Leishmania Manipulation of Sand Fly Feeding Behavior Results in Enhanced Transmission (original) (raw)
Figure 2
Kaplan–Meier Plots Showing Survival of Lutzomyia longipalpis Under Various Experimental Conditions.
(A) Normal insectary conditions. Flies were fed by membrane feeding on rabbit blood alone (filled squares), blood containing L. mexicana lesion amastigotes (open triangle), or L. infantum splenic amastigotes (open circle). Groups of 300 fed female flies were monitored daily for the occurrence of new deaths.
(B) Stress conditions. The experiment was performed as in (A), except that flies were stressed on a daily basis by incubating them at 16 °C without a sugar meal for 2 h and forcing them to fly during a 30-min period by continuously agitating the cage.
(C) Effect of L. mexicana developmental rate on survival of sand fly vector. Flies were infected with L. mexicana exponential phase– (up-ended open triangle) or stationary phase– (down-ended open triangle) cultured amastigotes and maintained under normal insectary conditions.
(D) The experiment was performed as in (C), except that flies were stressed on a daily basis as described for (A).