Reduction in Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Severe Hypoglycemia in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes During the First Year of Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Multicenter Analysis of 3,553 Subjects From the DPV Registry (original) (raw)

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E-Letters: Observations| January 22 2020

Martin Tauschmann

;

1Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Julia M. Hermann

;

2ZIBMT, Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

3German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany

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Clemens Freiberg;

4Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

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Matthias Papsch;

5Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Marienhospital GmbH, Gelsenkirchen, Germany

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Angelika Thon;

6Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

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Bettina Heidtmann;

7Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany

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Kerstin Placzeck;

8Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Martin-Luther University, Halle, Germany

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Dirk Agena;

9Hildesheim Kinderarztpraxis, Hildesheim, Germany

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Thomas M. Kapellen;

10Division for Paediatric Diabetology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

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Bernd Schenk;

11Department of Pediatrics, Helios Kliniken Schwerin, Schwerin, Germany

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Johannes Wolf;

12Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, St. Vincenz Hospital, Paderborn, Germany

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Thomas Danne

;

13Diabetes Center for Children and Adolescents, Kinder- und Jugendkrankenhaus Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany

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Birgit Rami-Merhar;

1Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Reinhard W. Holl

2ZIBMT, Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

3German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany

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on behalf of the DPV Initiative

Diabetes Care 2020;43(3):e40–e42

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Citation

Martin Tauschmann, Julia M. Hermann, Clemens Freiberg, Matthias Papsch, Angelika Thon, Bettina Heidtmann, Kerstin Placzeck, Dirk Agena, Thomas M. Kapellen, Bernd Schenk, Johannes Wolf, Thomas Danne, Birgit Rami-Merhar, Reinhard W. Holl; on behalf of the DPV Initiative, Reduction in Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Severe Hypoglycemia in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes During the First Year of Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Multicenter Analysis of 3,553 Subjects From the DPV Registry. _Diabetes Care 1 March 2020; 43 (3): e40–e42. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-1358

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Use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems has become standard of care in type 1 diabetes (T1D) in many countries, particularly in children and adolescents (1,2). Results from clinical trials indicate that use of CGM leads to improved metabolic control and reduction in nonsevere hypoglycemia compared with self-monitoring of capillary blood glucose (3,4). Benefits are seen irrespective of insulin delivery method (pump or pen) (4,5) but are conditioned on near-daily sensor usage (4).

Trial participants, however, are often biased toward higher education level, greater therapy adherence, and better self-management. Small sample size and short trial duration very often preclude appropriate assessment of CGM impact on rare events such as severe hypoglycemia (SH) or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

We therefore used real-world data from the German-Austrian-Swiss-Luxembourgian Diabetes Prospective Follow-up (DPV) registry to longitudinally assess HbA1c, SH, and DKA during the first year after initiation of CGM, including real-time CGM and intermittently scanned/viewed CGM. Anonymized patient registry records were analyzed. SH was defined as events requiring external assistance by another person and events resulting in coma/convulsion. DKA was defined by pH level <7.3. All HbA1c values were Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) standardized.

Selection criteria included T1D, <18 years of age, >1 year of diabetes duration, available registry data 6 months prior to CGM start (baseline period), and at least 1 year of follow-up after CGM initiation. Documented sensor use for at least 50% of the time during both follow-up periods was required: 1) the first 6 months following CGM initiation (excluding the first 6 weeks) and 2) months 6–12 on CGM. All outcome measures were summarized over the 6-month periods. Data for this analysis were collected from 2005 to 2018 (2018, 23% of data; 2017, 49%; 2016, 24%; and ≤2015, 4%). Comparisons (follow-up periods vs. baseline) were performed using nonparametric tests for paired data (McNemar test and Wilcoxon signed rank test). Event rates were analyzed based on generalized estimation equation models with Poisson distribution and 1st-order autoregressive correlation structure to account for individual time under risk and longitudinal data. SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC), was used for statistical analysis. Two-sided P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Inclusion criteria were met by 3,553 pediatric patients (median age 12.1 years [quartile 1–quartile 3 9.2–14.6] and T1D duration 4.2 years [2.3–6.7]; 53% males), with 62% of subjects on insulin pumps. Fourteen percent of eligible patients were using real-time CGM, 46% were on intermittently scanned/viewed CGM, and for 39% of subjects no definitive sensor type was recorded.

