Development of the Community Water Model (CWatM v1.04) – a high-resolution hydrological model for global and regional assessment of integrated water resources management (original) (raw)
Alcamo, J., Döll, P., Henrichs, T., Kaspar, F., Lehner, B., Rösch, T., and Siebert, S.: Development and testing of the WaterGAP 2 global model of water use and availability, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 48, 317–338, https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.48.3.317.45290, 2003.
Alcamo, J., Flörke, M., and Märker, M.: Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climatic changes, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 52, 247–275, https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.52.2.247, 2007.
Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., and Smith, M.: Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56, FAO, Rome, 300, D05109, 1998.
Anderson, E.: Snow Accumulation and Ablation Model – SNOW-17, Technical report, 2006.
Bakker, M., Post, V., Langevin, C. D., Hughes, J. D., White, J. T., Starn, J. J., and Fienen, M. N.: Scripting MODFLOW Model Development Using Python and FloPy, Groundwater, 54, 733–739, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12413, 2016.
Balkovič, J., van der Velde, M., Skalský, R., Xiong, W., Folberth, C., Khabarov, N., Smirnov, A., Mueller, N. D., and Obersteiner, M.: Global wheat production potentials and management flexibility under the representative concentration pathways, Global Planet. Change, 122, 107–121, doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.08.010, 2014.
Beck, H. E., van Dijk, A. I. J. M., de Roo, A., Miralles, D. G., McVicar, T. R., Schellekens, J., and Bruijnzeel, L. A.: Global-scale regionalization of hydrologic model parameters, Water Resour. Res., 52, 3599–3622, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018247, 2016.
Beck, H. E., van Dijk, A. I. J. M., Levizzani, V., Schellekens, J., Miralles, D. G., Martens, B., and de Roo, A.: MSWEP: 3-hourly 0.25∘ global gridded precipitation (1979–2015) by merging gauge, satellite, and reanalysis data, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 589–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-589-2017, 2017.
Bergstrom, S.: Principles and confidence in hydrological modelling, Nord. Hydrol., 22, 123–136, 1991.
Bergström, S. and Forsman, A.: Development of a conceptual deterministic rainfall-runoff model, Nord. Hydrol., 4, 147–170, 1973.
Bierkens, M. F. P.: Global hydrology 2015: State, trends, and directions, Water Resour. Res., 51, 4923–4947, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017173, 2015.
Bierkens, M. F. P., Reinhard, S., de Bruijn, J. A., Veninga, W., and Wada, Y.: The Shadow Price of Irrigation Water in Major Groundwater-Depleting Countries, Water Resour. Res., 55, 4266–4287, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR023086, 2019.
Bollrich, G. and Preißler, G.: Technische Hydromechanik – Grundlagen, Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin, Wien, Zürich, 449 pp., 1992.
Bondeau, A., Smith, P. C., Zaehle, S., Schaphoff, S., Lucht, W., Cramer, W., Gerten, D., Lotze-campen, H., Müller, C., Reichstein, M., and Smith, B.: Modelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century global terrestrial carbon balance, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 679–706, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01305.x, 2007.
Burek, P. and Satoh, Y.: CWATM v1.04 – 0.5 deg dataset (Version v1.04) [Data set], Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3528098, 2019.
Burek, P., van der Knijff, J., and de Roo, A.: LISFLOOD Distributed Water Balance and Flood Simulation Model, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Luxembourg, 2013.
Burek, P., Satoh, Y., Fischer, G., Kahil, M. T., Scherzer, A., Tramberend, S., Nava, L. F., Wada, Y., Eisner, S., Flörke, M., Hanasaki, N., Magnuszewski, P., Cosgrove, B., and Wiberg, D.: Water Futures and Solution – Fast Track Initiative (Final Report), IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, IIASA Working Paper, 2016.
Burek, P., Smilovic, M., Satoh, Y., Kahil, T., Guillaumot, L., Tang, T., and Wada, Y.: Community Water Model (CwatM) (Version v1.04), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3361478, 2019.
Chow, V. T., Maidment, D. R., and Mays, L. W.: Applied hydrology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998.
Clark, M. P., Kavetski, D., and Fenicia, F.: Pursuing the method of multiple working hypotheses for hydrological modeling, Water Resour. Res., 47, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009827, 2011.
Clark, M. P., Nijssen, B., Lundquist, J. D., Kavetski, D., Rupp, D. E., Woods, R. A., Freer, J. E., Gutmann, E. D., Wood, A. W., Brekke, L. D., Arnold, J. R., Gochis, D. J., and Rasmussen, R. M.: A unified approach for process-based hydrologic modeling: 1. Modeling concept, Water Resour. Res., 51, 2498–2514, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017198, 2015.
CWatM github sourcecode: available at: https://github.com/cwatm/cwatm, last access: 27 July 2020.
Deb, K., Pratap, A., Agarwal, S., and Meyarivan, T.: A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II, IEEE T. Evolut. Comput., 6, 182–197, https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.996017, 2002.
