Role of Heparan Sulfate in Cellular Infection of Integrin-Binding Coxsackievirus A9 and Human Parechovirus 1 Isolates (original) (raw)
Fig 5
Effect of protamine on CV-A9 and HPeV-1 infections.
(A and C) A549 cells were incubated with protamine (0.5 and 2 mg/ml) for 2 hours prior to infection. Infections were allowed to proceed for 6 h and followed by antibody staining and immunofluorescence microscopy. (B and D) Relative infectivities of the isolates were calculated from the immunofluorescence images as the ratio of infected cells to the total cell number. The non-treated control cells were given the value of 100%. Standard deviations are shown in the figures. * indicates that p<0.001 in (B), in (D) p-value is <0.001 in all cases.