Lactate as a Biomarker for Sleep (original) (raw)

Journal Article

Erik Naylor, PhD ,

1Pinnacle Technology, Inc., Lawrence, KS

*Address correspondence to: Erik Naylor, PhD, Pinnacle Technology, Inc., 2721 Oregon Street, Lawrence, KS 66046; Tel: (785) 832-8866; E-mail: [email protected]

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Daniel V. Aillon, BS ,

1Pinnacle Technology, Inc., Lawrence, KS

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Brian S. Barrett, AA ,

1Pinnacle Technology, Inc., Lawrence, KS

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George S. Wilson, PhD ,

2Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS

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David A. Johnson, PhD ,

1Pinnacle Technology, Inc., Lawrence, KS

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Donna A. Johnson, MS ,

1Pinnacle Technology, Inc., Lawrence, KS

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Hans P. Harmon, MS ,

1Pinnacle Technology, Inc., Lawrence, KS

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Seth Gabbert, BS ,

1Pinnacle Technology, Inc., Lawrence, KS

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Peter A. Petillo, PhD

1Pinnacle Technology, Inc., Lawrence, KS

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

This research was supported by NIH grant# 5R44MH076318-03, The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the Army Research Office (ARO) award number W911NF-10-1-0066 - Fred Turek, PI. All authors except Dr. Wilson are employed by Pinnacle Technology, Inc.

**Peter A. Petillo, PhD, Pinnacle Technology, Inc., 2721 Oregon Street, Lawrence, KS, 66046; Tel: (785) 832-8866; E-mail: [email protected]

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Revision received:

01 March 2011

Received:

01 October 2011

Published:

01 September 2012

Cite

Erik Naylor, Daniel V. Aillon, Brian S. Barrett, George S. Wilson, David A. Johnson, Donna A. Johnson, Hans P. Harmon, Seth Gabbert, Peter A. Petillo, Lactate as a Biomarker for Sleep, Sleep, Volume 35, Issue 9, 1 September 2012, Pages 1209–1222, https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2072
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Abstract

Study Objectives:

An ideal biomarker for sleep should change rapidly with sleep onset, remain at a detectably differential level throughout the sleep period, and exhibit a rapid change with waking. Currently, no molecular marker has been identified that exhibits all three properties. This study examined three substances (lactate, glucose, and glutamate) for suitability as a sleep biomarker.

Design:

Using amperometric biosensor technology in conjunction with electroencephalograph (EEG) and electromyograph (EMG) monitoring, extracellular concentrations of lactate and glucose (Cohort 1) as well as lactate and glutamate (Cohort 2) were recorded over multiple sleep/wake cycles.

Patients or Participants:

There were 12 C57Bl/6J male mice (3-5 mo old).

Interventions:

Sleep and waking transitions were identified using EEG recordings. Extracellular concentrations of lactate, glucose, and glutamate were evaluated before and during transition events as well as during extended sleep and during a 6-h sleep deprivation period.

Measurements and Results:

Rapid and sustained increases in cortical lactate concentration (approximately 15 μM/min) were immediately observed upon waking and during rapid eye movement sleep. Elevated lactate concentration was also maintained throughout a 6-h period of continuous waking. A persistent and sustained decline in lactate concentration was measured during nonrapid eye movement sleep. Glutamate exhibited similar patterns, but with a much slower rise and decline (approximately 0.03 μM/min). Glucose concentration changes did not demonstrate a clear correlation with either sleep or wake.

Conclusions:

These findings indicate that extracellular lactate concentration is a reliable sleep/wake biomarker and can be used independently of the EEG signal.

© 2012 Associated Professional Sleep Societies, LLC.

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