Rajendran Chellaiah | DRDO - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Rajendran Chellaiah

Meat preservation is an ancient old technological development. The foremost aspects of meat prese... more Meat preservation is an ancient old technological development. The foremost aspects of meat preservation are mainly focused to delay of microbial spoilage and chemical reaction, and protect the meat from losing its weight and also if any change in taste and texture. Majorly, two different technological aspects are followed both thermal and non-thermal processing of meat preservation. Each technique involved is considered as a hurdle to minimise microbial proliferation and combinations of process called hurdle technology, which can be applied to achieve preservative qualities in meat preservation. The empirical observation that drying and salting, would preserve meat without refrigeration was made several thousands of years ago. This reviews deals majorly about the thermal and non-thermal technologies available to date and their advantages and disadvantages of meat preservation envisaged.

Defence Life Science Journal, 2019

Certain variety of plants such as vegetables, spices and seaweed are abundantly being grown in hi... more Certain variety of plants such as vegetables, spices and seaweed are abundantly being grown in high altitude cold desert region of Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Therefore, five different vegetables, spices and seaweed were taken from that particular cold region viz., finger millet, nori seaweed, pepper corn, bean and mushroom have been selected based on the higher consumption of people of Northeast (NE) India for the proximate analysis, mineral, antioxidant and vitamin contents. So far, there is no nutritional composition studies have been carried out with available vegetables, spices and seaweeds growing in NE. For this reason, this study was undertaken to determine the macro and micro nutrients and antioxidant potential of these plant foods. Different analyzed varieties were significantly different for proximate composition and mineral content, and each variety showed significant differences. Common bean showed higher percentage of protein with 35.09% and fat percentage of t...

Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2016

ABSTRACT

The present clinical case represents the successful therapeutic management of Nyctotherus sp. pro... more The present clinical case represents the successful therapeutic management of Nyctotherus sp. protozoan infection in turtles. Two pet turtles were presented with history of diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss and passage of undigested food in the faeces. Direct faecal examination and Giemsa staining revealed the presence of cysts of Nyctotherus sp. Treatment was initiated with antiprotozoal drug, Metronidazole at the rate of 25 mg/kg body weight per-oral consecutively for 5 days, and Vimeral suspension at rate of 10-20 mg/kg per-oral for 8 days. After 10 days of intensive care and management with antiprotozoal drug, multivitamin under proper sanitary measures, the case showed gradual improvement in condition. During medication, the fecal samples were checked on every alternative day for the presence of ciliated trophozoites of Nyctotherus sp. After 4th day, there was no trophozoites observed by both the techniques examined and the animal was quite healthy and active and started taking food. Improvement was noticed with resumption of normal appetite. Incessant patient monitoring and initiation of suitable need based therapeutic strategy is most important in management and control of Nyctotherus sp. infection.

The present clinical case represents the successful therapeutic management of Nyctotherus sp. pro... more The present clinical case represents the successful
therapeutic management of Nyctotherus sp. protozoan
infection in turtles. Two pet turtles were presented
with history of diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss and
passage of undigested food in the faeces. Direct faecal
examination and Giemsa staining revealed the presence of
cysts of Nyctotherus sp. Treatment was initiated with
antiprotozoal drug, Metronidazole at the rate of 25 mg/kg
body weight per-oral consecutively for 5 days, and Vimeral
suspension at rate of 10–20 mg/kg per-oral for 8 days.
After 10 days of intensive care and management with
antiprotozoal drug, multivitamin under proper sanitary
measures, the case showed gradual improvement in condition.
During medication, the fecal samples were checked
on every alternative day for the presence of ciliated
trophozoites of Nyctotherus sp. After 4th day, there was no
trophozoites observed by both the techniques examined
and the animal was quite healthy and active and started
taking food. Improvement was noticed with resumption of
normal appetite. Incessant patient monitoring and initiation
of suitable need based therapeutic strategy is most important
in management and control of Nyctotherus sp.
infection.
Keywords Nyctotherus sp.  Direct faecal examination 
Giemsa staining  Turtle

