An Africa-wide genomic evolution of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus involves selective sweeps, copy number variations, gene conversion and transposons (original) (raw)
Fig 6
Signatures of selection spanning other resistance associated genomic loci.
A) A selective sweep spanning a Glutathione S-transferase (GST) epsilon gene cluster associated with DDT and pyrethroid resistance in Benin (BEN). The gene cluster contains GSTe2, which is highly over-expressed in Benin. Lines are kernel-smoothed Tajima’s D values calculated for 10 kb windows moving in steps of 5 kb. The vertical lines indicate the start and end of the GSTe cluster. (B) Loss of genetic diversity (reduced minor allele frequencies, MAF) spanning a highly over-expressed CYP9K1 P450 gene on the X chromosome in Uganda. Lines are kernel-smoothed minor allele frequencies (MAF) as these showed the sweep more clearly that Tajima’s D. The vertical lines indicate the start and end of the CYP9K1 gene. (C) Increased copy number in the Uganda population of a region of the X chromosome containing three genes (arrows), from left to right: AFUN007547, AFUN007548 and AFUN007549 (CYP9K1). The red line indicates coverage depth relative the genomic median, with a horizontal black line at 1. The red rectangle and vertical dotted lines indicate the putative duplicated region. (D) One edge of the region of increased coverage depth (the grey plot) on the X chromosome in the Uganda population, upstream of the CYP9K1 gene (black arrow), corresponds to a putative transposable element insertion in the genomes of mosquitoes in Tororo, Uganda.