elongation. EMBO J.30, 456–467 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Breitsprecher, D. et al. Clustering of VASP actively drives processive, WH2 domain-mediated actin filament elongation. EMBO J.27, 2943–2954 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hansen, S. D. & Mullins, R. D. VASP is a processive actin polymerase that requires monomeric actin for barbed end association. J. Cell Biol.191, 571–584 (2010). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Block, J. et al. FMNL2 drives actin-based protrusion and migration downstream of Cdc42. Curr. Biol.22, 1005–1012 (2012). This study provides good evidence that FMNL2 is the first formin to robustly localize to the edge of lamellipodia as anN-myristoylated protein downstream of CDC42. It also shows that FMNL2 predominantly elongates actin filaments, thereby increasing cell migration speed. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Rottner, K., Behrendt, B., Small, J. V. & Wehland, J. VASP dynamics during lamellipodia protrusion. Nature Cell Biol.1, 321–322 (1999). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lai, F. P. et al. Arp2/3 complex interactions and actin network turnover in lamellipodia. EMBO J.27, 982–992 (2008). A seminal paper showing the molecular behaviour of the major players involved in lamellipodium formation. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Yang, Q., Zhang, X. F., Pollard, T. D. & Forscher, P. Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin networks constrain myosin II function in driving retrograde actin flow. J. Cell Biol.197, 939–956 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Giannone, G., Mege, R. M. & Thoumine, O. Multi-level molecular clutches in motile cell processes. Trends Cell Biol.19, 475–486 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rottner, K., Hanisch, J. & Campellone, K. G. WASH, WHAMM and JMY: regulation of Arp2/3 complex and beyond. Trends Cell Biol.20, 650–661 (2010). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Veltman, D. M., King, J. S., Machesky, L. M. & Insall, R. H. SCAR knockouts in Dictyostelium: WASP assumes SCAR's position and upstream regulators in pseudopods. J. Cell Biol.198, 501–508 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Tang, H. et al. Loss of Scar/WAVE complex promotes N-WASP- and FAK-dependent invasion. Curr. Biol.23, 107–117 (2013). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Derivery, E. & Gautreau, A. Generation of branched actin networks: assembly and regulation of the N-WASP and WAVE molecular machines. Bioessays32, 119–131 (2010). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Eden, S., Rohatgi, R., Podtelejnikov, A. V., Mann, M. & Kirschner, M. W. Mechanism of regulation of WAVE1-induced actin nucleation by Rac1 and Nck. Nature418, 790–793 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gautreau, A. et al. Purification and architecture of the ubiquitous Wave complex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA101, 4379–4383 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Innocenti, M. et al. Abi1 is essential for the formation and activation of a WAVE2 signalling complex. Nature Cell Biol.6, 319–327 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Hirao, N. et al. NESH (Abi-3) is present in the Abi/WAVE complex but does not promote c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation. FEBS Lett.580, 6464–6470 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Stovold, C. F., Millard, T. H. & Machesky, L. M. Inclusion of Scar/WAVE3 in a similar complex to Scar/WAVE1 and 2. BMC Cell Biol.6, 11 (2005). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Derivery, E., Lombard, B., Loew, D. & Gautreau, A. The Wave complex is intrinsically inactive. Cell. Motil. Cytoskeleton66, 777–790 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ismail, A. M., Padrick, S. B., Chen, B., Umetani, J. & Rosen, M. K. The WAVE regulatory complex is inhibited. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol.16, 561–563 (2009). CAS Google Scholar
Chen, Z. et al. Structure and control of the actin regulatory WAVE complex. Nature468, 533–538 (2010). This paper presents the crystal structure of the WAVE complex, revealing that the ARP2/3-activating WCA domain of WAVE is sequestered within the complex, explaining how the WAVE complex is autoinhibited. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the WAVE complex may be activated by RAC and Tyr phosphorylation. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Steffen, A. et al. Rac function is crucial for cell migration but is not required for spreading and focal adhesion formation. J. Cell Sci.126, 4572–4588 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kobayashi, K. et al. p140Sra-1 (specifically Rac1-associated protein) is a novel specific target for Rac1 small GTPase. J. Biol. Chem.273, 291–295 (1998). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lebensohn, A. M. & Kirschner, M. W. Activation of the WAVE complex by coincident signals controls actin assembly. Mol. Cell36, 512–524 (2009). This paper describesin vitroreconstitution of activation of the WAVE complex using purified components. To obtain full activation, prenylated RAC, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-containing liposomes and the phosphorylated WAVE complex were required. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Oikawa, T. et al. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 binding is necessary for WAVE2-induced formation of lamellipodia. Nature Cell Biol.6, 420–426 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Padrick, S. B., Doolittle, L. K., Brautigam, C. A., King, D. S. & Rosen, M. K. Arp2/3 complex is bound and activated by two WASP proteins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA108, E472–E479 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ti, S. C., Jurgenson, C. T., Nolen, B. J. & Pollard, T. D. Structural and biochemical characterization of two binding sites for nucleation-promoting factor WASp-VCA on Arp2/3 complex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA108, E463–E471 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Echarri, A., Lai, M. J., Robinson, M. R. & Pendergast, A. M. Abl interactor 1 (Abi-1) wave-binding and SNARE domains regulate its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, lamellipodium localization, and wave-1 levels. Mol. Cell. Biol.24, 4979–4993 (2004). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Fan, P. D., Cong, F. & Goff, S. P. Homo- and hetero-oligomerization of the c-Abl kinase and Abelson-interactor-1. Cancer Res.63, 873–877 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Miki, H., Yamaguchi, H., Suetsugu, S. & Takenawa, T. IRSp53 is an essential intermediate between Rac and WAVE in the regulation of membrane ruffling. Nature408, 732–735 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Disanza, A. et al. CDC42 switches IRSp53 from inhibition of actin growth to elongation by clustering of VASP. EMBO J.32, 2735–2750 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Koronakis, V. et al. WAVE regulatory complex activation by cooperating GTPases Arf and Rac1. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA108, 14449–14454 (2011). This paper describes the cooperativity of active ARF proteins and active RAC for efficient WAVE complex activation in cell extracts. ARF proteins are activated downstream of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3in cell extracts. The requirement for ARF proteins specifically refers to ARF1, ARF5 or ARL1. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Schweitzer, J. K., Sedgwick, A. E. & D'Souza-Schorey, C. ARF6-mediated endocytic recycling impacts cell movement, cell division and lipid homeostasis. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol.22, 39–47 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gillingham, A. K. & Munro, S. The small G proteins of the Arf family and their regulators. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.23, 579–611 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Humphreys, D., Liu, T., Davidson, A. C., Hume, P. J. & Koronakis, V. The Drosophila Arf1 homologue Arf79F is essential for lamellipodium formation. J. Cell Sci.125, 5630–5635 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Boulay, P. L., Cotton, M., Melancon, P. & Claing, A. ADP-ribosylation factor 1 controls the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway to regulate epidermal growth factor-dependent growth and migration of breast cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem.283, 36425–36434 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang, J. et al. Filamin A regulates neuronal migration through brefeldin A-inhibited guanine exchange factor 2-dependent Arf1 activation. J. Neurosci.33, 15735–15746 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Humphreys, D., Davidson, A. C., Hume, P. J., Makin, L. E. & Koronakis, V. Arf6 coordinates actin assembly through the WAVE complex, a mechanism usurped by Salmonella to invade host cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA110, 16880–16885 (2013). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lu, H. et al. Exo70 isoform switching upon epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediates cancer cell invasion. Dev. Cell27, 560–573 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Liu, J. et al. Exo70 stimulates the Arp2/3 complex for lamellipodia formation and directional cell migration. Curr. Biol.22, 1510–1515 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Zuo, X. et al. Exo70 interacts with the Arp2/3 complex and regulates cell migration. Nature Cell Biol.8, 1383–1388 (2006). This paper, together with reference 64, shows that EXO70, a component of the exocyst complex that is normally implicated in regulating exocytosis, binds to the ARP2/3 complex; this leads to increased interaction between WAVE2 and the ARP2/3 complex, thereby promoting actin filament branching, lamellipodium formation and the directional persistence of cell migration. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Baust, T., Czupalla, C., Krause, E., Bourel-Bonnet, L. & Hoflack, B. Proteomic analysis of adaptor protein 1A coats selectively assembled on liposomes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA103, 3159–3164 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Anitei, M. et al. Protein complexes containing CYFIP/Sra/PIR121 coordinate Arf1 and Rac1 signalling during clathrin-AP-1-coated carrier biogenesis at the TGN. Nature Cell Biol.12, 330–340 (2010). