The Dynamics of New Englishes: From Identity Construction to Dialect Birth | Language | Cambridge Core (original) (raw)

References

Allsopp, Richard (ed.) 1996. Dictionary of Caribbean English usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Alsagoff, Lubna. 2001. Tense and aspect in Singapore English. In Ooi, 79–88.Google Scholar

Alsagoff, Lubna, Zhiming, Bao; and Wee, Lionel. 1998. Why you talk like that?: The pragmatics of a why construction in Singapore English. English World-Wide 19. 247–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anvil-Macquarie dictionary of Philippine English for high school. 2000. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.Google Scholar

Ashcroft, Bill, Griffiths, Gareth; and Tiffin, Helen. 2002. The empire writes back. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Asmah, Haji Omar. 1996. Post-imperial English in Malaysia. In Fishman, et al., 513–55.Google Scholar

Asmah, Haji Omar. 2000. From imperialism to Malaysianization: A discussion of the path taken by English towards becoming a Malaysian language. In Halimah & Ng, 12–21.Google Scholar

Australian Government Publishing Service. 1988. Style manual for authors, editors and printers. 4th edn. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.Google Scholar

Bailey, Guy. 1997. When did Southern English begin? In Schneider 1997, vol. 1, 255–75.Google Scholar

Bailey, Guy, and Maynor, Natalie. 1989. The divergence controversy. American Speech 64. 12–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bailey, Richard W., and Görlach, Manfred (eds.) 1982. English as a world language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Baker, Sidney J. 1945[1978]. The Australian language. Sydney: Angus and Robertson Ltd. 1978. ++++++++++++3.d edn. Milson's Point, NSW: Currawong Press.Google Scholar

Bauer, Laurie. 1994. English in New Zealand. In Burchfield, 382–429.Google Scholar

Bauer, Laurie. 1997. Attempting to trace Scottish influence on New Zealand English. In Schneider 1997, vol. 2, 257–72.Google Scholar

Bauer, Laurie, and Bauer, Winifred. 2002. Can we watch regional dialects developing in colonial English? The case of New Zealand. English World-Wide 23. 169–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baumgardner, Robert J. 1998. Word-formation in Pakistani English. English World-Wide 19. 205–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. 1997a. The lexicon of Philippine English. In Bautista 1997b, 49–72.Google Scholar

Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. (ed.) 1997b. English is an Asian language: The Philippine context. Proceedings of the conference held in Manila on August 2–3, 1996. Sydney: Macquarie Library Ltd.Google Scholar

Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. 2000. The grammatical features of educated Philippine English. In Bautista, et al., 146–58.Google Scholar

Bautista, Maria Lourdes S., Llamzon, Teodoro A.; and Sibayan, Bonifacio P. (eds.) 2000. Parangal cang Brother Andrew: Festschrift for Andrew Gonzalez on his sixtieth birthday. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.Google Scholar

Bell, Allan. 2000. Maori and Pakeha English: A case study. In Bell & Kuiper, 221–48.Google Scholar

Bell, Allan, and Kuiper, Koenraad (eds.) 2000. New Zealand English. Varieties of English around the world G25. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Benson, Phil. 2000. Hong Kong words: Variation and context. In Bolton 2000c, 373–80.Google Scholar

Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan; and Finegan, Edward. 1999. Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar

Bibi Jan Ayyub, Mohd. 1994. Language issues in the Malay community. In Gopinathan, et al., 205–30.Google Scholar

Blair, David, and Collins, Peter (eds.) 2001. English in Australia. Varieties of English around the world G26. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Blake, Renée. 2002. Not as clear as black and white: A study of race, class and language in a Barbados community. New York: New York University, ms.Google Scholar

Bolton, Kingsley. 2000a. The sociolinguistics of Hong Kong English and the space for Hong Kong English. In Bolton 2000c, 265–85.Google Scholar

Bolton, Kingsley. 2000b. Hong Kong English, Philippine English, and the future of Asian Englishes. In Bautista, et al., 93–114.Google Scholar