Decharme, B., Delire, C., Minvielle, M., Colin, J., Vergnes, J. P., Alias, A., Saint-Martin, D., Séférian, R., Sénési, S., and Voldoire, A.: Recent Changes in the ISBA-CTRIP Land Surface System for Use in the CNRM-CM6 Climate Model and in Global Off-Line Hydrological Applications, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 11, 1207–1252, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001545, 2019.
de Graaf, I. E. M., van Beek, L. P. H., Wada, Y., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: Dynamic attribution of global water demand to surface water and groundwater resources: Effects of abstractions and return flows on river discharges, Adv. Water Resour., 64, 21–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.12.002, 2014.
de Graaf, I. E. M., Sutanudjaja, E. H., van Beek, L. P. H., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: A high-resolution global-scale groundwater model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 823–837, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-823-2015, 2015.
de Graaf, I. E. M., van Beek, R. L. P. H., Gleeson, T., Moosdorf, N., Schmitz, O., Sutanudjaja, E. H., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: A global-scale two-layer transient groundwater model: Development and application to groundwater depletion, Adv. Water Resour., 102, 53–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.01.011, 2017.
De Roo, A. P. J., Wesseling, C. G., and Van Deursen, W. P. A.: Physically based river basin modelling within a GIS: The LISFLOOD model, Hydrol. Process., 14, 1981–1992, 2000.
Döll, P. and Lehner, B.: Validation of a new global 30-min drainage direction map, J. Hydrol., 258, 214–231, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00565-0, 2002.
Döll, P. and Siebert, S.: Global modeling of irrigation water requirements, Water Resour. Res., 38, 81–811, 2002.
Döll, P., Fiedler, K., and Zhang, J.: Global-scale analysis of river flow alterations due to water withdrawals and reservoirs, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 2413–2432, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-2413-2009, 2009.
Döll, P., Fritsche, M., Eicker, A., and Müller Schmied, H.: Seasonal Water Storage Variations as Impacted by Water Abstractions: Comparing the Output of a Global Hydrological Model with GRACE and GPS Observations, Surv. Geophys., 35, 1311–1331, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-014-9282-2, 2014.
EAC: East African Community Vision 2050, Regional Vision for Socio-Economic Tranformation and Development, East African Vision (EAC), Arusha, Tanzania, 2016.
EEA: The European Environment – State and Outlook 2005, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, 2005.
Elvidge, C. D., Tuttle, B. T., Sutton, P. S., Baugh, K. E., Howard, A. T., Milesi, C., Bhaduri, B. L., and Nemani, R.: Global distribution and density of constructed impervious surfaces, Sensors, 7, 1962–1979, https://doi.org/10.3390/s7091962, 2007.
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
Falkenmark, M.: Meeting water requirements of an expanding world population, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 352, 929–936, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0072, 1997.
Falkenmark, M., Lundqvist, J., and Widstrand, C.: Macro-scale water scarcity requires micro-scale approaches, Nat. Resour. Forum, 13, 258–267, 1989.
FAO: Gridded livestock of the world, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 131 pp., 2007.
FAO: FAOSTAT online database, available at: http://www.fao.org/faostat (last access: 27June 2020), 2012.
FAO, IIASA, ISRIC, ISSCAS, and JRC: Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, 2012.
Fick, S. E. and Hijmans, R. J.: Worldclim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 4302–4315, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086, 2017.
Flörke, M., Kynast, E., Bärlund, I., Eisner, S., Wimmer, F., and Alcamo, J.: Domestic and industrial water uses of the past 60 years as a mirror of socio-economic development: A global simulation study, Global Environ. Chang., 23, 144–156, 2013.
Fortin, F. A., De Rainville, F. M., Gardner, M. A., Parizeau, M., and Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 13, 2171–2175, 2012.
Frenken, K. and Gillet, V.: Irrigation water requirement and water withdrawal by country, Rome, 2012.
Frieler, K., Lange, S., Piontek, F., Reyer, C. P. O., Schewe, J., Warszawski, L., Zhao, F., Chini, L., Denvil, S., Emanuel, K., Geiger, T., Halladay, K., Hurtt, G., Mengel, M., Murakami, D., Ostberg, S., Popp, A., Riva, R., Stevanovic, M., Suzuki, T., Volkholz, J., Burke, E., Ciais, P., Ebi, K., Eddy, T. D., Elliott, J., Galbraith, E., Gosling, S. N., Hattermann, F., Hickler, T., Hinkel, J., Hof, C., Huber, V., Jägermeyr, J., Krysanova, V., Marcé, R., Müller Schmied, H., Mouratiadou, I., Pierson, D., Tittensor, D. P., Vautard, R., van Vliet, M., Biber, M. F., Betts, R. A., Bodirsky, B. L., Deryng, D., Frolking, S., Jones, C. D., Lotze, H. K., Lotze-Campen, H., Sahajpal, R., Thonicke, K., Tian, H., and Yamagata, Y.: Assessing the impacts of 1.5 ∘C global warming – simulation protocol of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP2b), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4321–4345, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4321-2017, 2017.
