I. Randolph Daniel, Jr. | East Carolina University (original) (raw)
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Papers by I. Randolph Daniel, Jr.
Routledge eBooks, Sep 16, 2021
The Florida Anthropologist, 1986
North American Archaeologist, May 20, 2022
The 81st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, 2016
The 81st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, 2016
Journal of Anthropological Research, Apr 1, 2003
University Press of Florida eBooks, May 22, 2018
Archaeological site investigations on the South Atlantic Coastal Plain have revealed stratified c... more Archaeological site investigations on the South Atlantic Coastal Plain have revealed stratified cultural remains in sand deposits of mixed aeolian and fluvial origins, aeolian sand sheets and dunes, alluvial terraces, and Carolina Bay rims. These sites are typically shallow but have yielded discernible archaeostratigraphy within sand dominated deposits by using luminescence dating (OSL), AMS radiocarbon dating, and close interval sediment sampling. Periods of site burial are linked to regional and global paleoclimate records, including Bond events, and provide broader reconstructions for human ecology and periods of site burial.
Scientific Reports, Mar 9, 2017
Previously, a large platinum (Pt) anomaly was reported in the Greenland ice sheet at the Younger ... more Previously, a large platinum (Pt) anomaly was reported in the Greenland ice sheet at the Younger Dryas boundary (YDB) (12,800 Cal B.P.). In order to evaluate its geographic extent, fire-assay and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (FA and ICP-MS) elemental analyses were performed on 11 widely separated archaeological bulk sedimentary sequences. We document discovery of a distinct Pt anomaly spread widely across North America and dating to the Younger Dryas (YD) onset. The apparent synchroneity of this widespread YDB Pt anomaly is consistent with Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) data that indicated atmospheric input of platinum-rich dust. We expect the Pt anomaly to serve as a widely-distributed time marker horizon (datum) for identification and correlation of the onset of the YD climatic episode at 12,800 Cal B.P. This Pt datum will facilitate the dating and correlating of archaeological, paleontological, and paleoenvironmental data between sequences, especially those with limited age control.
State site designations were recorded for each analyzed artifact. For convenience, RLA site desig... more State site designations were recorded for each analyzed artifact. For convenience, RLA site designations are also provided. Because most of the artifacts examined are from sites recorded prior to 1980, their two site designations usually are the same (except that the state designation includes a "31" prefix which stands for North Carolina). Catalog Number The Research Laboratories of Anthropology (RLA) catalog number also was recorded for each artifact. This tripartite designation consists of an accession number (which identifies a specific site, survey, excavation, or donated collection), a specimen type (this designation was "a" [for artifact] for all analyzed specimens), and a specimen number (which identifies a specific provenience and category of artifacts within the accession designation). It provides a reference to more detailed provenience and descriptive data on file at the RLA.
Typological classification of projectile points found on prehistoric archaeological sites has lon... more Typological classification of projectile points found on prehistoric archaeological sites has long been recognized and employed by archaeologists as a reliable means of assessing site age and cultural affiliation. The purpose of this study was to classify projectile points from prehistoric sites in North Carolina recorded by early archaeological surveys in order to provide more detailed cultural and chronological information about those sites. Most of the analyzed artifacts were collected prior to about 1960, and are curated at the Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. This study resulted in the classification of 22,244 projectile points and 105 other artifacts, and provides important new information for 1,313 presently-known archaeological sites in 50 separate North Carolina counties. This information should greatly assist efforts directed toward historic preservation planning, archaeological site prediction and evaluation, and research. It is also hoped that this project has demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of enhancing the quality of North Carolina's archaeological site files through the systematic analysis of extant artifact collections.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Oct 4, 2013
Southeastern Archaeology, Dec 1, 2013
Nature Scientific Reports, 2023
Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection be... more Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection between Paleoamericans and extinct megafauna species. The lack of physical evidence for the presence of extinct megafauna begs the question, did early Paleoamericans regularly hunt or scavenge these animals, or were some megafauna already extinct? In this study of 120 Paleoamerican stone tools from across North and South Carolina, we investigate this question using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). We find immunological support for the exploitation of extant and extinct megafauna, including Proboscidea, Equidae, and Bovidae (possibly Bison antiquus), on Clovis points and scrapers, as well as possible early Paleoamerican Haw River points. Post-Clovis points tested positive for Equidae and Bovidae but not Proboscidea. Microwear results are consistent with projectile usage, butchery, fresh-and dry hide scraping, the use of ochre-coated dry hides for hafting, and dry hide sheath wear. This study represents the first direct evidence of the exploitation of extinct megafauna by Clovis and other Paleoamerican cultures in the Carolinas and more broadly, across the eastern United States, where there is generally poor to non-existent faunal preservation. Future CIEP analysis of stone tools may provide evidence on the timing and demography of megafaunal collapse leading to eventual extinction. Numerous immunological studies of prehistoric chipped stone tools have provided evidence consistent with the preservation of prehistoric blood protein residues (Williamson et al. 1 ; Downs and Lowenstein 2 ; Gerlach et al. 3 ; Hardy et al. 4 ; Hyland et al. 5 ; Kooyman et al. 6 ; Kooyman et al. 7 ; Lowenstein 8,9 ; Loy and Dixon 10 ; Newman 11 ; Newman and Julig 12 ; Newman et al. 13 ; Moore et al. 14 ; Shanks et al. 15 ; Gill-King 16 ; Seeman et al. 17 ; Yohe and Bamforth 18 ; Nowell et al. 19). These studies have provided valuable insight into prehistoric human/animal interactions with consistent ecological implications derived from the archaeological record (i.e. concordance between preserved faunal remains and immunological results). For example, Moore et al. 14 recovered large numbers of gastroliths and calcined fragments of avian bone from Flamingo Bay (38AK469) indicating extensive processing of large birds. Immunological testing using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) subsequently identified turkey along with quail, grouse, or other gallinaceous fowl on stone tools from the site. Despite this, CIEP has not been without skeptics.
Scientific Reports
Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection be... more Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection between Paleoamericans and extinct megafauna species. The lack of physical evidence for the presence of extinct megafauna begs the question, did early Paleoamericans regularly hunt or scavenge these animals, or were some megafauna already extinct? In this study of 120 Paleoamerican stone tools from across North and South Carolina, we investigate this question using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). We find immunological support for the exploitation of extant and extinct megafauna, including Proboscidea, Equidae, and Bovidae (possibly Bison antiquus), on Clovis points and scrapers, as well as possible early Paleoamerican Haw River points. Post-Clovis points tested positive for Equidae and Bovidae but not Proboscidea. Microwear results are consistent with projectile usage, butchery, fresh- and dry hide scraping, the use of ochre-coated dry hides for hafting, and dry hide sheath wear. T...
Scientifica Reports 13 9464, 2023
Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection be... more Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection between Paleoamericans and extinct megafauna species. The lack of physical evidence for the presence of extinct megafauna begs the question, did early Paleoamericans regularly hunt or scavenge these animals, or were some megafauna already extinct? In this study of 120 Paleoamerican stone tools from across North and South Carolina, we investigate this question using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). We find immunological support for the exploitation of extant and extinct megafauna, including Proboscidea, Equidae, and Bovidae (possibly Bison antiquus), on Clovis points and scrapers, as well as possible early Paleoamerican Haw River points. Post-Clovis points tested positive for Equidae and Bovidae but not Proboscidea. Microwear results are consistent with projectile usage, butchery, fresh-and dry hide scraping, the use of ochre-coated dry hides for hafting, and dry hide sheath wear. This study represents the first direct evidence of the exploitation of extinct megafauna by Clovis and other Paleoamerican cultures in the Carolinas and more broadly, across the eastern United States, where there is generally poor to non-existent faunal preservation. Future CIEP analysis of stone tools may provide evidence on the timing and demography of megafaunal collapse leading to eventual extinction. Numerous immunological studies of prehistoric chipped stone tools have provided evidence consistent with the preservation of prehistoric blood protein residues (Williamson et al. 1 ; Downs and Lowenstein 2 ; Gerlach et al. 3 ; Hardy et al. 4 ; Hyland et al. 5 ; Kooyman et al. 6 ; Kooyman et al. 7 ; Lowenstein 8,9 ; Loy and Dixon 10 ; Newman 11 ; Newman and Julig 12 ; Newman et al. 13 ; Moore et al. 14 ; Shanks et al. 15 ; Gill-King 16 ; Seeman et al. 17 ; Yohe and Bamforth 18 ; Nowell et al. 19). These studies have provided valuable insight into prehistoric human/animal interactions with consistent ecological implications derived from the archaeological record (i.e. concordance between preserved faunal remains and immunological results). For example, Moore et al. 14 recovered large numbers of gastroliths and calcined fragments of avian bone from Flamingo Bay (38AK469) indicating extensive processing of large birds. Immunological testing using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) subsequently identified turkey along with quail, grouse, or other gallinaceous fowl on stone tools from the site. Despite this, CIEP has not been without skeptics.
