Forced Resurgence and Targeting of Intracellular Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Reservoirs (original) (raw)
Figure 1
Chitosan affects UPEC growth, biofilm formation, and interactions with BECs.
(A) Growth of UTI89 in modified M9 medium containing increasing concentrations of chitosan (0.00002, 0.0002, 0.002%) or phosphate buffer (pH 4.5). Data shown are representative of three independent experiments carried out in triplicate. (B) Graph shows chitosan effects on biofilm production by UTI89 relative to untreated controls, as measured by microtiter plate assays. Data represent mean results ± SEM from three separate experiments performed in quadruplicate. Inset shows an example of filamentous bacteria in 0.002% chitosan; scale bar, 10 μm. Chitosan (0.0002 or 0.002%) effects on (C) UTI89 growth in RPMI medium during a 2-h incubation with 5637 BECs, (D) bacterial attachment to BECs, (E) bacterial invasion of BECs, and (F) bacterial survival within BECs over a 14-h period were quantified relative to buffer-treated controls. The data in F were normalized by dividing the numbers of surviving intracellular bacteria recovered from BECs after the 14-h incubation with gentamicin by the numbers of invading bacteria present after the 2-h incubation with gentamicin. Graphs show mean results ± SEM from three independent experiments performed in triplicate. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 versus buffer-treated controls, as determined by Student’s t test with Welch’s correction when appropriate.