Targeted Restoration of the Intestinal Microbiota with a Simple, Defined Bacteriotherapy Resolves Relapsing Clostridium difficile Disease in Mice (original) (raw)
Figure 2
Epidemic C. difficile 027/BI-7 induces intestinal dysbiosis in mice.
a) Temporal changes in the Shannon Diversity Indices (SDI) of the intestinal microbiota from naïve C57BL/6 mice, clindamycin treated (7 days) naïve C57BL/6 mice or clindamycin treated C57BL6 mice infected with C. difficile 027/BI-7 or 017/M68 (n = 2 mice/group). Fecal samples were collected for DNA extraction two days before clindamycin treatment/infection, 7 days post-treatment/post-infection and 49 days post-treatment/post-infection. b) Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences (variable regions 2–5) derived from fecal pellets of naïve mice (n = 17), C. difficile carriers (n = 5; 35–49 days post-infection), mice undergoing clindamycin treatment (n = 12), mice recovered from clindamycin treatment (n = 4; 42 days after cessation of treatment) and persisting supershedders of C. difficile 027/BI-7 (n = 15; 35–49 days post-infection). SS, supershedder; car, carrier; clin recov, mice treated with clindamycin for 7 days and then sampled 42 days later; naïve clin, naïve mice treated with clindamycin for 7 days and then sampled; 027 clin (017 clin), mice infected with C. difficile 027/BI-7 (017/M68) and treated with clindamycin for 7 days and then sampled. Community diversity patterns were determined using the Bray Curtis calculator on 336 OTUs (12,316 clones) sharing 98% identity and the Shannon Diversity Index calculated as described. Various murine genetic backgrounds were tested including, C57BL/6, C57BL/6 p40−/−, C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ, as indicated. c) Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles of the intestinal microbiota from naïve C57BL/6 mice, clindamycin-treated C57BL/6 mice that had been allowed to recover for 49 days prior to sampling and C. difficile 027/BI-7 supershedding C57BL/6 mice (n = 5 mice/group).