Gao, J.: Downscaling Global Spatial Population Projections from 1/8-degree to 1-km Grid Cells, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA, 2017.
Gidden, M. J., Fujimori, S., van den Berg, M., Klein, D., Smith, S. J., van Vuuren, D. P., and Riahi, K.: A methodology and implementation of automated emissions harmonization for use in Integrated Assessment Models, Environ. Modell. Softw., 105, 187–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.04.002, 2018.
Gleason, C. J., Wada, Y., and Wang, J.: A Hybrid of Optical Remote Sensing and Hydrological Modeling Improves Water Balance Estimation, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 10, 2–17, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS000986, 2018.
Gleeson, T., Smith, L., Moosdorf, N., Hartmann, J., Dürr, H. H., Manning, A. H., Van Beek, L. P. H., and Jellinek, A. M.: Mapping permeability over the surface of the Earth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 3891–3898, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045565, 2011.
Gleeson, T., Moosdorf, N., Hartmann, J., and Van Beek, L. P. H.: A glimpse beneath earth's surface: GLobal HYdrogeology MaPS (GLHYMPS) of permeability and porosity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 3891–3898, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059856, 2014.
Gleick, P. H., Cooley, H., Cohen, M. J., Morikawa, M., Morrison, J., and Palaniappan, M.: The Worlds Water 2008–2009, The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources, DC, USA, 2009.
GRDC: Major River Basins of the World / Global Runoff Data Centre, GRDC, Koblenz, Germany, Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), 2007.
Greve, P., Gudmundsson, L., Orlowsky, B., and Seneviratne, S. I.: A two-parameter Budyko function to represent conditions under which evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2195–2205, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2195-2016, 2016.
Gupta, H. V., Kling, H., Yilmaz, K. K., and Martinez, G. F.: Decomposition of the mean squared error and NSE performance criteria: Implications for improving hydrological modelling, J. Hydrol., 377, 80–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.08.003, 2009.
Habets, F., Boone, A., Champeaux, J. L., Etchevers, P., Franchistéguy, L., Leblois, E., Ledoux, E., Le Moigne, P., Martin, E., Morel, S., Noilhan, J., Seguí, P. Q., Rousset-Regimbeau, F., and Viennot, P.: The SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU hydrometeorological model applied over France, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D06113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008548, 2008.
Haddeland, I., Clark, D. B., Franssen, W., Ludwig, F., Voß, F., Arnell, N. W., Bertrand, N., Best, M., Folwell, S., Gerten, D., Gomes, S., Gosling, S. N., Hagemann, S., Hanasaki, N., Harding, R., Heinke, J., Kabat, P., Koirala, S., Oki, T., Polcher, J., Stacke, T., Viterbo, P., Weedon, G. P., and Yeh, P.: Multimodel estimate of the global terrestrial water balance: Setup and first results, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 869–884, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JHM1324.1, 2011.
Hamon, W.: Computation of Direct Runoff Amounts from Storm Rainfall, IAHS Publ., 63, 52–62, 1963.
Hanasaki, N., Kanae, S., and Oki, T.: A reservoir operation scheme for global river routing models, J. Hydrol., 327, 22–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.11.011, 2006.
Hanasaki, N., Kanae, S., Oki, T., Masuda, K., Motoya, K., Shirakawa, N., Shen, Y., and Tanaka, K.: An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources – Part 1: Model description and input meteorological forcing, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1007–1025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1007-2008, 2008.
Hanasaki, N., Yoshikawa, S., Pokhrel, Y., and Kanae, S.: A global hydrological simulation to specify the sources of water used by humans, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 789–817, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-789-2018, 2018.
Hansen, M. C., Potapov, P. V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S. A., Tyukavina, A., Thau, D., Stehman, S. V., Goetz, S. J., Loveland, T. R., Kommareddy, A., Egorov, A., Chini, L., Justice, C. O., and Townshend, J. R. G.: High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change, Science, 342, 850–853, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693, 2013.
Harbaugh, A. W.: MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological survey modular ground-water model – The ground-water flow process, 2005.
Hargreaves, G. H. and Samani, Z. A.: Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature, Appl. Eng. Agric., 1, 96–99, 1958.
Hartmann, A., Gleeson, T., Rosolem, R., Pianosi, F., Wada, Y., and Wagener, T.: A large-scale simulation model to assess karstic groundwater recharge over Europe and the Mediterranean, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1729–1746, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1729-2015, 2015.
Havlík, P., Valin, H., Mosnier, A., Obersteiner, M., Baker, J. S., Herrero, M., Rufino, M. C., and Schmid, E.: Crop productivity and the global livestock sector: Implications for land use change and greenhouse gas emissions, Am. J. Agr. Econ., 95, 442–448, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aas085, 2013.
He, X., Feng, K., Li, X., Craft, A. B., Wada, Y., Burek, P., Wood, E. F., and Sheffield, J.: Solar and wind energy enhances drought resilience and groundwater sustainability, Nat. Commun., 10, 4893, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12810-5, 2019.