Bolton, Kingsley (ed.) 2000c. Hong Kong English: Autonomy and creativity. Special issue of World Englishes 19.3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bolton, Kingsley, and Lim, Shirley. 2000. Futures for Hong Kong English. In Bolton 2000c, 429–43.Google Scholar

Bradley, David. 1989. Regional dialects in Australian English phonology. In Collins & Blair 1989, 260–70.Google Scholar

Bradley, David, and Bradley, Maya. 2001. Changing attitudes to Australian English. In Blair & Collins, 271–85.Google Scholar

Bryant, Pauline. 1989. Regional variation in the Australian English lexicon. In Collins & Blair 1989, 301–14.Google Scholar

Bryant, Pauline. 1997. A dialect survey of the lexicon of Australian English. English World-Wide 18. 211–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burchfield, Robert (ed.) 1994. The Cambridge history of the English language. Vol. 5: English in Britain and overseas: Origins and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Butler, Susan. 1997. Corpus of English in Southeast Asia: Implications for a regional dictionary. In Bautista 1997b, 103–24.Google Scholar

Butler, Susan. 2001. Australian English—an identity crisis. In Blair & Collins, 151–61.Google Scholar

Cahill, Rosemary. 1999. Solid English. Perth: Education Department of Western Australia.Google Scholar

Cassidy, Frederic G., and LePage, Robert B. 1980. Dictionary of Jamaican English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chambers, J. K. 2000. World enough and time: Global enclaves of the near future. American Speech 75. 285–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chambers, J. K. 2003. Sociolinguistic theory. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Chambers, J. K., and Trudgill, Peter. 1998. Dialectology. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheshire, Jenny (ed.) 1991. English around the world: Sociolinguistic perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collins, Peter, and Blair, David (eds.) 1989. Australian English: The language of a new society. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press.Google Scholar

Collins, Peter, and Blair, David. 2001. Language and identity in Australia. In Blair & Collins, 1–13.Google Scholar

Conrad, Andrew W. 1996. The international role of English: The state of the discussion. In Fishman, et al., 13–36.Google Scholar

Coppieters, René. 1987. Competence differences between native and non-native speakers. Language 63. 544–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crewe, William (ed.) 1977. The English language in Singapore. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.Google Scholar

Crystal, David. 1997. English as a global language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dako, Kari. 2001. Ghanaianisms: Towards a semantic and formal classification. English World-Wide 22. 23–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

David, Maya Khemlani. 2000. The language of Malaysian youth—an exploratory study. In Halimah & Ng, 64–72.Google Scholar

Davis, Lawrence M. 1983. English dialectology: An introduction. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar

de Klerk, Vivian (ed.) 1996. Focus on South Africa. Varieties of English around the world G15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Delbridge, Arthur. 1981. The Macquarie dictionary. Sydney: Macquarie Library.Google Scholar

Delbridge, Arthur. 2001. Lexicography and national identity: The Australian experience. In Blair & Collins, 303–16.Google Scholar

Dillard, Joey L. 1975. All-American English: A history of the English language in America. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Eckert, Penelope. 2000. Linguistic variation as social practice: The linguistic construction of identity in Belten High. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Elmes, Simon. 2001. The routes of English 4. London: BBC Adult Learning.Google Scholar

Fishman, Joshua A. 1972. The sociology of language: An interdisciplinary social science approach to language in society. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar

Fishman, Joshua A., Conrad, Andrew W.; and Rubal-Lopez, Alma (eds.) 1996. Post-imperial English: Status change in former British and American colonies 1840–1990. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foley, Joseph (ed.) 1988. New Englishes: The case of Singapore. Singapore: Singapore University Press.Google Scholar

Foley, Joseph A. 1998. Code-switching and learning among young children in Singapore. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 130. 129–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foley, Joseph A. 2001. Is English a first or second language in Singapore? In Ooi, 12–32.Google Scholar

