An Africa-wide genomic evolution of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus involves selective sweeps, copy number variations, gene conversion and transposons (original) (raw)
Fig 2
Genetic differentiation between Anopheles funestus populations.
(A) TreeMix phylogeny showing the relationship between all An. funestus populations (using PoolSeq data). The drift parameter on the x-axis reflects the amount of genetic drift among populations. The tree was created from all genome-wide SNPs passing filters, without migration edges inferred, and ten iterations of TreeMix produced identical topologies. (B) Genetic differentiation (fixation index F ST) on chromosome 2 between An. funestus populations from Benin and Mozambique. Each point represents F ST calculated for a sliding window of 50 kb, moving in 25 kb steps (using PoolSeq data). The highest 1% and 0.1% of F ST values are shown in orange and red, respectively. Peaks of genetic differentiation at the CYP6 cluster (under selection in both populations) and the GSTe cluster (under selection in Benin only) are indicated. (C) Genetic differentiation (fixation index F ST) on chromosome 2 between An. funestus populations from Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa). A peak of genetic differentiation at the CYP6 cluster (under selection in both populations) is indicated. (D) Genetic differentiation (fixation index F ST) on chromosome 2 between An. funestus populations from Ghana and Cameroon, showing around 7 extended regions of elevated divergence on arm 2R.