Hrachowitz, M., Savenije, H. H. G., Blöschl, G., McDonnell, J. J., Sivapalan, M., Pomeroy, J. W., Arheimer, B., Blume, T., Clark, M. P., Ehret, U., Fenicia, F., Freer, J. E., Gelfan, A., Gupta, H. V., Hughes, D. A., Hut, R. W., Montanari, A., Pande, S., Tetzlaff, D., Troch, P. A., Uhlenbrook, S., Wagener, T., Winsemius, H. C., Woods, R. A., Zehe, E., and Cudennec, C.: A decade of Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) – a review, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 58, 1198–1255, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.803183, 2013.
Huscroft, J., Gleeson, T., Hartmann, J., and Börker, J.: Compiling and Mapping Global Permeability of the Unconsolidated and Consolidated Earth: GLobal HYdrogeology MaPS 2.0 (GLHYMPS 2.0), Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 1897–1904, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075860, 2018.
Jarvis, A., Reuter, H. I., Nelson, A., and Guevara, E.: Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4, available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m Database http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org (last access: 27 June 2020), 2008.
Jiang, L. and O'Neill, B. C.: Global urbanization projections for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, Global Environ. Chang., 42, 193–199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.008, 2017.
Jiménez, R. C., Kuzak, M., Alhamdoosh, M., Barker, M., Batut, B., Borg, M., Capella-Gutierrez, S., Chue Hong, N., Cook, M., Corpas, M., Flannery, M., Garcia, L., Gelpí, J. L., Gladman, S., Goble, C., González Ferreiro, M., Gonzalez-Beltran, A., Griffin, P. C., Grüning, B., Hagberg, J., Holub, P., Hooft, R., Ison, J., Katz, D. S., Leskošek, B., López Gómez, F., Oliveira, L. J., Mellor, D., Mosbergen, R., Mulder, N., Perez-Riverol, Y., Pergl, R., Pichler, H., Pope, B., Sanz, F., Schneider, M. V., Stodden, V., Suchecki, R., Svobodová Vařeková, R., Talvik, H. A., Todorov, I., Treloar, A., Tyagi, S., van Gompel, M., Vaughan, D., Via, A., Wang, X., Watson-Haigh, N. S., and Crouch, S.: Four simple recommendations to encourage best practices in research software, F1000Research, 6, https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11407.1, 2017.
Jones, B. and O'Neill, B. C.: Spatially explicit global population scenarios consistent with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 084003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084003, 2016.
Kahil, M. T., Parkinson, S., Satoh, Y., Greve, P., Burek, P., Veldkamp, T. I. E., Burtscher, R., Byers, E., Djilali, N., Fischer, G., Krey, V., Langan, S., Riahi, K., Tramberend, S., and Wada, Y.: A Continental-Scale Hydroeconomic Model for Integrating Water-Energy-Land Nexus Solutions, Water Resour. Res., 54, 7511–7533, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR022478, 2018.
Kahil, T., Albiac, J., Fischer, G., Strokal, M., Tramberend, S., Greve, P., Tang, T., Burek, P., Burtscher, R., and Wada, Y.: A nexus modeling framework for assessing water scarcity solutions, Curr. Opin. Env. Sust., 40, 72–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.09.009, 2019.
Karssenberg, D., Schmitz, O., Salamon, P., de Jong, K., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: A software framework for construction of process-based stochastic spatio-temporal models and data assimilation, Environ. Modell. Softw., 25, 489–502, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.10.004, 2010.
Kauffeldt, A., Wetterhall, F., Pappenberger, F., Salamon, P., and Thielen, J.: Technical review of large-scale hydrological models for implementation in operational flood forecasting schemes on continental level, Environ. Modell. Softw., 75, 68–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.09.009, 2016.
Kim, H., Watanabe, S., Chang, E.-C., Yoshimura, K., Hirabayashi, Y., Famiglietti, J., and Oki, T.: Century long observation constrained global dynamic downscaling and hydrologic implication, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2012, 2012.
Klein Goldewijk, K., Beusen, A., Doelman, J., and Stehfest, E.: Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – HYDE 3.2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 927–953, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-927-2017, 2017.
Kling, H., Fuchs, M., and Paulin, M.: Runoff conditions in the upper Danube basin under an ensemble of climate change scenarios, J. Hydrol., 424–425, 264–277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.01.011, 2012.
Koirala, S., Yamada, H., Yeh, P., Oki, T., Hirabayashi, Y., and Kanae, S.: Global simulation of groundwater recharge, water ta-ble depth, and low flow using a land surface model with ground-water representation, Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 68, 211–216, https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.68.I_211, 2012.
Kumar, R., Samaniego, L., and Attinger, S.: Implications of distributed hydrologic model parameterization on water fluxes at multiple scales and locations, Water Resour. Res., 49, 360–379, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR012195, 2013.
