A possible role for humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (original) (raw)

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Correspondence to: Professor G. M. Halliday, PhD, Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia E-mail: g.halliday@unsw.edu.au

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Received:

03 September 2004

Revision received:

30 July 2005

Published:

11 October 2005

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Carolyn F. Orr, Dominic B. Rowe, Yoshikuni Mizuno, Hideo Mori, Glenda M. Halliday, A possible role for humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, Brain, Volume 128, Issue 11, November 2005, Pages 2665–2674, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh625
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Abstract

The pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease is unknown, but nigral degeneration and depigmentation are associated with microglial inflammation and anti-inflammatory medications appear to protect against the disease. The possibility that humoral immunity may play a role in initiating or regulating the inflammation has been suggested by experimental studies triggering dopamine cell death using a variety of transfer strategies and the observation of CD8+ T lymphocytes and complement in the nigra in Parkinson's disease. We analysed the association between degeneration and humoral immune markers in brain tissue of patients with idiopathic (n = 13) or genetic (n = 2 with α-synuclein and n = 1 with parkin mutations) Parkinson's disease and controls without neurological disease (n = 12) to determine the humoral immune involvement in Parkinson's disease. Formalin-fixed tissue samples from the substantia nigra and primary visual cortex for comparison were stained for α-synuclein, major histocompatibility complex II (HLA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG subclasses 1–4 and IgG receptors FcγR I–III. Antigen retrieval and both single immunoperoxidase and double immunofluorescence procedures were employed to determine the cell types involved and their pattern and semiquantitative densities. Significant dopamine neuron loss occurred in all patients with Parkinson's disease, negatively correlating with disease duration (r = −0.76, P = 0.002). Although all patients had increased inflammatory HLA immunopositive microglia, the degree of inflammation was similar throughout the disease (r = 0.08, P = 0.82). All patients with Parkinson's disease had IgG binding on dopamine neurons but not IgM binding. Lewy bodies were strongly immunolabelled with IgG. A mean 30 ± 12% of dopamine nigral neurons were immunoreactive for IgG in Parkinson's disease with the proportion of IgG immunopositive neurons negatively correlating with the degree of cell loss in the substantia nigra (r = −0.67, P < 0.0001) and positively correlating with the number of HLA immunopositive microglia (r = 0.51, P = 0.01). Most neuronal IgG was the IgG1 subclass with some IgG3 and less IgG2 also found in the damaged substantia nigra. The high affinity activating IgG receptor, FcγRI, was expressed on nearby activated microglia. The low affinity activating IgG receptor, FcγRIII was expressed on cells morphologically resembling lymphocytes, whereas immunoreactivity for the inhibitory IgG receptor FcγRII was absent in all cases. This pattern of humoral immune reactivity is consistent with an immune activation of microglia leading to the targeting of dopamine nigral neurons for destruction in both idiopathic and genetic cases of Parkinson's disease.

© The Author (2005). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Topic:

• dopamine
• parkinson disease
• inflammation
• mutation
• human leukocyte antigens
• fluorescent antibody technique
• lewy bodies
• microglia
• neurons
• substantia nigra
• immunoglobulin g
• immunoglobulin m
• genetics
• immunity, humoral
• dopaminergic neurons
• affinity
• park2 gene
• illness length
• tissue degeneration

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