Abstract A total of 193 sera samples, along with tissues (lung, heart, and brain) collected from ... more Abstract A total of 193 sera samples, along with tissues
(lung, heart, and brain) collected from 136 sheep and 57
goats from the Corporation slaughter house, Madras
Veterinary College teaching hospital, and private mutton
shops from Chennai were tested for Toxoplasma gondii.
All the sera samples were tested using modified direct
agglutination test. Of the 193 sera samples, 57 (29.5 %)
had a minimum titre of 1:20, with 30.14 % (41/136) of
sheep and 28.07 % (16/57) of goats being seropositive.
Tissue samples from all 193 animals, when subjected to B1
based PCR to detect T. gondii DNA, showed 3.67 and
3.50 % to be positive in sheep and goats, respectively. In
the present investigation B1 based PCR detected T. gondii
in low numbers, possibly due to limitation of the sample
size. The presence of T. gondii in tissues of sheep and goats
slaughtered for human consumption in Chennai indicates
the role of these food animals as potential sources of
infection to human.

Journal of parasitic diseases

ABSTRACT

Indian Journal of Biotechnology

The asexual blood stage "merozoites" of an Indian strain of the tick-borne cattle haemoprotozoa, ... more The asexual blood stage "merozoites" of an Indian strain of the tick-borne cattle haemoprotozoa, Theileria annulata, was generated in in vitro culture and the gene encoding the merozoite surface protein (Tams 1) was amplified from cDNA by using primers designed from T. annulata (Ankara strain). The amplified gene was cloned into pPROExHT b plasmid vector and expressed as fusion protein in Escherichia coli, DH5α strain. The recombinant protein was purified using NI-NTA affinity chromatography and used to detect antibody response in known anti-Tannulata bovine serum samples in a ELISA format.

Journal of Veterinary Parasitology

Journal of Veterinary Parasitology

The Indian journal of animal sciences

The asexual blood stage "merozoites" of an Indian strain of the tick-borne cattle haemo... more The asexual blood stage "merozoites" of an Indian strain of the tick-borne cattle haemoprotozoa, Theileria annulata, was generated in in vitro culture and the gene encoding the merozoite surface protein (Tams 1) was amplified from cDNA by using primers designed from T. annulata (Ankara strain). The amplified gene was cloned into pPROExHT b plasmid vector and expressed as fusion protein in Escherichia coli, DH5α strain. The recombinant protein was purified using NI-NTA affinity chromatography and used to detect antibody response in known anti-Tannulata bovine serum samples in a ELISA format. Introduction The sporozoites of the tick-borne haemoprotozoa, Theileria annulata, invade the macrophages/B cells in the lymph gland of cattle through tick-bite and grow into intracellular macroschizonts. The macroschizonts transform the host cells and with the progress of infection, the infected lymphoblasts are found throughout lymphoid and reticulo-endothelial tissues of the host. Mer...

Infection Genetics and Evolution

Recent population studies revealed that a few major clonal lineages of Toxoplasma gondii dominate... more Recent population studies revealed that a few major clonal lineages of Toxoplasma gondii dominate in different geographical regions. The Type II and III lineages are widespread in all continents and dominate in Europe, Africa and North America. In addition, the type 12 lineage is the most common type in wildlife in North America, the Africa 1 and 3 are among the major types in Africa, and ToxoDB PCR-RFLP #9 is the major type in China. Overall the T. gondii strains are more diverse in South America than any other regions. Here, we analyzed 164 T. gondii isolates from three countries in Central America (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica), from one country in Caribbean (Grenada) and five countries from South America (Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Chile, and Argentina). The multilocous polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) based genotyping of 11 polymorphic markers (SAG1, SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, L358, PK1, C22-8, C29-2 and Apico) were applied to 148 free-range chicken (Gallus domesticus) isolates and 16 isolates from domestic cats (Felis catus) in Colombia; 42 genotypes were identified. Linkage disequilibrium analysis indicated more frequent genetic recombination in populations of Nicaragua and Colombia, and to a lesser degree in populations of Costa Rica and Argentina. Bayesian structural analysis identified at least three genetic clusters, and phylogenetic network analysis identified four major groups. The ToxoDB PCR-RFLP #7, Type III and II were major lineages identified from Central and South America, with high frequencies of the closely related ToxoDB PCR-RFLP #7 and Type III lineages. Taken together, this study revealed high diversity within and between T. gondii populations in Central and South America, and the dominance of Type III and its closely related ToxoDB PCR-RFLP #7 lineages. Fig. 2. Pairwise Fst of 10 sample populations and three reference populations. Comparison of populations were conducted using Arlequin ver 3.5. The heat map indicates the Fst value.