Results of our analysis are summarized in Table 1. HbA1c levels were statistically lower during the first 6 months (P < 0.0001) and months 6–12 (P < 0.0001) after CGM start compared with baseline. The percentage of people achieving HbA1c levels <7.5% (58 mmol/mol) was higher after 6 and 12 months of CGM use (for both baseline vs. 6 months and baseline vs. 12 months, P < 0.0001). The proportion of people experiencing at least one DKA episode was significantly lower after 6 (P = 0.0055) and 12 (P = 0.0143) months on CGM compared with baseline, as were DKA event rates (events/100 patient-years) during months 6–12 on CGM (P = 0.0254).

Table 1

Comparison of clinical outcomes at baseline with outcomes assessed during the first 6 months of CGM use and during months 6–12 after CGM initiation

Data are median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated. Baseline, 6 months prior to CGM start; follow-up 1, outcomes assessed during the first 6 months of CGM use; follow-up 2, outcomes assessed during months 6–12 after CGM initiation (n = 3,553). McNemar test was used for dichotomous variables, and Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for continuous variables. Event rates were analyzed using a Poisson generalized estimation equation model. 100py, 100 person-years.

Six months and 12 months after CGM initiation, significantly fewer patients experienced at least one SH event requiring external help (baseline vs. 6 months, P < 0.0001; baseline vs. 12 months, P = 0.0366) and there were significantly fewer patients with one or more episodes of SH coma (baseline vs. 6 months, P < 0.0001; baseline vs. 12 months, P = 0.0153). Although not statistically significant, SH event rates requiring external assistance, and event rates for SH with coma/convulsion, were lower with CGM use compared with self-monitoring of capillary blood glucose. This discrepancy in significance might suggest that some patients had experienced repeated SH events despite CGM use.

Our longitudinal analysis of real-world data confirms results from randomized clinical trials showing that regular CGM use is associated with improved metabolic control. We observed a persistent reduction in the proportion of patients experiencing DKA when using CGM and a reduction in DKA event rates. The proportion of patients experiencing SH events (with or without coma/convulsion) was significantly lower with CGM use. In large CGM randomized clinical trials (4,5), DKA and SH episodes were infrequent and did not differ between groups. However, neither of these trials was powered to detect differences in DKA or SH. Our findings complement the existing evidence on CGM benefits in pediatric T1D.

One strength of this study is its population-based multicenter database including real-world data from >80% of pediatric patients in Germany, Austria, and Luxembourg. Limitations are its observational design and possible reporting biases due to the registry structure. No subgroup analysis on baseline metabolic control, diabetes treatment type, or type of CGM was performed.

In summary, initiation and regular use of CGM in children and adolescents with T1D was associated with a reduction in DKA and SH and a modest improvement in metabolic control. Further analyses looking into differences between CGM sensor types are warranted.

M.T. and J.M.H. contributed equally to this manuscript.

Article Information

Acknowledgments. The authors acknowledge all 200 participating centers in Germany, Luxembourg, and Austria that contributed data to this analysis (Germany, 180; Luxembourg, 1; and Austria, 19). The authors give special thanks to A. Hungele and R. Ranz for DPV documentation software support and to K. Fink and E. Bollow for DPV data management support (all clinical data managers, University of Ulm).

Funding. This study was partly supported by the German Diabetes Society (Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Berlin, Germany), integrated into the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) (FKZ 82DZD14A02). This project received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 115797 (INNODIA project).

Duality of Interest. Additional funding was provided by Sanofi and Abbott. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.

Author Contributions. M.T. and J.M.H. wrote the manuscript and analyzed the data. M.T., J.M.H., and R.W.H. researched and analyzed the data and reviewed and edited the manuscript. C.F., M.P., A.T., B.H., K.P., D.A., T.M.K., B.S., J.W., T.D., and B.R.-M. contributed to discussion and reviewed and edited the manuscript. J.M.H. is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Prior Presentation. Parts of this study were presented in abstract form at the 54th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Berlin, Germany, 1–5 October 2018.

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