Foley, Joseph A., Kandiah, T., Zhiming, Bao, Gupta, Anthea Fraser, Atsagoff, L., Lick, Ho Chee, Wee, L., Talib, T. S.; and Bokhorst-Heng, W. 1999. English in new cultural contexts: Reflections from Singapore. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Francis, W. Nelson. 1983. Dialectology: An introduction. New York: Longman.Google Scholar

Frazer, Timothy C. (ed.) 1993. ‘Heartland’ English: Variation and transition in the American Midwest. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar

Giles, Howard. 1984. The dynamics of speech accommodation. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 46. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Gill, Saran Kaur. 1999. Standards and linguistic realities of English in the Malaysian workplace. World Englishes 18. 215–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gill, Saran Kaur. 2002. Language policy and English language standards in Malaysia: Nationalism versus pragmatism. Journal of Asia-Pacific Communication 12.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gisborne, Nikolas. 2000. Relative clauses in Hong Kong English. In Bolton 2000c, 357–71.Google Scholar

Gonzalez, Andrew. 1983. When does an error become a feature of Philippine English? In Noss, 150–72.Google Scholar

Gonzalez, Andrew. 1997. The history of English in the Philippines. In Bautista 1997b, 25–40.Google Scholar

Gopinathan, S. Anne Pakir, Kam, Ho Wah; and Saravanan, Vanithamani (eds.) 1994. Language, society and education in Singapore: Issues and trends. Singapore: Times Academic Press.Google Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth. 1998. The origins of New Zealand speech: The limits of recovering historical information from written records. English World-Wide 19. 61–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth, and Abell, Marcia. 1990. ‘This objectionable colonial dialect’: Historical and contemporary attitudes to New Zealand speech. New Zealand ways of speaking English, ed. by Bell, Allen and Holmes, Janet, 21–48. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth, and Deverson, Tony. 1998. New Zealand English and English in New Zealand. Auckland: New House.Google Scholar

Görlach, Manfred. 1984. A selective bibliography of English as a world language (1965–1983). A bibliography of writings on varieties of English, 1965–1983, by Viereck, Wolfgang, Schneider, Edgar W., and Görlach, Manfred, 225–319. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Görlach, Manfred. 1991. English as a world language—the state of the art. Englishes, by Manfred Görlach, 10–35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Görlach, Manfred. 1993. Part IV: Writings on Englishes in the rest of the world. A new bibliography of writings on varieties of English, 1984–1992/93, by Beat Glauser, Edgar W. Schneider, and Manfred Görlach, 125–80. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Görlach, Manfred. 1995a. Word-formation and the ENL: ESL: EFL distinction. More Englishes, by Manfred Görlach, 61–92. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Görlach, Manfred. 1995b. Dictionaries of transplanted Englishes. More Englishes, by Manfred Görlach, 124–63. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Görlach, Manfred. 1998. Recent dictionaries of varieties of English. Even more Englishes, by Manfred Görlach, 152–86. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Greenbaum, Sidney. 1996a. Introducing ICE. In Greenbaum 1996b, 3–12.Google Scholar

Greenbaum, Sidney (ed.) 1996b. Comparing English worldwide: The international corpus of English. Oxford: Clarendon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grolier international dictionary: World English in an Asian context. 2000. Macquarie University, NSW: The Macquarie Library.Google Scholar

Gumperz, John J. (ed.) 1982. Language and social identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gumperz, John J., and Cook-Gumperz, Jenny. 1982. Introduction: Language and the communication of social identity. In Gumperz, 1–21.Google Scholar

Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1988. A standard for written Singapore English? In Foley 1988, 27–50.Google Scholar

Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1994. The step-tongue: Children's English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1996. English and empire: Teaching English in nineteenth-century India. Learning English: Development and diversity, ed. by Mercer, Neil and Swann, Joan, 188–94. London: Open University.Google Scholar

Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1997. Colonisation, migration, and functions of English. In Schneider 1997, vol. 1, 47–58.Google Scholar

Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1999. The situation of English in Singapore. In Foley, et al., 106–26.Google Scholar

Halimah Mohd Said and Siew, Ng Keat (eds.) 2000. English is an Asian language: The Malaysian context. Kuala Lumpur: Macquarie Library.Google Scholar

Hazen, Kirk. 2002. Identity and language variation in a rural community. Language 78. 240–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hickey, Raymond (ed.) 2003. The legacy of colonial Englishes: Transported dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hock, Hans Henrich, and Joseph, Brian D. 1996. Language history, language change, and language relationship: An introduction to historical and comparative linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Holm, John. 1988/89. Pidgins and creoles. Vol. 1: Theory and structure. Vol. 2: Reference survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Horvath, Barbara M. 1985. Variation in Australian English: The sociolects of Sydney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Horvath, Barbara M., and Horvath, Ronald J. 1997. The geolinguistics of a sound change in progress: /l/ vocalization in Australia. Working papers in linguistics: A selection of papers from NWAVE 25, ed. by Meyerhoff, Miriam, Boberg, Charles, and Strassel, Stephanie, 105–24. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar

Horvath, Barbara M., and Horvath, Ronald J. 2001. The geolinguistics of short /a/ in Australian English. In Blair & Collins, 341–56.Google Scholar

Hundt, Marianne. 1998. New Zealand English grammar: Fact or fiction? A corpus-based study in morphosyntactic variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Hung, Tony T. N. 2000. Towards a phonology of Hong Kong English. In Bolton 2000c, 337–56.Google Scholar

Hyland, Ken. 1997. Language attitudes at the handover: Communication and identity in 1997 Hong Kong. English World-Wide 18. 191–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jourdan, Christine. 2001. Pijin: A dictionary of the pidgin of the Solomon Islands. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B. 1985. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures, ed. by Quirk, Randolph and Widdowson, Henry G., 11–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and The British Council.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B. 1986. The alchemy of English: The spread, functions, and models of non-native Englishes. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B. (ed.) 1992. The other tongue: English across cultures. 2nd edn. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B. 1994. English in South Asia. In Burchfield, 497–553.Google Scholar

Kachru, Braj B. 1997. English as an Asian language. In Bautista 1997b, 1–23.Google Scholar

Kroskrity, Paul V. 2001. Identity. Key terms in language and culture, ed. by Duranti, Alessandro, 106–9. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Kuiper, Koenraad, and Bell, Allan. 2000. New Zealand and New Zealand English. In Bell & Kuiper, 1–22.Google Scholar

Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic patterns. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Le Page, Robert B., and Tabouret-Keller, Andrée. 1985. Acts of identity: Creole-based approaches to language and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Li, David C. S. 1999. The functions and status of English in Hong Kong: A post-1997 update. English World-Wide 20. 67–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lim, Choon Yeoh, and Wee, Lionel. 2001. Reduplication in Singapore English. In Ooi, 89–101.Google Scholar

Lim, Lisa. 2001. Ethnic group varieties of Singapore English: Melody or harmony? In Ooi, 53–68.Google Scholar

Llamzon, Teodoro A. 1986. Life cycle of New Englishes: Restriction phase of Filipino English. English World-Wide 7. 101–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Llamzon, Teodoro A. 1997. The phonology of Philippine English. In Bautista 1997b, 41–48.Google Scholar

Lloyd, T. O. 1984. The British empire 1558–1983. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Luke, Kwang-Kwong, and Richards, Jack C. 1982. English in Hong Kong: Functions and status. English World-Wide 3. 47–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Macquarie Junior Dictionary. World English—Asian context. 1999. Macquarie University, NSW: Macquarie Library.Google Scholar

Malcolm, Ian. 1995. Language and communication enhancement for two-way education. Perth: Edith Cowan University and Education Department of Western Australia.Google Scholar