Kummu, M., Taka, M., and Guillaume, J. H. A.: Gridded global datasets for Gross Domestic Product and Human Development Index over 1990–2015, Scientific Data, 5, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.4, 2018.
Lange, S.: Bias correction of surface downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation for the EWEMBI dataset, Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 627–645, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-627-2018, 2018.
Lehner, B., Liermann, C. R., Revenga, C., Vörösmarty, C., Fekete, B., Crouzet, P., Döll, P., Endejan, M., Frenken, K., Magome, J., Nilsson, C., Robertson, J. C., Rödel, R., Sindorf, N., and Wisser, D.: High-resolution mapping of the world's reservoirs and dams for sustainable river-flow management, Front. Ecol. Environ., 9, 494–502, https://doi.org/10.1890/100125, 2011.
Lindström, G.: A simple automatic calibration routine for the HBV model, Nord. Hydrol., 28, 153–168, 1997.
Lindström, G., Johansson, B., Persson, M., Gardelin, M., and Bergström, S.: Development and test of the distributed HBV-96 hydrological model, J. Hydrol., 201, 272–288, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00041-3, 1997.
Maniak, U.: Hydrologie und Wasserwirtschaft, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 651 pp., 1997.
McDonald, M. and Harbaugh, A.: A Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Ground-Water Flow Model: Techniques of Water Resources Investigations, Book 6, U.S. Geol. Sur, Denver, Colorado, USA, 1988.
Messager, M. L., Lehner, B., Grill, G., Nedeva, I., and Schmitt, O.: Estimating the volume and age of water stored in global lakes using a geo-statistical approach, Nat. Commun., 7, 13603, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13603, 2016.
Mohan, C., Western, A. W., Wei, Y., and Saft, M.: Predicting groundwater recharge for varying land cover and climate conditions – a global meta-study, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2689–2703, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2689-2018, 2018.
Molnau, M. and Bissell, V. C.: A continuous frozen ground index for flood forecasting, Proceedings 51st Annual Meeting Western Snow Conference, 109–119, 1983.
Moreno, A. and Hasenauer, H.: Spatial downscaling of European climate data, Int. J. Climatol., 36, 1444–1458, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4436, 2016.
Mosier, T. M., Hill, D. F., and Sharp, K. V.: Update to the Global Climate Data package: analysis of empirical bias correction methods in the context of producing very high resolution climate projections, Int. J. Climatol., 38, 825–840, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5213, 2018.
Mualem, Y.: A New Model for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Porous Medial, Water Resour. Res., 12, 513–522, 1976.
Muller, P. J., Lewis, P., Fischer, J., North, P., and Framer, U.: The ESA GlobAlbedo Project for mapping the Earth's land surface albedo for 15 Years from European Sensors, paper presented at: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) 2012, Munich, Germany, 22–27 July 2012.
Müller Schmied, H., Eisner, S., Franz, D., Wattenbach, M., Portmann, F. T., Flörke, M., and Döll, P.: Sensitivity of simulated global-scale freshwater fluxes and storages to input data, hydrological model structure, human water use and calibration, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3511–3538, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3511-2014, 2014.
Pokhrel, Y.: Global Terrestrial Water Storage and Drought Severity under Climate Change, Nat. Clim. Change, in review, 2020.
Pokhrel, Y., Hanasaki, N., Koirala, S., Cho, J., Yeh, P. J. F., Kim, H., Kanae, S., and Oki, T.: Incorporating anthropogenic water regulation modules into a land surface model, J. Hydrometeorol., 13, 255–269, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-013.1, 2012.
Pokhrel, Y. N., Koirala, S., Yeh, P. J. F., Hanasaki, N., Longuevergne, L., Kanae, S., and Oki, T.: Incorporation of groundwater pumping in a global Land Surface Model with the representation of human impacts, Water Resour. Res., 51, 78–96, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015602, 2015.
Pokhrel, Y. N., Hanasaki, N., Wada, Y., and Hyungjun, K.: Recent progresses in incorporating human land–water management into global land surface models toward their integration into Earth system models, WIREs Water, 3, 548–574, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1150, 2016.
Portmann, F. T., Siebert, S., and Döll, P.: MIRCA2000–Global monthly irrigated and rainfed crop areas around the year 2000: A new high-resolution data set for agricultural and hydrological modeling, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003435, 2010.
Raskin, P., Gleick, P. H., Kirshen, P., Pontius, R. G., and Strzepek, K.: Comprehensive assessment of the freshwater resources of the world, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 1997.
Reinecke, R., Foglia, L., Mehl, S., Trautmann, T., Cáceres, D., and Döll, P.: Challenges in developing a global gradient-based groundwater model (G3M v1.0) for the integration into a global hydrological model, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2401–2418, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2401-2019, 2019.
Revilla-Romero, B., Beck, H. E., Burek, P., Salamon, P., de Roo, A., and Thielen, J.: Filling the gaps: Calibrating a rainfall-runoff model using satellite-derived surface water extent, Remote Sens. Environ., 171, 118–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.10.022, 2015.
Riahi, K., van Vuuren, D. P., Kriegler, E., Edmonds, J., O'Neill, B. C., Fujimori, S., Bauer, N., Calvin, K., Dellink, R., Fricko, O., Lutz, W., Popp, A., Cuaresma, J. C., Kc, S., Leimbach, M., Jiang, L., Kram, T., Rao, S., Emmerling, J., Ebi, K., Hasegawa, T., Havlik, P., Humpenöder, F., Da Silva, L. A., Smith, S., Stehfest, E., Bosetti, V., Eom, J., Gernaat, D., Masui, T., Rogelj, J., Strefler, J., Drouet, L., Krey, V., Luderer, G., Harmsen, M., Takahashi, K., Baumstark, L., Doelman, J. C., Kainuma, M., Klimont, Z., Marangoni, G., Lotze-Campen, H., Obersteiner, M., Tabeau, A., and Tavoni, M.: The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview, Global Environ. Chang., 42, 153–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009, 2017.
Rost, S., Gerten, D., Bondeau, A., Lucht, W., Rohwer, J., and Schaphoff, S.: Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system, Water Resour. Res., 44, W09405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006331, 2008.
Samaniego, L., Kumar, R., and Attinger, S.: Multiscale parameter regionalization of a grid-based hydrologic model at the mesoscale, Water Resour. Res., 46, W05523, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007327, 2010.
Samaniego, L., Kumar, R., and Jackisch, C.: Predictions in a data-sparse region using a regionalized grid-based hydrologic model driven by remotely sensed data, Hydrol. Res., 42, 338–355, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2011.156, 2011.
Samaniego, L., Kumar, R., Thober, S., Rakovec, O., Zink, M., Wanders, N., Eisner, S., Müller Schmied, H., Sutanudjaja, E. H., Warrach-Sagi, K., and Attinger, S.: Toward seamless hydrologic predictions across spatial scales, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4323–4346, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4323-2017, 2017.
Scanlon, B. R., Zhang, Z., Save, H., Sun, A. Y., Schmied, H. M., Van Beek, L. P. H., Wiese, D. N., Wada, Y., Long, D., Reedy, R. C., Longuevergne, L., Döll, P., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: Global models underestimate large decadal declining and rising water storage trends relative to GRACE satellite data, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, E1080–E1089, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704665115, 2018.
Seidl, R. and Barthel, R.: Linking scientific disciplines: Hydrology and social sciences, J. Hydrol., 550, 441–452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.05.008, 2017.
Sheffield, J., Goteti, G., and Wood, E. F.: Development of a 50-year high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling, J. Climate, 19, 3088–3111, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3790.1, 2006.
Shen, Y., Oki, T., Utsumi, N., Kanae, S., and Hanasaki, N.: Projection of future world water resources under SRES scenarios: Water withdrawal, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 53, 11–33, https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.53.1.11, 2008.
Shiklomanov, I. A.: Assessment of Water Resources and Water Availability in the World, Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Re-sources of the World, 1997.
Shiklomanov, I. A.: Appraisal and Assessment of world water resources, Water Int., 25, 11–32, https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060008686794, 2000.
Siderius, C., Biemans, H., Kashaigili, J. J., and Conway, D.: Going local: Evaluating and regionalizing a global hydrological model's simulation of river flows in a medium-sized East African basin, J. Hydrol., 19, 349–364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.10.007, 2018.
Siebert, S., Döll, P., Hoogeveen, J., Faures, J.-M., Frenken, K., and Feick, S.: Development and validation of the global map of irrigation areas, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 535–547, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-9-535-2005, 2005.
Siebert, S., Burke, J., Faures, J. M., Frenken, K., Hoogeveen, J., Döll, P., and Portmann, F. T.: Groundwater use for irrigation – a global inventory, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1863–1880, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1863-2010, 2010.
Sivapalan, M., Savenije, H. H. G., and Blöschl, G.: Socio-hydrology: A new science of people and water, Hydrol. Process., 26, 1270–1276, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8426, 2012.
Speers, D. D. and Versteeg, J. D.: unoff forecasting for reservoir operations – the past and the future, Proceedings 52nd Western Snow Conference, 149–156, 1979.
Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M., and de Haan, C.: Livestock's long shadow: Environmental issues and options, Renewable Resources Journal, 24, 15–17, 2006.
Strokal, M., Kroeze, C., Wang, M., Bai, Z., and Ma, L.: The MARINA model (Model to Assess River Inputs of Nutrients to seAs): Model description and results for China, Sci. Total Environ., 562, 869–888, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.071, 2016.
Sullivan, P., Krey, V., and Riahi, K.: Impacts of considering electric sector variability and reliability in the MESSAGE model, Energy Strateg. Rev., 1, 157–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2013.01.001, 2013.
Supit, I. and van der Goot, E.: Updated System Description of the WOFOST Crop Growth Simulation Model as Implemented in the Crop Growth Monitoring System Applied by the European Commission, Treemail, Heelsum, The Netherlands, 2003.