Veterinary Parasitology

The gray wolf (Canis lupus) was found to be a new natural definitive host for Neospora caninum. N... more The gray wolf (Canis lupus) was found to be a new natural definitive host for Neospora caninum. Neospora-like oocysts were found microscopically in the feces of three of 73 wolves from Minnesota examined at necropsy. N. caninum-specific DNA was amplified from the oocysts of all three wolves. Oocysts from one wolf were infective for the gamma interferon gene knock out (KO) mice. Viable N. caninum (designated NcWolfUS1) was isolated in cell cultures seeded with tissue homogenate from the infected mouse. Typical thick walled tissue cysts were found in outbred mice inoculated with the parasite from the KO mouse. Tissue stages in mice stained positively with N. caninum-specific polyclonal antibodies. Our observation suggests that wolves may be an important link in the sylvatic cycle of N. caninum.

Journal of Parasitology

Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from a feral guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) and domestic rabbits (... more Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from a feral guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) and domestic rabbits (Oryctologus cuniculus) from Brazil for the first time. Serum and brains from 10 guinea fowl and 21 rabbits from Brazil were examined for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 2 of 10 fowl and 2 of 21 rabbits by the modified agglutination test (titer 1∶25 or higher). Viable T. gondii (designated TgNmBr1) was isolated from 1 of the 2 seropositive fowl by bioassay in mice but not from the 8 seronegative fowl by bioassay in cat. Viable T. gondii was isolated from both seropositive rabbits (designated TgRabbitBr1, TgRabbitBr2) by bioassay in mice from 1 and by bioassay in cat from the other. The TgRabbitBr1 strain was highly virulent for out-bred mice; mice fed 1 infective oocyst died of acute toxoplasmosis. The remaining 2 isolates were relatively avirulent for mice; lethal dose for mice was 10,000 oocysts. All 3 isolates were grown in cell culture, and tachyzoite-derive...

Meat preservation is an ancient old technological development. The foremost aspects of meat prese... more Meat preservation is an ancient old technological development. The foremost aspects of meat preservation are mainly focused to delay of microbial spoilage and chemical reaction, and protect the meat from losing its weight and also if any change in taste and texture. Majorly, two different technological aspects are followed both thermal and non-thermal processing of meat preservation. Each technique involved is considered as a hurdle to minimise microbial proliferation and combinations of process called hurdle technology, which can be applied to achieve preservative qualities in meat preservation. The empirical observation that drying and salting, would preserve meat without refrigeration was made several thousands of years ago. This reviews deals majorly about the thermal and non-thermal technologies available to date and their advantages and disadvantages of meat preservation envisaged.

Defence Life Science Journal, 2019

Certain variety of plants such as vegetables, spices and seaweed are abundantly being grown in hi... more Certain variety of plants such as vegetables, spices and seaweed are abundantly being grown in high altitude cold desert region of Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Therefore, five different vegetables, spices and seaweed were taken from that particular cold region viz., finger millet, nori seaweed, pepper corn, bean and mushroom have been selected based on the higher consumption of people of Northeast (NE) India for the proximate analysis, mineral, antioxidant and vitamin contents. So far, there is no nutritional composition studies have been carried out with available vegetables, spices and seaweeds growing in NE. For this reason, this study was undertaken to determine the macro and micro nutrients and antioxidant potential of these plant foods. Different analyzed varieties were significantly different for proximate composition and mineral content, and each variety showed significant differences. Common bean showed higher percentage of protein with 35.09% and fat percentage of t...

Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2016

ABSTRACT

The present clinical case represents the successful therapeutic management of Nyctotherus sp. pro... more The present clinical case represents the successful therapeutic management of Nyctotherus sp. protozoan infection in turtles. Two pet turtles were presented with history of diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss and passage of undigested food in the faeces. Direct faecal examination and Giemsa staining revealed the presence of cysts of Nyctotherus sp. Treatment was initiated with antiprotozoal drug, Metronidazole at the rate of 25 mg/kg body weight per-oral consecutively for 5 days, and Vimeral suspension at rate of 10-20 mg/kg per-oral for 8 days. After 10 days of intensive care and management with antiprotozoal drug, multivitamin under proper sanitary measures, the case showed gradual improvement in condition. During medication, the fecal samples were checked on every alternative day for the presence of ciliated trophozoites of Nyctotherus sp. After 4th day, there was no trophozoites observed by both the techniques examined and the animal was quite healthy and active and started taking food. Improvement was noticed with resumption of normal appetite. Incessant patient monitoring and initiation of suitable need based therapeutic strategy is most important in management and control of Nyctotherus sp. infection.

The present clinical case represents the successful therapeutic management of Nyctotherus sp. pro... more The present clinical case represents the successful
therapeutic management of Nyctotherus sp. protozoan
infection in turtles. Two pet turtles were presented
with history of diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss and
passage of undigested food in the faeces. Direct faecal
examination and Giemsa staining revealed the presence of
cysts of Nyctotherus sp. Treatment was initiated with
antiprotozoal drug, Metronidazole at the rate of 25 mg/kg
body weight per-oral consecutively for 5 days, and Vimeral
suspension at rate of 10–20 mg/kg per-oral for 8 days.
After 10 days of intensive care and management with
antiprotozoal drug, multivitamin under proper sanitary
measures, the case showed gradual improvement in condition.
During medication, the fecal samples were checked
on every alternative day for the presence of ciliated
trophozoites of Nyctotherus sp. After 4th day, there was no
trophozoites observed by both the techniques examined
and the animal was quite healthy and active and started
taking food. Improvement was noticed with resumption of
normal appetite. Incessant patient monitoring and initiation
of suitable need based therapeutic strategy is most important
in management and control of Nyctotherus sp.
infection.
Keywords Nyctotherus sp.  Direct faecal examination 
Giemsa staining  Turtle

Abstract A total of 193 sera samples, along with tissues (lung, heart, and brain) collected from ... more Abstract A total of 193 sera samples, along with tissues
(lung, heart, and brain) collected from 136 sheep and 57
goats from the Corporation slaughter house, Madras
Veterinary College teaching hospital, and private mutton
shops from Chennai were tested for Toxoplasma gondii.
All the sera samples were tested using modified direct
agglutination test. Of the 193 sera samples, 57 (29.5 %)
had a minimum titre of 1:20, with 30.14 % (41/136) of
sheep and 28.07 % (16/57) of goats being seropositive.
Tissue samples from all 193 animals, when subjected to B1
based PCR to detect T. gondii DNA, showed 3.67 and
3.50 % to be positive in sheep and goats, respectively. In
the present investigation B1 based PCR detected T. gondii
in low numbers, possibly due to limitation of the sample
size. The presence of T. gondii in tissues of sheep and goats
slaughtered for human consumption in Chennai indicates
the role of these food animals as potential sources of
infection to human.

Journal of parasitic diseases

ABSTRACT

Indian Journal of Biotechnology

The asexual blood stage "merozoites" of an Indian strain of the tick-borne cattle haemoprotozoa, ... more The asexual blood stage "merozoites" of an Indian strain of the tick-borne cattle haemoprotozoa, Theileria annulata, was generated in in vitro culture and the gene encoding the merozoite surface protein (Tams 1) was amplified from cDNA by using primers designed from T. annulata (Ankara strain). The amplified gene was cloned into pPROExHT b plasmid vector and expressed as fusion protein in Escherichia coli, DH5α strain. The recombinant protein was purified using NI-NTA affinity chromatography and used to detect antibody response in known anti-Tannulata bovine serum samples in a ELISA format.

Journal of Veterinary Parasitology

Journal of Veterinary Parasitology

The Indian journal of animal sciences

The asexual blood stage "merozoites" of an Indian strain of the tick-borne cattle haemo... more The asexual blood stage "merozoites" of an Indian strain of the tick-borne cattle haemoprotozoa, Theileria annulata, was generated in in vitro culture and the gene encoding the merozoite surface protein (Tams 1) was amplified from cDNA by using primers designed from T. annulata (Ankara strain). The amplified gene was cloned into pPROExHT b plasmid vector and expressed as fusion protein in Escherichia coli, DH5α strain. The recombinant protein was purified using NI-NTA affinity chromatography and used to detect antibody response in known anti-Tannulata bovine serum samples in a ELISA format. Introduction The sporozoites of the tick-borne haemoprotozoa, Theileria annulata, invade the macrophages/B cells in the lymph gland of cattle through tick-bite and grow into intracellular macroschizonts. The macroschizonts transform the host cells and with the progress of infection, the infected lymphoblasts are found throughout lymphoid and reticulo-endothelial tissues of the host. Mer...