Malcolm, Ian, and Koscielecki, Marek M. 1997. Aboriginality and English. Report to the Australian Research Council. Perth: Center for Applied Language and Literacy Research, Edith Cowan University.Google Scholar

Malcolm, Ian G., and Rochecouste, Judith. 2000. Event and story schemas in Australian Aboriginal English discourse. English World-Wide 21. 261–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Malcolm, Ian, Haig, Yvonne, Königsberg, Patricia, Rochecouste, Judith, Collard, Glenys, Hill, Alison; and Cahill, Rosemary. 1999a. Towards more user-friendly education for speakers of Aboriginal English. Perth: Center for Applied Language and Literacy Research, Edith Cowan University.Google Scholar

Malcolm, Ian, Haig, Yvonne, Königsberg, Patricia, Rochecouste, Judith, Collard, Glenys, Hill, Alison; and Cahill, Rosemary. 1999b. Two-way English: Towards more user-friendly education for speakers of Aboriginal English. Perth: Center for Applied Language and Literacy Research, Edith Cowan University.Google Scholar

Mathews, Mitford M. 1951. A dictionary of Americanisms on historical principles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Milroy, Leslie. 2002. Social networks. The handbook of language variation and change, ed. by Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, Peter, and Schilling-Estes, Natalie, 549–72. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Mitchell, A. G., and Delbridge, Arthur. 1965. The speech of Australian adolescents: A survey. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.Google Scholar

Moag, Rodney F. 1992. The life cycle of non-native Englishes: A case study. In Kachru 1992, 233–52.Google Scholar

Modiano, Marko, Toolan, Michael, Simo-Bobda, Augustin, Todd, Loreto, Kaye, Alan S., Chevillet, Francois; and Tripathi, Prayag D. 1999. International English in the global village. English Today 58, 15.2.22–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Montgomery, Michael. 1996. Was colonial American English a koiné? Speech past and present: Studies in English dialectology in memory of Ossi Ihalainen, ed. by Klemola, Juhani, Kytö, Merja, and Rissanen, Matti, 213–35. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Moore, Bruce. 2001. Australian English and indigenous voices. In Blair & Collins, 133–49.Google Scholar

Morais, Elaine. 2000. Talking in English but thinking like a Malaysian: Insights from a car assembly plant. In Halimah & Ng, 90–106.Google Scholar

Morais, Elaine. 2001. Lectal varieties of Malaysian English. In Ooi, 33–52.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996. The founder principle in creole genesis. Diachronica 13. 83–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2000. Creolization is a social, not a structural, process. In Neumann-Holzschuh & Schneider, 65–84.Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mugler, France, and Tent, Jan. 1998. Some aspects of language use and attitudes in Fiji. SICOL: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics. Vol. 1: Language contact, ed. by Tent, Jan and Mugler, France, 109–34. Pacific Linguistics C-141. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar

Mühlhäusler, Peter. 1986. Pidgin and creole linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid, and Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.) 2000. Degrees of restructuring in creole languages. (Creole language library 22.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Newbrook, Mark. 1997. Malaysian English: Status, norms, some grammatical and lexical features. In Schneider 1997, vol. 2, 229–56.Google Scholar

Newbrook, Mark. 2001. Syntactic features and norms in Australian English. In Blair & Collins, 113–32.Google Scholar

Ngefac, Aloysius. 2001. Extra-linguistic correlates of Cameroon English phonology. Yaounde, Cameroon: University of Yaounde dissertation.Google Scholar

Norton, Bonny. 2000. Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and educational change. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar

Noss, R. B. (ed.) 1983. Varieties of English in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Singapore University Press for SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.Google Scholar

Ooi, Vincent B. Y. (ed.) 2001. Evolving identities: The English language in Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Times Academic Press.Google Scholar

Orsman, Elizabeth, and Orsman, Harry. 1994. The New Zealand dictionary. Educational edition. Takapuna: New House.Google Scholar