Supit, I., Hooijer, A. A., and van Diepen, C. A.: System Description of the WOFOST 6.0 Crop Simulation Model Implemented in CGMS, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1994.
Sutanudjaja, E. H., Van Beek, L. P. H., De Jong, S. M., Van Geer, F. C., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: Calibrating a large-extent high-resolution coupled groundwater-land surface model using soil moisture and discharge data, Water Resour. Res., 50, 687–705, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR013807, 2014.
Sutanudjaja, E. H., van Beek, R., Wanders, N., Wada, Y., Bosmans, J. H. C., Drost, N., van der Ent, R. J., de Graaf, I. E. M., Hoch, J. M., de Jong, K., Karssenberg, D., López López, P., Peßenteiner, S., Schmitz, O., Straatsma, M. W., Vannametee, E., Wisser, D., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: PCR-GLOBWB 2: a 5 arcmin global hydrological and water resources model, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2429–2453, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2429-2018, 2018.
Tang, T., Strokal, M., Burek, P., Kroeze, C., van Vliet, M., and Wada, Y.: Sources and export of nutrients in the Zambezi River basin: status and future trend. In: International Conference Water Science for Impact, 16–18 October 2018, Wageningen, Netherlands, 2019.
Tapley, B. D., Bettadpur, S., Watkins, M., and Reigber, C.: The gravity recovery and climate experiment: Mission overview and early results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L09607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019920, 2004.
Todini, E.: The ARNO rainfall – runoff model, J. Hydrol., 175, 339–382, 1996.
Tramberend, S., Burtscher, R., Burek, P., Kahil, T., Fischer, G., Mochizuki, J., Wada, Y., Kimwaga, R., Nyenje, P., Ondiek, R., Prossie, N., Hyandye, C., Sibomana, C., and Langan, S.: East Africa Future Water Scenarios to 2050, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, 2019.
Tramberend, S., Burtscher, R., Burek, P., Kahil, T., Fischer, G., Mochizuki, J., Kimwaga, R., Nyenje, P., Ondiek, R., Nakawuka, P., Hyandye, C., Sibomana, C., Luoga, H. P., Matano, A. S., Langan, S., and Wada, Y.: East African Community Water Vision. Regional Scenarios for Human – Natural Water System Transformations, ONE-EARTH-D-20-00017, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3526896, in review, 2020.
Udias, A., Gentile, A., Burek, P., De Roo, A., Bouraoui, F., Vandecasteele, I., Lavalle, C., and Bidoglio, G.: Multi-criteria framework to assess large scalewater resources policy measures, Water, 8, 370, https://doi.org/10.3390/w8090370, 2016.
UN-Water: Water Security & the Global Water Agenda,UNU-INWEH , Hamilton, Canada, ISBN 9789280860382, 2013.
USGS: Geological Survey Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science, Hydro1k, Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC), 2002.
Van Beek, L., Wada, Y., and Bierkens, M. F.: Global monthly water stress: 1. Water balance and water availability, Water Resour. Res., 47, W07517, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009791, 2011.
Van Genuchten, M. T.: A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils, Science Society of America Journal, 44, 892–898, 1980.
van Vuuren, D. P., Edmonds, J., Kainuma, M., Riahi, K., Thomson, A., Hibbard, K., Hurtt, G. C., Kram, T., Krey, V., Lamarque, J. F., Masui, T., Meinshausen, M., Nakicenovic, N., Smith, S. J., and Rose, S. K.: The representative concentration pathways: An overview, Climatic Change, 109, 5–31, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z, 2011.
van Vuuren, D. P., Kriegler, E., O'Neill, B. C., Ebi, K. L., Riahi, K., Carter, T. R., Edmonds, J., Hallegatte, S., Kram, T., Mathur, R., and Winkler, H.: A new scenario framework for Climate Change Research: Scenario matrix architecture, Climatic Change, 122, 373–386, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0906-1, 2014.
Vinca, A., Parkinson, S., Byers, E., Burek, P., Khan, Z., Krey, V., Diuana, F. A., Wang, Y., Ilyas, A., Köberle, A. C., Staffell, I., Pfenninger, S., Muhammad, A., Rowe, A., Schaeffer, R., Rao, N. D., Wada, Y., Djilali, N., and Riahi, K.: The NExus Solutions Tool (NEST) v1.0: an open platform for optimizing multi-scale energy–water–land system transformations, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1095–1121, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1095-2020, 2020.
Viviroli, D., Zappa, M., Gurtz, J., and Weingartner, R.: An introduction to the hydrological modelling system PREVAH and its pre- and post-processing-tools, Environ. Modell. Softw., 24, 1209–1222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.04.001, 2009.
Wada, Y.: Modeling Groundwater Depletion at Regional and Global Scales: Present State and Future Prospects, Surv. Geophys., 37, 419–451, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-015-9347-x, 2016.