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gautier, J. J. et al. Clathrin is required for Scar/Wave-mediated lamellipodium formation. J. Cell Sci.124, 3414–3427 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Huang, C. H., Lin, T. Y., Pan, R. L. & Juang, J. L. The involvement of Abl and PTP61F in the regulation of Abi protein localization and stability and lamella formation in Drosophila S2 cells. J. Biol. Chem.282, 32442–32452 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Leng, Y. et al. Abelson-interactor-1 promotes WAVE2 membrane translocation and Abelson-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation required for WAVE2 activation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102, 1098–1103 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Stuart, J. R., Gonzalez, F. H., Kawai, H. & Yuan, Z. M. c-Abl interacts with the WAVE2 signaling complex to induce membrane ruffling and cell spreading. J. Biol. Chem.281, 31290–31297 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Sossey-Alaoui, K., Li, X. & Cowell, J. K. c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation of WAVE3 is required for lamellipodia formation and cell migration. J. Biol. Chem.282, 26257–26265 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Fujita, A. et al. Imatinib mesylate (STI571)-induced cell edge translocation of kinase-active and kinase-defective Abelson kinase: requirements of myristoylation and src homology 3 domain. Mol. Pharmacol.75, 75–84 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Westphal, R. S., Soderling, S. H., Alto, N. M., Langeberg, L. K. & Scott, J. D. Scar/WAVE-1, a Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, assembles an actin-associated multi-kinase scaffold. EMBO J.19, 4589–4600 (2000). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ardern, H. et al. Src-dependent phosphorylation of Scar1 promotes its association with the Arp2/3 complex. Cell. Motil. Cytoskeleton63, 6–13 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kim, Y. et al. Phosphorylation of WAVE1 regulates actin polymerization and dendritic spine morphology. Nature442, 814–817 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Miyamoto, Y., Yamauchi, J. & Tanoue, A. Cdk5 phosphorylation of WAVE2 regulates oligodendrocyte precursor cell migration through nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Fyn. J. Neurosci.28, 8326–8337 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Soderling, S. H. et al. A WAVE-1 and WRP signaling complex regulates spine density, synaptic plasticity, and memory. J. Neurosci.27, 355–365 (2007). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Miki, H., Fukuda, M., Nishida, E. & Takenawa, T. Phosphorylation of WAVE downstream of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. J. Biol. Chem.274, 27605–27609 (1999). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Nakanishi, O., Suetsugu, S., Yamazaki, D. & Takenawa, T. Effect of WAVE2 phosphorylation on activation of the Arp2/3 complex. J. Biochem.141, 319–325 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Danson, C. M., Pocha, S. M., Bloomberg, G. B. & Cory, G. O. Phosphorylation of WAVE2 by MAP kinases regulates persistent cell migration and polarity. J. Cell Sci.120, 4144–4154 (2007). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Mendoza, M. C. et al. ERK-MAPK drives lamellipodia protrusion by activating the WAVE2 regulatory complex. Mol. Cell41, 661–671 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Panchal, S. C., Kaiser, D. A., Torres, E., Pollard, T. D. & Rosen, M. K. A conserved amphipathic helix in WASP/Scar proteins is essential for activation of Arp2/3 complex. Nature Struct. Biol.10, 591–598 (2003). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pocha, S. M. & Cory, G. O. WAVE2 is regulated by multiple phosphorylation events within its VCA domain. Cell. Motil. Cytoskeleton66, 36–47 (2009). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ura, S. et al. Pseudopod growth and evolution during cell movement is controlled through SCAR/WAVE dephosphorylation. Curr. Biol.22, 553–561 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen, B. et al. The WAVE regulatory complex links diverse receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Cell156, 195–207 (2014). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Vehlow, A. et al. Endophilin, Lamellipodin, and Mena cooperate to regulate F-actin-dependent EGF-receptor endocytosis. EMBO J.32, 2722–2734 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Rossman, K. L., Der, C. J. & Sondek, J. GEF means go: turning on RHO GTPases with guanine nucleotide-exchange factors. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.6, 167–180 (2005). CAS Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Viciana, P., Sabatier, C. & McCormick, F. Signaling specificity by Ras family GTPases is determined by the full spectrum of effectors they regulate. Mol. Cell. Biol.24, 4943–4954 (2004). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Mullins, R. D., Heuser, J. A. & Pollard, T. D. The interaction of Arp2/3 complex with actin: nucleation, high affinity pointed end capping, and formation of branching networks of filaments. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA95, 6181–6186 (1998). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Achard, V. et al. A “primer”-based mechanism underlies branched actin filament network formation and motility. Curr. Biol.20, 423–428 (2010). This paper reports the direct visualization of the absolute requirement of a primer filament in order to generate an ARP2/3-dependent branched actin network. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ichetovkin, I., Grant, W. & Condeelis, J. Cofilin produces newly polymerized actin filaments that are preferred for dendritic nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex. Curr. Biol.12, 79–84 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Chen, Q. & Pollard, T. D. Actin filament severing by cofilin dismantles actin patches and produces mother filaments for new patches. Curr. Biol.23, 1154–1162 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Zuchero, J. B., Coutts, A. S., Quinlan, M. E., Thangue, N. B. & Mullins, R. D. p53-cofactor JMY is a multifunctional actin nucleation factor. Nature Cell Biol.11, 451–459 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Firat-Karalar, E. N., Hsiue, P. P. & Welch, M. D. The actin nucleation factor JMY is a negative regulator of neuritogenesis. Mol. Biol. Cell22, 4563–4574 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Coutts, A. S., Weston, L. & La Thangue, N. B. A transcription co-factor integrates cell adhesion and motility with the p53 response. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA106, 19872–19877 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Schluter, K. et al. JMY is involved in anterograde vesicle trafficking from the _trans_-Golgi network. Eur. J. Cell Biol.93, 194–204 (2014). PubMed Google Scholar
Campellone, K. G., Webb, N. J., Znameroski, E. A. & Welch, M. D. WHAMM is an Arp2/3 complex activator that binds microtubules and functions in ER to Golgi transport. Cell134, 148–161 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Wagner, A. R., Luan, Q., Liu, S. L. & Nolen, B. J. Dip1 defines a class of Arp2/3 complex activators that function without preformed actin filaments. Curr. Biol.23, 1990–1998 (2013). This paper reports, for the first time, that some ARP2/3 activators, such as the orthologous proteins DIP1 and SPIN90, induce nucleation of linear actin filaments. Such activators may prime the ARP2/3 complex for the subsequent generation of branched actin networks. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim, D. J. et al. Interaction of SPIN90 with the Arp2/3 complex mediates lamellipodia and actin comet tail formation. J. Biol. Chem.281, 617–625 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Fukuoka, M. et al. A novel neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) binding protein, WISH, induces Arp2/3 complex activation independent of Cdc42. J. Cell Biol.152, 471–482 (2001). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Fukumi-Tominaga, T. et al. DIP/WISH-deficient mice reveal Dia- and N-WASP-interacting protein as a regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics in embryonic fibroblasts. Genes Cells14, 1197–1207 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Oh, H. et al. SPIN90 knockdown attenuates the formation and movement of endosomal vesicles in the early stages of epidermal growth factor receptor endocytosis. PLoS ONE8, e82610 (2013). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim, S. H. et al. Interaction of SPIN90 with syndapin is implicated in clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway in fibroblasts. Genes Cells11, 1197–1211 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Basu, R. & Chang, F. Characterization of dip1p reveals a switch in Arp2/3-dependent actin assembly for fission yeast endocytosis. Curr. Biol.21, 905–916 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Vinzenz, M. et al. Actin branching in the initiation and maintenance of lamellipodia. J. Cell Sci.125, 2775–2785 (2012). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Wu, C. et al. Loss of Arp2/3 induces an NF-κB-dependent, nonautonomous effect on chemotactic signaling. J. Cell Biol.203, 907–916 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Reinhard, M. et al. The 46/50 kDa phosphoprotein VASP purified from human platelets is a novel protein associated with actin filaments and focal contacts. EMBO J.11, 2063–2070 (1992). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Gertler, F. B., Niebuhr, K., Reinhard, M., Wehland, J. & Soriano, P. Mena, a relative of VASP and Drosophila Enabled, is implicated in the control of microfilament dynamics. Cell87, 227–239 (1996). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Chereau, D. & Dominguez, R. Understanding the role of the G-actin-binding domain of Ena/VASP in actin assembly. J. Struct. Biol.155, 195–201 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Michael, M., Vehlow, A., Navarro, C. & Krause, M. c-Abl, Lamellipodin, and Ena/VASP proteins cooperate in dorsal ruffling of fibroblasts and axonal morphogenesis. Curr. Biol.20, 783–791 (2010). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Skoble, J., Auerbuch, V., Goley, E. D., Welch, M. D. & Portnoy, D. A. Pivotal role of VASP in Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation, actin branch-formation, and Listeria monocytogenes motility. J. Cell Biol.155, 89–100 (2001). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Philippar, U. et al. A Mena invasion isoform potentiates EGF-induced carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis. Dev. Cell15, 813–828 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Pellegrin, S. & Mellor, H. The Rho family GTPase Rif induces filopodia through mDia2. Curr. Biol.15, 129–133 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Schirenbeck, A., Bretschneider, T., Arasada, R., Schleicher, M. & Faix, J. The Diaphanous-related formin dDia2 is required for the formation and maintenance of filopodia. Nature Cell Biol.7, 619–625 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lebrand, C. et al. Critical role of Ena/VASP proteins for filopodia formation in neurons and in function downstream of netrin-1. Neuron42, 37–49 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Yang, C. et al. Novel roles of formin mDia2 in lamellipodia and filopodia formation in motile cells. PLoS Biol.5, e317 (2007). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Block, J. et al. Filopodia formation induced by active mDia2/Drf3. J. Microsc.231, 506–517 (2008). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gupton, S. L., Eisenmann, K., Alberts, A. S. & Waterman-Storer, C. M. mDia2 regulates actin and focal adhesion dynamics and organization in the lamella for efficient epithelial cell migration. J. Cell Sci.120, 3475–3487 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Mejillano, M. R. et al. Lamellipodial versus filopodial mode of the actin nanomachinery: pivotal role of the filament barbed end. Cell118, 363–373 (2004). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Uruno, T., Remmert, K. & Hammer, J. A. CARMIL is a potent capping protein antagonist: identification of a conserved CARMIL domain that inhibits the activity of capping protein and uncaps capped actin filaments. J. Biol. Chem.281, 10635–10650 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Jung, G., Remmert, K., Wu, X., Volosky, J. M. & Hammer, J. A. The Dictyostelium CARMIL protein links capping protein and the Arp2/3 complex to type I myosins through their SH3 domains. J. Cell Biol.153, 1479–1497 (2001). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Zwolak, A. et al. CARMIL leading edge localization depends on a non-canonical PH domain and dimerization. Nature Commun.4, 2523 (2013). Google Scholar
Liang, Y., Niederstrasser, H., Edwards, M., Jackson, C. E. & Cooper, J. A. Distinct roles for CARMIL isoforms in cell migration. Mol. Biol. Cell20, 5290–5305 (2009). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bugyi, B., Didry, D. & Carlier, M. F. How tropomyosin regulates lamellipodial actin-based motility: a combined biochemical and reconstituted motility approach. EMBO J.29, 14–26 (2010). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Reymann, A. C. et al. Actin network architecture can determine myosin motor activity. Science336, 1310–1314 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Wilson, C. A. et al. Myosin II contributes to cell-scale actin network treadmilling through network disassembly. Nature465, 373–377 (2010). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Blanchoin, L., Pollard, T. D. & Mullins, R. D. Interactions of ADF/cofilin, Arp2/3 complex, capping protein and profilin in remodeling of branched actin filament networks. Curr. Biol.10, 1273–1282 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gandhi, M. et al. GMF is a cofilin homolog that binds Arp2/3 complex to stimulate filament debranching and inhibit actin nucleation. Curr. Biol.20, 861–867 (2010). The first paper to show that GMF is a specialized paralogue of cofilin that debranches ARP2/3 branched junctions from actin networks. CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Ydenberg, C. A. et al. GMF severs actin-Arp2/3 complex branch junctions by a cofilin-like mechanism. Curr. Biol.23, 1037–1045 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Luan, Q. & Nolen, B. J. Structural basis for regulation of Arp2/3 complex by GMF. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol.20, 1062–1068 (2013). CAS Google Scholar
Boczkowska, M., Rebowski, G. & Dominguez, R. Glia maturation factor (GMF) interacts with Arp2/3 complex in a nucleotide state-dependent manner. J. Biol. Chem.288, 25683–25688 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lippert, D. N. & Wilkins, J. A. Glia maturation factor gamma regulates the migration and adherence of human T lymphocytes. BMC Immunol.13, 21 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Zuo, P. et al. The expression of glia maturation factors and the effect of glia maturation factor-gamma on angiogenic sprouting in zebrafish. Exp. Cell Res.319, 707–717 (2013). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Li, Y. L. et al. Identification of glia maturation factor β as an independent prognostic predictor for serous ovarian cancer. Eur. J. Cancer46, 2104–2118 (2010). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Zuo, P. et al. High GMFG expression correlates with poor prognosis and promotes cell migration and invasion in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol. Oncol.132, 745–751 (2014). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Kaksonen, M., Peng, H. B. & Rauvala, H. Association of cortactin with dynamic actin in lamellipodia and on endosomal vesicles. J. Cell Sci.113, 4421–4426 (2000). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Cai, L., Makhov, A. M., Schafer, D. A. & Bear, J. E. Coronin 1B antagonizes cortactin and remodels Arp2/3-containing actin branches in lamellipodia. Cell134, 828–842 (2008). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Helgeson, L. A. & Nolen, B. J. Mechanism of synergistic activation of Arp2/3 complex by cortactin and N-WASP. eLife2, e00884 (2013). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bryce, N. S. et al. Cortactin promotes cell motility by enhancing lamellipodial persistence. Curr. Biol.15, 1276–1285 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lai, F. P. et al. Cortactin promotes migration and platelet-derived growth factor-induced actin reorganization by signaling to Rho-GTPases. Mol. Biol. Cell20, 3209–3223 (2009). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Sung, B. H., Zhu, X., Kaverina, I. & Weaver, A. M. Cortactin controls cell motility and lamellipodial dynamics by regulating ECM secretion. Curr. Biol.21, 1460–1469 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Clark, E. S., Whigham, A. S., Yarbrough, W. G. & Weaver, A. M. Cortactin is an essential regulator of matrix metalloproteinase secretion and extracellular matrix degradation in invadopodia. Cancer Res.67, 4227–4235 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Puthenveedu, M. A. et al. Sequence-dependent sorting of recycling proteins by actin-stabilized endosomal microdomains. Cell143, 761–773 (2010). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Chan, K. T., Creed, S. J. & Bear, J. E. Unraveling the enigma: progress towards understanding the coronin family of actin regulators. Trends Cell Biol.21, 481–488 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
de Hostos, E. L. et al. Dictyostelium mutants lacking the cytoskeletal protein coronin are defective in cytokinesis and cell motility. J. Cell Biol.120, 163–173 (1993). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Brieher, W. M., Kueh, H. Y., Ballif, B. A. & Mitchison, T. J. Rapid actin monomer-insensitive depolymerization of Listeria actin comet tails by cofilin, coronin, and Aip1. J. Cell Biol.175, 315–324 (2006). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Galkin, V. E. et al. Coronin-1A stabilizes F-actin by bridging adjacent actin protomers and stapling opposite strands of the actin filament. J. Mol. Biol.376, 607–613 (2008). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gandhi, M., Achard, V., Blanchoin, L. & Goode, B. L. Coronin switches roles in actin disassembly depending on the nucleotide state of actin. Mol. Cell34, 364–374 (2009). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Humphries, C. L. et al. Direct regulation of Arp2/3 complex activity and function by the actin binding protein coronin. J. Cell Biol.159, 993–1004 (2002). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Liu, S. L., Needham, K. M., May, J. R. & Nolen, B. J. Mechanism of a concentration-dependent switch between activation and inhibition of Arp2/3 complex by coronin. J. Biol. Chem.286, 17039–17046 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Cai, L., Marshall, T. W., Uetrecht, A. C., Schafer, D. A. & Bear, J. E. Coronin 1B coordinates Arp2/3 complex and cofilin activities at the leading edge. Cell128, 915–929 (2007). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Cai, L., Holoweckyj, N., Schaller, M. D. & Bear, J. E. Phosphorylation of coronin 1B by protein kinase C regulates interaction with Arp2/3 and cell motility. J. Biol. Chem.280, 31913–31923 (2005). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Williams, H. C. et al. Role of coronin 1B in PDGF-induced migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ. Res.111, 56–65 (2012). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Rocca, D. L., Martin, S., Jenkins, E. L. & Hanley, J. G. Inhibition of Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization by PICK1 regulates neuronal morphology and AMPA receptor endocytosis. Nature Cell Biol.10, 259–271 (2008). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Maritzen, T. et al. Gadkin negatively regulates cell spreading and motility via sequestration of the actin-nucleating ARP2/3 complex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA109, 10382–10387 (2012). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Dang, I. et al. Inhibitory signalling to the Arp2/3 complex steers cell migration. Nature503, 281–284 (2013). This paper reports the identification of the ARP2/3 inhibitory protein Arpin and its inhibitory role in cell migration. Arpin inhibits the two major parameters of cell migration: cell speed and directional persistence. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Nakamura, Y. et al. PICK1 inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex controls dendritic spine size and synaptic plasticity. EMBO J.30, 719–730 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Rocca, D. L. et al. The small GTPase Arf1 modulates Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization via PICK1 to regulate synaptic plasticity. Neuron79, 293–307 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Harms, B. D., Bassi, G. M., Horwitz, A. R. & Lauffenburger, D. A. Directional persistence of EGF-induced cell migration is associated with stabilization of lamellipodial protrusions. Biophys. J.88, 1479–1488 (2005). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Arrieumerlou, C. & Meyer, T. A local coupling model and compass parameter for eukaryotic chemotaxis. Dev. Cell8, 215–227 (2005). This study challenges the model that lamellipodium formation during chemotaxis is controlled by the global integration of competing signals. It instead shows that cells self-polarize and that the local activation of receptors generates small protrusions of existing lamellipodia towards the guidance cue (see also reference 163). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Andrew, N. & Insall, R. H. Chemotaxis in shallow gradients is mediated independently of PtdIns 3-kinase by biased choices between random protrusions. Nature Cell Biol.9, 193–200 (2007). This study challenges existing models that lamellipodia are generatedde novoin the direction of a guidance cue. This paper instead shows that lamellipodia are randomly generated and the ones that extend towards the chemoattractant are maintained. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Welch, M. D., Rosenblatt, J., Skoble, J., Portnoy, D. A. & Mitchison, T. J. Interaction of human Arp2/3 complex and the Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein in actin filament nucleation. Science281, 105–108 (1998). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Smith, G. A., Theriot, J. A. & Portnoy, D. A. The tandem repeat domain in the Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein controls the rate of actin-based motility, the percentage of moving bacteria, and the localization of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein and profilin. J. Cell Biol.135, 647–660 (1996). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Krause, M. et al. Fyn-binding protein (Fyb)/SLP-76- associated protein (SLAP), Ena/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) proteins and the Arp2/3 complex link T cell receptor (TCR) signaling to the actin cytoskeleton. J. Cell Biol.149, 181–194 (2000). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Danuser, G., Allard, J. & Mogilner, A. Mathematical modeling of eukaryotic cell migration: insights beyond experiments. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.29, 501–528 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Wu, C. F. & Lew, D. J. Beyond symmetry-breaking: competition and negative feedback in GTPase regulation. Trends Cell Biol.23, 476–483 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Novak, B. & Tyson, J. J. Design principles of biochemical oscillators. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.9, 981–991 (2008). CAS Google Scholar
Weiner, O. D. et al. Spatial control of actin polymerization during neutrophil chemotaxis. Nature Cell Biol.1, 75–81 (1999). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Osmani, N., Peglion, F., Chavrier, P. & Etienne-Manneville, S. Cdc42 localization and cell polarity depend on membrane traffic. J. Cell Biol.191, 1261–1269 (2010). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bretscher, M. S. Asymmetry of single cells and where that leads. Annu. Rev. Biochem.83, 275–289 (2014). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Desai, S. P., Bhatia, S. N., Toner, M. & Irimia, D. Mitochondrial localization and the persistent migration of epithelial cancer cells. Biophys. J.104, 2077–2088 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Iden, S. & Collard, J. G. Crosstalk between small GTPases and polarity proteins in cell polarization. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.9, 846–859 (2008). CAS Google Scholar
Etienne-Manneville, S. Microtubules in cell migration. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.29, 471–499 (2013). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bos, J. L., Rehmann, H. & Wittinghofer, A. GEFs and GAPs: critical elements in the control of small G proteins. Cell129, 865–877 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Castro-Castro, A. et al. Coronin 1A promotes a cytoskeletal-based feedback loop that facilitates Rac1 translocation and activation. EMBO J.30, 3913–3927 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Fujiwara, I., Remmert, K. & Hammer, J. A. Direct observation of the uncapping of capping protein-capped actin filaments by CARMIL homology domain 3. J. Biol. Chem.285, 2707–2720 (2010). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Garcia Arguinzonis, M. I., Galler, A. B., Walter, U., Reinhard, M. & Simm, A. Increased spreading, Rac/p21-activated kinase (PAK) activity, and compromised cell motility in cells deficient in vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). J. Biol. Chem.277, 45604–45610 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Lawson, C. D. & Burridge, K. The on-off relationship of Rho and Rac during integrin-mediated adhesion and cell migration. Small GTPases5, e27958 (2014). PubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Jones, M. C., Machida, K., Mayer, B. J. & Turner, C. E. Paxillin kinase linker (PKL) regulates Vav2 signaling during cell spreading and migration. Mol. Biol. Cell24, 1882–1894 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Weiner, O. D. et al. A PtdInsP3- and Rho GTPase-mediated positive feedback loop regulates neutrophil polarity. Nature Cell Biol.4, 509–513 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Millius, A., Dandekar, S. N., Houk, A. R. & Weiner, O. D. Neutrophils establish rapid and robust WAVE complex polarity in an actin-dependent fashion. Curr. Biol.19, 253–259 (2009). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kuiper, J. W., Sun, C., Magalhaes, M. A. & Glogauer, M. Rac regulates PtdInsP3 signaling and the chemotactic compass through a redox-mediated feedback loop. Blood118, 6164–6171 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Cheng, G., Diebold, B. A., Hughes, Y. & Lambeth, J. D. Nox1-dependent reactive oxygen generation is regulated by Rac1. J. Biol. Chem.281, 17718–17726 (2006). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Taulet, N., Delorme-Walker, V. D. & DerMardirossian, C. Reactive oxygen species regulate protrusion efficiency by controlling actin dynamics. PLoS ONE7, e41342 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Morimatsu, T., Kawagoshi, A., Yoshida, K. & Tamura, M. Actin enhances the activation of human neutrophil NADPH oxidase in a cell-free system. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.230, 206–210 (1997). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Usatyuk, P. V. et al. Regulation of hyperoxia-induced NADPH oxidase activation in human lung endothelial cells by the actin cytoskeleton and cortactin. J. Biol. Chem.282, 23284–23295 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pankov, R. et al. A Rac switch regulates random versus directionally persistent cell migration. J. Cell Biol.170, 793–802 (2005). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Millius, A., Watanabe, N. & Weiner, O. D. Diffusion, capture and recycling of SCAR/WAVE and Arp2/3 complexes observed in cells by single-molecule imaging. J. Cell Sci.125, 1165–1176 (2012). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Parrini, M. C. et al. SH3BP1, an exocyst-associated RhoGAP, inactivates Rac1 at the front to drive cell motility. Mol. Cell42, 650–661 (2011). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Endris, V. et al. SrGAP3 interacts with lamellipodin at the cell membrane and regulates Rac-dependent cellular protrusions. J. Cell Sci.124, 3941–3955 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Soderling, S. H. et al. The WRP component of the WAVE-1 complex attenuates Rac-mediated signalling. Nature Cell Biol.4, 970–975 (2002). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Suetsugu, S. & Gautreau, A. Synergistic BAR-NPF interactions in actin-driven membrane remodeling. Trends Cell Biol.22, 141–150 (2012). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Yamazaki, D., Itoh, T., Miki, H. & Takenawa, T. srGAP1 regulates lamellipodial dynamics and cell migratory behavior by modulating Rac1 activity. Mol. Biol. Cell24, 3393–3405 (2013). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Allard, J. & Mogilner, A. Traveling waves in actin dynamics and cell motility. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.25, 107–115 (2013). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Ryan, G. L., Watanabe, N. & Vavylonis, D. A review of models of fluctuating protrusion and retraction patterns at the leading edge of motile cells. Cytoskeleton69, 195–206 (2012). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Xiong, Y., Huang, C. H., Iglesias, P. A. & Devreotes, P. N. Cells navigate with a local-excitation, global-inhibition-biased excitable network. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA107, 17079–17086 (2010). This paper reports the so-called LEGI-BEN model of cell migration, which is a major model accounting for chemotactic behaviour. It explains in particular how cells are intrinsically able to maintain a polarized state associated with directional persistence through the propagation of waves, which involves positive feedback and an inhibitor, and how this ability is biased in chemotaxis to obtain accurate directionality. CASPubMed Google Scholar
Bugyi, B. & Carlier, M. F. Control of actin filament treadmilling in cell motility. Annu. Rev. Biophys.39, 449–470 (2010). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Pollard, T. D. Regulation of actin filament assembly by Arp2/3 complex and formins. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct.36, 451–477 (2007). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Carlier, M. F., Husson, C., Renault, L. & Didry, D. Control of actin assembly by the WH2 domains and their multifunctional tandem repeats in Spire and Cordon-Bleu. Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol.290, 55–85 (2011). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Qualmann, B. & Kessels, M. M. New players in actin polymerization—WH2-domain-containing actin nucleators. Trends Cell Biol.19, 276–285 (2009). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Chesarone, M. A. & Goode, B. L. Actin nucleation and elongation factors: mechanisms and interplay. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.21, 28–37 (2009). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Morishige, M. et al. GEP100 links epidermal growth factor receptor signalling to Arf6 activation to induce breast cancer invasion. Nature Cell Biol.10, 85–92 (2008). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Haines, E., Saucier, C. & Claing, A. The adaptor proteins p66Shc and Grb2 regulate the activation of the GTPases ARF1 and ARF6 in invasive breast cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem.289, 5687–5703 (2014). CASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar