Coxsackievirus B Exits the Host Cell in Shed Microvesicles Displaying Autophagosomal Markers (original) (raw)
Figure 14
Model of Timer-CVB3 dissemination by EMVs triggered following stem cell migration and differentiation.
NPSCs are highly susceptible to CVB3 infection. Upon progenitor cell migration and differentiation, LC3 II+ EMVs containing infectious virus are shed by cells. Both the differentiation process and viral infection enhance shedding of single membrane EMVs derived from the autophagy pathway. Neutralizing antibodies may be ineffective against infectious virus within the protected environment of the extracellular microvesicle. Fusion of EMVs with cells assists in CVB3 dissemination and expansion to new target cells, some of which do not express the CVB3 receptor for entry (CAR). New target cells are identified by the expression of recent viral protein (green).