Wada, Y., van Beek, L. P. H., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: Modelling global water stress of the recent past: on the relative importance of trends in water demand and climate variability, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3785–3808, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3785-2011, 2011.
Wada, Y., Wisser, D., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: Global modeling of withdrawal, allocation and consumptive use of surface water and groundwater resources, Earth Syst. Dynam., 5, 15–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-15-2014, 2014.
Wada, Y., Flörke, M., Hanasaki, N., Eisner, S., Fischer, G., Tramberend, S., Satoh, Y., van Vliet, M. T. H., Yillia, P., Ringler, C., Burek, P., and Wiberg, D.: Modeling global water use for the 21st century: the Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative and its approaches, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 175–222, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-175-2016, 2016.
Wada, Y., Bierkens, M. F. P., de Roo, A., Dirmeyer, P. A., Famiglietti, J. S., Hanasaki, N., Konar, M., Liu, J., Müller Schmied, H., Oki, T., Pokhrel, Y., Sivapalan, M., Troy, T. J., van Dijk, A. I. J. M., van Emmerik, T., Van Huijgevoort, M. H. J., Van Lanen, H. A. J., Vörösmarty, C. J., Wanders, N., and Wheater, H.: Human–water interface in hydrological modelling: current status and future directions, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4169–4193, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4169-2017, 2017.
Wang, M., Strokal, M., Burek, P., Kroeze, C., Ma, L., and Janssen, A. B. G.: Excess nutrient loads to Lake Taihu: Opportunities for nutrient reduction, Sci. Total Environ., 664, 865–873, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.051, 2019a.
Wang, M., Tang, T., Burek, P., Havlík, P., Krisztin, T., Kroeze, C., Leclère, D., Strokal, M., Wada, Y., Wang, Y., and Langan, S.: Increasing nitrogen export to sea: A scenario analysis for the Indus River, Sci. Total Environ., 694, 133629, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133629, 2019b.
Warszawski, L., Frieler, K., Huber, V., Piontek, F., Serdeczny, O., and Schewe, J.: The inter-sectoral impact model intercomparison project (ISI–MIP): project framework, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 3228–3232, 2014.
Weedon, G. P., Balsamo, G., Bellouin, N., Gomes, S., Best, M. J., and Viterbo, P.: The WFDEI meteorological forcing data set: WATCH Forcing data methodology applied to ERA-Interim reanalysis data, Water Resour. Res., 50, 7505–7514, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015638, 2014.
Wilson, G., Aruliah, D. A., Brown, C. T., Chue Hong, N. P., Davis, M., Guy, R. T., Haddock, S. H. D., Huff, K. D., Mitchell, I. M., Plumbley, M. D., Waugh, B., White, E. P., and Wilson, P.: Best Practices for Scientific Computing, PLoS Biology, 12, e1001745, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001745, 2014.
Wisser, D., Fekete, B. M., Vörösmarty, C. J., and Schumann, A. H.: Reconstructing 20th century global hydrography: a contribution to the Global Terrestrial Network- Hydrology (GTN-H), Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1-2010, 2010.
WMO: ntercomparison of models of snowmelt runoff, WMO- No. 646, Operational hydrology report (OHR) – No. 23, Geneva, Switzerland, 1986.
Wu, H., Kimball, J. S., Mantua, N., and Stanford, J.: Automated upscaling of river networks for macroscale hydrological modeling, Water Resour. Res., 47, W03517, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008871, 2011.
Xu, L., Lettenmaier, D. P., Wood, E. F., and Burges, S. J.: A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14+415–414+428, 1994.
Yates, D., Sieber, J., Purkey, D., and Huber-Lee, A.: WEAP21 – A demand-, priority-, and preference-driven water planning model. Part 1: Model characteristics, Water Int., 30, 487–500, https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060508691893, 2005.
Zhang, L., Dobslaw, H., Stacke, T., Güntner, A., Dill, R., and Thomas, M.: Validation of terrestrial water storage variations as simulated by different global numerical models with GRACE satellite observations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 821–837, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-821-2017, 2017.
Zhang, Y. and Schaap, M. G.: Weighted recalibration of the Rosetta pedotransfer model with improved estimates of hydraulic parameter distributions and summary statistics (Rosetta3), J. Hydrol., 547, 39–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.01.004, 2017.
Zhao, F., Veldkamp, T. I. E., Frieler, K., Schewe, J., Ostberg, S., Willner, S., Schauberger, B., Gosling, S. N., Schmied, H. M., Portmann, F. T., Leng, G., Huang, M., Liu, X., Tang, Q., Hanasaki, N., Biemans, H., Gerten, D., Satoh, Y., Pokhrel, Y., Stacke, T., Ciais, P., Chang, J., Ducharne, A., Guimberteau, M., Wada, Y., Kim, H., and Yamazaki, D.: The critical role of the routing scheme in simulating peak river discharge in global hydrological models, Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 075003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7250, 2017.
Zhao, R. J. and Liu, X. R.: The Xinanjiang model, in: Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology, edited by: Singh, V. P., 215–232, 1995.