Infection Genetics and Evolution

Recent population studies revealed that a few major clonal lineages of Toxoplasma gondii dominate... more Recent population studies revealed that a few major clonal lineages of Toxoplasma gondii dominate in different geographical regions. The Type II and III lineages are widespread in all continents and dominate in Europe, Africa and North America. In addition, the type 12 lineage is the most common type in wildlife in North America, the Africa 1 and 3 are among the major types in Africa, and ToxoDB PCR-RFLP #9 is the major type in China. Overall the T. gondii strains are more diverse in South America than any other regions. Here, we analyzed 164 T. gondii isolates from three countries in Central America (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica), from one country in Caribbean (Grenada) and five countries from South America (Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Chile, and Argentina). The multilocous polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) based genotyping of 11 polymorphic markers (SAG1, SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, L358, PK1, C22-8, C29-2 and Apico) were applied to 148 free-range chicken (Gallus domesticus) isolates and 16 isolates from domestic cats (Felis catus) in Colombia; 42 genotypes were identified. Linkage disequilibrium analysis indicated more frequent genetic recombination in populations of Nicaragua and Colombia, and to a lesser degree in populations of Costa Rica and Argentina. Bayesian structural analysis identified at least three genetic clusters, and phylogenetic network analysis identified four major groups. The ToxoDB PCR-RFLP #7, Type III and II were major lineages identified from Central and South America, with high frequencies of the closely related ToxoDB PCR-RFLP #7 and Type III lineages. Taken together, this study revealed high diversity within and between T. gondii populations in Central and South America, and the dominance of Type III and its closely related ToxoDB PCR-RFLP #7 lineages. Fig. 2. Pairwise Fst of 10 sample populations and three reference populations. Comparison of populations were conducted using Arlequin ver 3.5. The heat map indicates the Fst value.

Veterinary Parasitology

The gray wolf (Canis lupus) was found to be a new natural definitive host for Neospora caninum. N... more The gray wolf (Canis lupus) was found to be a new natural definitive host for Neospora caninum. Neospora-like oocysts were found microscopically in the feces of three of 73 wolves from Minnesota examined at necropsy. N. caninum-specific DNA was amplified from the oocysts of all three wolves. Oocysts from one wolf were infective for the gamma interferon gene knock out (KO) mice. Viable N. caninum (designated NcWolfUS1) was isolated in cell cultures seeded with tissue homogenate from the infected mouse. Typical thick walled tissue cysts were found in outbred mice inoculated with the parasite from the KO mouse. Tissue stages in mice stained positively with N. caninum-specific polyclonal antibodies. Our observation suggests that wolves may be an important link in the sylvatic cycle of N. caninum.

Journal of Parasitology

Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from a feral guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) and domestic rabbits (... more Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from a feral guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) and domestic rabbits (Oryctologus cuniculus) from Brazil for the first time. Serum and brains from 10 guinea fowl and 21 rabbits from Brazil were examined for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 2 of 10 fowl and 2 of 21 rabbits by the modified agglutination test (titer 1∶25 or higher). Viable T. gondii (designated TgNmBr1) was isolated from 1 of the 2 seropositive fowl by bioassay in mice but not from the 8 seronegative fowl by bioassay in cat. Viable T. gondii was isolated from both seropositive rabbits (designated TgRabbitBr1, TgRabbitBr2) by bioassay in mice from 1 and by bioassay in cat from the other. The TgRabbitBr1 strain was highly virulent for out-bred mice; mice fed 1 infective oocyst died of acute toxoplasmosis. The remaining 2 isolates were relatively avirulent for mice; lethal dose for mice was 10,000 oocysts. All 3 isolates were grown in cell culture, and tachyzoite-derive...