Orsman, Harry. 1997. A dictionary of New Zealand English on historical principles. Auckland: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Pakir, Anne (ed.) 1993. The English language in Singapore: Standards and norms. Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

Pakir, Anne. 1994. English in Singapore: The codification of competing norms. In Gopinathan, et al., 92–118.Google Scholar

Pakir, Anne. 2001. The voices of English-knowing bilinguals and the emergence of new epicentres. In Ooi, 1–11.Google Scholar

Peng, Long, and Setter, Jane. 2000. The emergence of systematicity in the English pronunciations of two Cantonese-speaking adults in Hong Kong. English World-Wide 21. 81–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pennycook, Alastair. 1998. English and the discourses of colonialism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Peters, Pam. 1995. The Cambridge Australian English style guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Peters, Pam. 2001. What is international English? Paper given to the Australian Style Council Conference, Sydney, April 2001.Google Scholar

Phillipson, Robert. 1992. Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Piller, Ingrid. 2001. Who, if anyone, is a native speaker? Anglistik 12. 109–21.Google Scholar

Platt, John, and Weber, Heidi. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, features, functions. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Platt, John, Weber, Heidi; and Ho, Mian Lian. 1983. Singapore and Malaysia. Varieties of English Around the World T1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Platt, John, Weber, Heidi; and Ho, Mian Lian. 1984. The New Englishes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Prendergast, David. 1998. Views on Englishes: A talk with Braj B. Kachru, Salikoko Mufwene, Rajendra Singh, Loreto Todd, and Peter Trudgill. Links and Letters 5. 225–41.Google Scholar

Pride, John (ed.) 1982. New Englishes. Rowley: Newbury House.Google Scholar

Quinn, Heidi. 2000. Variation in New Zealand English syntax and morphology. In Bell & Kuiper, 173–97.Google Scholar

Ramson, W. S. 1966. Australian English: An historical study of the vocabulary 1788–1898. Canberra: Australian National University Press.Google Scholar

Ramson, W. S. 1988. The Australian national dictionary. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Read, Allen Walker. 1933. British recognition of American speech in the eighteenth century. Dialect Notes 6. 313–34.Google Scholar

Rubal-Lopez, Alma. 1996. The ongoing spread of English: A comparative analysis of former Anglo-American colonies with non-colonies. In Fishman, et al., 37–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saravanan, Vanithamani. 1994. Language maintenance and language shift in the Tamil community. In Gopinathan, et al., 175–204.Google Scholar

Schilling-Estes, Natalie, and Wolfram, Walt. 1999. Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration. Language 75. 486–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schmied, Josef. 1985. Englisch in Tansania. Sozio- und interlinguistische Probleme. Heidelberg: Groos.Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.) 1997. Englishes around the world. Vol. 1: General studies, British Isles, North America. Vol. 2: Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Australasia. Studies in honour of Manfred Görlach. Varieties of English around the world G18, G19. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. 1999. Notes on Singaporean English. Form, function and variation in English: Studies in honour of Klaus Hansen, ed. by Carls, Uwe and Lucko, Peter, 193–205. Frankfurt a.M: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. 2000a. Feature diffusion vs. contact effects in the evolution of New Englishes: A typological case study of negation patterns. English World-Wide 21. 201–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schneider, Edgar W. 2000b. From region to class to identity: ‘Show me how you speak, and I'll tell you who you are?’ American Speech 75. 359–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schumann, John H. 1978. The acculturation model for second-language acquisition. Second language acquisition and foreign language teaching, ed. by Gringas, Rosario C., 27–50. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

Sibayan, Bonifacio P., and Gonzalez, Andrew. 1996. Post-imperial English in the Philippines. In Fishman, et al., 139–72.Google Scholar

Siegel, Jeff. 1987. Language contact in a plantation environment: A sociolinguistic history of Fiji. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Siegel, Jeff. 1991. Variation in Fiji English. In Cheshire, 664–74.Google Scholar

