Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms (original) (raw)

References

1. Haugan, P. M. & Drange, H. Effects of CO2 on the ocean environment. Energy Convers. Mgmt 37, 1019–1022 (1996)
   Article CAS Google Scholar
2. Brewer, P. G. Ocean chemistry of the fossil fuel CO2 signal: the haline signal of “business as usual”. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1367–1369 (1997)
   Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
3. Gattuso, J.-P., Frankignoulle, M., Bourge, I., Romaine, S. & Buddemeier, R. W. Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification. Glob. Planet. Change 18, 37–46 (1998)
   Article ADS Google Scholar
4. Kleypas, J. A. et al. Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs. Science 284, 118–120 (1999)
   Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
5. Langdon, C. et al. Effect of elevated CO2 on the community metabolism of an experimental coral reef. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 17, 1011, doi:10.1029/2002GB001941 (2003)
   Article ADS Google Scholar
6. Riebesell, U. et al. Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2 . Nature 407, 364–367 (2000)
   Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
7. Zondervan, I., Zeebe, R., Rost, B. & Riebesell, U. Decreasing marine biogenic calcification: A negative feedback on rising atmospheric _p_CO2 . Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 507–516 (2001)
   Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
8. Broecker, W. S. & Peng, T.-H. Fate of fossil fuel carbon dioxide and the global carbon budget. Science 206, 409–418 (1979)
   Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
9. Feely, R. A. et al. The impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science 305, 362–366 (2004)
   Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
10. Caldeira, K. & Wickett, M. E. Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature 425, 365 (2003)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
11. Urban-Rich, J., Dagg, M. & Peterson, J. Copepod grazing on phytoplankton in the Pacific sector of the Antarctic Polar Front. Deep-Sea Res. II 48, 4223–4246 (2001)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
12. Kobayashi, H. A. Growth cycle and related vertical distribution of the thecosomatous pteropod Spiratella “Limacina” helicina in the central Arctic Ocean. Mar. Biol. 26, 295–301 (1974)
    Article Google Scholar
13. Pakhomov, E. A., Verheye, H. M., Atkinson, A., Laubscher, R. K. & Taunton-Clark, J. Structure and grazing impact of the mesozooplankton community during late summer 1994 near South Georgia, Antarctica. Polar Biol. 18, 180–192 (1997)
    Article Google Scholar
14. Fabry, V. J. Aragonite production by pteropod molluscs in the subarctic Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. I 36, 1735–1751 (1989)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
15. Bathmann, U., Noji, T. T. & von Bodungen, B. Sedimentation of pteropods in the Norwegian Sea in autumn. Deep-Sea Res. 38, 1341–1360 (1991)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
16. Key, R. M. et al. A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 18, 4031, doi:10.1029/2004GB002247 (2004)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
17. Sabine, C. L. et al. The ocean sink for anthropogenic CO2 . Science 305, 367–370 (2004)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
18. Gruber, N. Anthropogenic CO2 in the Atlantic Ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 12, 165–191 (1998)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
19. Sarmiento, J. L., Orr, J. C. & Siegenthaler, U. A perturbation simulation of CO2 uptake in an ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 3621–3645 (1992)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
20. Orr, J. C. et al. Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four three-dimensional global ocean models. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 43–60 (2001)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
21. Kalnay, E. et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 437–471 (1996)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
22. Feely, R. A. et al. Winter–summer variations of calcite and aragonite saturation in the northeast Pacific. Mar. Chem. 25, 227–241 (1988)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
23. Feely, R. A., Byrne, R. H., Betzer, P. R., Gendron, J. F. & Acker, J. G. Factors influencing the degree of saturation of the surface and intermediate waters of the North Pacific Ocean with respect to aragonite. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 10631–10640 (1984)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
24. Sarmiento, J. L. et al. Response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 18, 3003, doi:10.1029/2003GB002134 (2004)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
25. Bopp, L. et al. Potential impact of climate change of marine export production. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 81–99 (2001)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
26. Sarmiento, J. L., Le Quéré, C. & Pacala, S. Limiting future atmospheric carbon dioxide. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 9, 121–137 (1995)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