Singh, Rajendra (ed.) 1998. The native speaker: Multilingual perspectives. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Spencer, John (ed.) 1971. The English language in West Africa. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Stubbe, Maria, and Holmes, Janet. 2000. Talking Maori or Pakeha in English: Signalling identity in discourse. In Bell & Kuiper, 249–78.Google Scholar

Sussex, Roland. 1989. The Americanisation of Australian English: Prestige models in the media. In Collins & Blair 1989, 158–68.Google Scholar

Talib, Ismail S. 2002. The language of postcolonial literatures: An introduction. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tan, Hwee Hwee. 2002. A war of words over ‘Singlish’. Time Asia 160.3, July 29.Google Scholar

Tan, Peter K. W. 2001. Melaka or Malacca; Kallang or Care-Lang: Lexical innovation and nativisation in Malaysian and Singaporean English. In Ooi, 140–67.Google Scholar

Tay, Mary. 1982. The phonology of educated Singapore English. English World-Wide 3. 135–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tay, Mary W. J., and Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1983. Towards a description of Standard Singaporean English. In Noss, 173–89.Google Scholar

Tent, Jan. 2000a. The dynamics of Fiji English: A study of its use, users and features. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago dissertation.Google Scholar

Tent, Jan. 2001b. Yod deletion in Fiji English: Phonological shibboleth or L2 English? Language Variation and Change 13. 161–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tent, Jan. 2001c. The current status of English in Fiji. Who's centric now? The present state of post-colonial Englishes, ed. by Moore, Bruce, 241–68. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Tent, Jan, and Mugler, France. 1996. Why a Fiji corpus? In Greenbaum 1996b, 249–61.Google Scholar

Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Language contact: An introduction. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Thomason, Sarah Grey, and Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language contact, creolization and genetic linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tickoo, Makhan L. 1996. Fifty years of English in Singapore: All gains, (a) few losses? In Fishman et al., 431–55.Google Scholar

Times-Chambers essential English dictionary. 1997. 2nd edn. Singapore: Federal Publications.Google Scholar

Tongue, R. K. 1974. The English of Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter. 1986. Dialects in contact. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter. 1998. World English: Convergence or divergence? The major varieties of English, ed. by Lindqvist, Hans, Klintborg, Staffan, Levin, Magnus, and Estling, Maria, 29–36. Växjö: Acta Wexionensia, and Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter, and Hannah, Jean. 1982. International English: A guide to varieties of Standard English. London: Arnold.Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter, Gordon, Elizabeth, Lewis, Gillian; and Maclagan, Margaret. 2000. Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English. Journal of Linguistics 36. 299–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsui, Amy B. M., and Bunton, David. 2000. The discourse and attitudes of English language teachers in Hong Kong. In Bolton 2000c, 287–303.Google Scholar

Turner, George W. 1966. The English language in Australia and New Zealand. London: Longmans.Google Scholar

Turner, George W. 1994. English in Australia. In Burchfield, 277–327.Google Scholar

Verhaar, John W. M. 1995. Toward a reference grammar of Tok Pisin. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar

Wodak, Ruth, de Cillia, Rudolf, Reisig, Martin; and Liebhart, Karin. 1999. The discoursive construction of national identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Wolfram, Walt, and Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 1996. Dialect change and maintenance in a post-insular community. Focus on the USA, ed. by Schneider, Edgar W., 103–48. Varieties of English around the world G16. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Woodward, Kathryn. 1997. Concepts of identity and difference. Identity and difference, ed. by Woodward, Kathryn, 8–48. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Wurm, Stephen A. 1985. Handbook of Tok Pisin. Canberra: Australian National University, Department of Linguistics.Google Scholar

Yule, Henry, and Burnell, A. C. 1986 [orig. 1886]. Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical, and discursive. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Zuraidah, Mohd Don. 2000. Malay + English → a Malay variety of English vowels and accent. In Halimah & Ng, 35–45.Google Scholar