27. Heinze, C. Simulating oceanic CaCO3 export production in the greenhouse. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L16308, doi:10.1029/2004GL020613 (2004)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
28. Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D. et al. Representing key phytoplankton functional groups in ocean carbon cycle models: Coccolithophorids. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 16, 1100, doi:10.1029/2001GB001454 (2002)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
29. Berner, R. A. in The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Oceans (eds Andersen, N. R. & Malahoff, A.) 243–260 (Plenum, New York, 1977)
    Book Google Scholar
30. Fabry, V. J. Shell growth rates of pteropod and heteropod molluscs and aragonite production in the open ocean: Implications for the marine carbonate system. J. Mar. Res. 48, 209–222 (1990)
    Article CAS Google Scholar
31. Bé, A. W. H. & Gilmer, R. W. Oceanic Micropaleontology Vol. 1 (ed. Ramsey, A.) 733–808 (Academic, London, 1977)
    Google Scholar
32. Dadon, J. R. & de Cidre, L. L. The reproductive cycle of the Thecosomatous pteropod Limacina retroversa in the western South Atlantic. Mar. Biol. 114, 439–442 (1992)
    Article Google Scholar
33. Seibel, B. A. & Dierssen, H. M. Cascading trophic impacts of reduced biomass in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Just the tip of the iceberg? Biol. Bull. 205, 93–97 (2003)
    Article Google Scholar
34. Accornero, A., Manno, C., Esposito, F. & Gambi, M. C. The vertical flux of particulate matter in the polyna of Terra Nova Bay. Part II. Biological components. Antarct. Sci. 15, 175–188 (2003)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
35. Collier, R., Dymond, J., Susumu Honjo, S. M., Francois, R. & Dunbar, R. The vertical flux of biogenic and lithogenic material in the Ross Sea: moored sediment trap observations 1996–1998. Deep-Sea Res. II 47, 3491–3520 (2000)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
36. Honjo, S., Francois, R., Manganini, S., Dymond, J. & Collier, R. Particle fluxes to the interior of the Southern Ocean in the western Pacific sector along 170° W. Deep-Sea Res. II 47, 3521–3548 (2000)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
37. Betzer, P. R., Byrne, R., Acker, J., Lewis, C. S. & Jolley, R. R. The oceanic carbonate system: a reassessment of biogenic controls. Science 226, 1074–1077 (1984)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
38. Byrne, R. H., Acker, J. G., Betzer, P. R., Feely, R. A. & Cates, M. H. Water column dissolution of aragonite in the Pacific Ocean. Nature 312, 321–326 (1984)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
39. Lalli, C. M. Structure and function of the buccal apparatus of Clione limacina (Phipps) with a review of feeding in gymnosomatous pteropods. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 4, 101–118 (1970)
    Article Google Scholar
40. Foster, B. A. & Montgomery, J. C. Planktivory in benthic nototheniid fish in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Environ. Biol. Fish. 36, 313–318 (1993)
    Article Google Scholar
41. Pakhomov, E., Perissinotto, A. & McQuaid, C. D. Prey composition and daily rations of myctophid fishes in the Southern Ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 134, 1–14 (1996)
    Article ADS Google Scholar
42. La Mesa, M., Vacchi, M. & Sertorio, T. Z. Feeding plasticity of Trematomus newnesi (Pisces, Nototheniidae) in Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, in relation to environmental conditions. Polar Biol. 23, 38–45 (2000)
    Article Google Scholar
43. Willette, T. M. et al. Ecological processes influencing mortality of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Fish. Oceanogr. 10, 14–41 (2001)
    Article Google Scholar
44. Boldt, J. L. & Haldorson, L. J. Seasonal and geographical variation in juvenile pink salmon diets in the Northern Gulf of Alaska and Prince William Sound. Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc. 132, 1035–1052 (2003)
    Article Google Scholar
45. Lalli, C. M. & Gilmer, R. Pelagic Snails (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, 1989)
    Google Scholar
46. Freiwald, A., Fosså, J. H., Grehan, A., Koslow, T. & Roberts, J. M. Cold-water Coral Reefs: Out of Sight—No Longer Out of Mind (No. 22 in Biodiversity Series, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, 2004)
    Google Scholar
47. Dayton, P. K. in Polar Oceanography, Part B: Chemistry, Biology and Geology (ed. Smith, W. O.) 631–685 (Academic, San Diego, 1990)
    Book Google Scholar
48. Shirayama, Y. & Thornton, H. Effect of increased atmospheric CO2 on shallow-water marine benthos. J. Geophys. Res. 110, C09S09, doi:10.1029/2004JC002561 (2005)
    Article Google Scholar
49. Petit, J. R. et al. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399, 429–436 (1999)
    Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
50. Pearson, P. N. & Palmer, M. R. Middle Eocene seawater pH and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Science 284, 1824–1826 (1999)
    Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references