Technical Report No. 18, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Ch... more Technical Report No. 18, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Reports in this series present the findings of archaeological surveys and test excavations completed by the RLA between 1983 and present.
Routledge eBooks, Sep 16, 2021
The Florida Anthropologist, 1986
North American Archaeologist, May 20, 2022
The 81st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, 2016
The 81st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, 2016
Journal of Anthropological Research, Apr 1, 2003
University Press of Florida eBooks, May 22, 2018
Archaeological site investigations on the South Atlantic Coastal Plain have revealed stratified c... more Archaeological site investigations on the South Atlantic Coastal Plain have revealed stratified cultural remains in sand deposits of mixed aeolian and fluvial origins, aeolian sand sheets and dunes, alluvial terraces, and Carolina Bay rims. These sites are typically shallow but have yielded discernible archaeostratigraphy within sand dominated deposits by using luminescence dating (OSL), AMS radiocarbon dating, and close interval sediment sampling. Periods of site burial are linked to regional and global paleoclimate records, including Bond events, and provide broader reconstructions for human ecology and periods of site burial.
Scientific Reports, Mar 9, 2017
Previously, a large platinum (Pt) anomaly was reported in the Greenland ice sheet at the Younger ... more Previously, a large platinum (Pt) anomaly was reported in the Greenland ice sheet at the Younger Dryas boundary (YDB) (12,800 Cal B.P.). In order to evaluate its geographic extent, fire-assay and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (FA and ICP-MS) elemental analyses were performed on 11 widely separated archaeological bulk sedimentary sequences. We document discovery of a distinct Pt anomaly spread widely across North America and dating to the Younger Dryas (YD) onset. The apparent synchroneity of this widespread YDB Pt anomaly is consistent with Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) data that indicated atmospheric input of platinum-rich dust. We expect the Pt anomaly to serve as a widely-distributed time marker horizon (datum) for identification and correlation of the onset of the YD climatic episode at 12,800 Cal B.P. This Pt datum will facilitate the dating and correlating of archaeological, paleontological, and paleoenvironmental data between sequences, especially those with limited age control.
State site designations were recorded for each analyzed artifact. For convenience, RLA site desig... more State site designations were recorded for each analyzed artifact. For convenience, RLA site designations are also provided. Because most of the artifacts examined are from sites recorded prior to 1980, their two site designations usually are the same (except that the state designation includes a "31" prefix which stands for North Carolina). Catalog Number The Research Laboratories of Anthropology (RLA) catalog number also was recorded for each artifact. This tripartite designation consists of an accession number (which identifies a specific site, survey, excavation, or donated collection), a specimen type (this designation was "a" [for artifact] for all analyzed specimens), and a specimen number (which identifies a specific provenience and category of artifacts within the accession designation). It provides a reference to more detailed provenience and descriptive data on file at the RLA.
Typological classification of projectile points found on prehistoric archaeological sites has lon... more Typological classification of projectile points found on prehistoric archaeological sites has long been recognized and employed by archaeologists as a reliable means of assessing site age and cultural affiliation. The purpose of this study was to classify projectile points from prehistoric sites in North Carolina recorded by early archaeological surveys in order to provide more detailed cultural and chronological information about those sites. Most of the analyzed artifacts were collected prior to about 1960, and are curated at the Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. This study resulted in the classification of 22,244 projectile points and 105 other artifacts, and provides important new information for 1,313 presently-known archaeological sites in 50 separate North Carolina counties. This information should greatly assist efforts directed toward historic preservation planning, archaeological site prediction and evaluation, and research. It is also hoped that this project has demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of enhancing the quality of North Carolina's archaeological site files through the systematic analysis of extant artifact collections.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Oct 4, 2013
Southeastern Archaeology, Dec 1, 2013
Nature Scientific Reports, 2023
Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection be... more Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection between Paleoamericans and extinct megafauna species. The lack of physical evidence for the presence of extinct megafauna begs the question, did early Paleoamericans regularly hunt or scavenge these animals, or were some megafauna already extinct? In this study of 120 Paleoamerican stone tools from across North and South Carolina, we investigate this question using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). We find immunological support for the exploitation of extant and extinct megafauna, including Proboscidea, Equidae, and Bovidae (possibly Bison antiquus), on Clovis points and scrapers, as well as possible early Paleoamerican Haw River points. Post-Clovis points tested positive for Equidae and Bovidae but not Proboscidea. Microwear results are consistent with projectile usage, butchery, fresh-and dry hide scraping, the use of ochre-coated dry hides for hafting, and dry hide sheath wear. This study represents the first direct evidence of the exploitation of extinct megafauna by Clovis and other Paleoamerican cultures in the Carolinas and more broadly, across the eastern United States, where there is generally poor to non-existent faunal preservation. Future CIEP analysis of stone tools may provide evidence on the timing and demography of megafaunal collapse leading to eventual extinction. Numerous immunological studies of prehistoric chipped stone tools have provided evidence consistent with the preservation of prehistoric blood protein residues (Williamson et al. 1 ; Downs and Lowenstein 2 ; Gerlach et al. 3 ; Hardy et al. 4 ; Hyland et al. 5 ; Kooyman et al. 6 ; Kooyman et al. 7 ; Lowenstein 8,9 ; Loy and Dixon 10 ; Newman 11 ; Newman and Julig 12 ; Newman et al. 13 ; Moore et al. 14 ; Shanks et al. 15 ; Gill-King 16 ; Seeman et al. 17 ; Yohe and Bamforth 18 ; Nowell et al. 19). These studies have provided valuable insight into prehistoric human/animal interactions with consistent ecological implications derived from the archaeological record (i.e. concordance between preserved faunal remains and immunological results). For example, Moore et al. 14 recovered large numbers of gastroliths and calcined fragments of avian bone from Flamingo Bay (38AK469) indicating extensive processing of large birds. Immunological testing using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) subsequently identified turkey along with quail, grouse, or other gallinaceous fowl on stone tools from the site. Despite this, CIEP has not been without skeptics.
Scientific Reports
Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection be... more Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection between Paleoamericans and extinct megafauna species. The lack of physical evidence for the presence of extinct megafauna begs the question, did early Paleoamericans regularly hunt or scavenge these animals, or were some megafauna already extinct? In this study of 120 Paleoamerican stone tools from across North and South Carolina, we investigate this question using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). We find immunological support for the exploitation of extant and extinct megafauna, including Proboscidea, Equidae, and Bovidae (possibly Bison antiquus), on Clovis points and scrapers, as well as possible early Paleoamerican Haw River points. Post-Clovis points tested positive for Equidae and Bovidae but not Proboscidea. Microwear results are consistent with projectile usage, butchery, fresh- and dry hide scraping, the use of ochre-coated dry hides for hafting, and dry hide sheath wear. T...
Scientifica Reports 13 9464, 2023
Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection be... more Previous immunological studies in the eastern USA have failed to establish a direct connection between Paleoamericans and extinct megafauna species. The lack of physical evidence for the presence of extinct megafauna begs the question, did early Paleoamericans regularly hunt or scavenge these animals, or were some megafauna already extinct? In this study of 120 Paleoamerican stone tools from across North and South Carolina, we investigate this question using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). We find immunological support for the exploitation of extant and extinct megafauna, including Proboscidea, Equidae, and Bovidae (possibly Bison antiquus), on Clovis points and scrapers, as well as possible early Paleoamerican Haw River points. Post-Clovis points tested positive for Equidae and Bovidae but not Proboscidea. Microwear results are consistent with projectile usage, butchery, fresh-and dry hide scraping, the use of ochre-coated dry hides for hafting, and dry hide sheath wear. This study represents the first direct evidence of the exploitation of extinct megafauna by Clovis and other Paleoamerican cultures in the Carolinas and more broadly, across the eastern United States, where there is generally poor to non-existent faunal preservation. Future CIEP analysis of stone tools may provide evidence on the timing and demography of megafaunal collapse leading to eventual extinction. Numerous immunological studies of prehistoric chipped stone tools have provided evidence consistent with the preservation of prehistoric blood protein residues (Williamson et al. 1 ; Downs and Lowenstein 2 ; Gerlach et al. 3 ; Hardy et al. 4 ; Hyland et al. 5 ; Kooyman et al. 6 ; Kooyman et al. 7 ; Lowenstein 8,9 ; Loy and Dixon 10 ; Newman 11 ; Newman and Julig 12 ; Newman et al. 13 ; Moore et al. 14 ; Shanks et al. 15 ; Gill-King 16 ; Seeman et al. 17 ; Yohe and Bamforth 18 ; Nowell et al. 19). These studies have provided valuable insight into prehistoric human/animal interactions with consistent ecological implications derived from the archaeological record (i.e. concordance between preserved faunal remains and immunological results). For example, Moore et al. 14 recovered large numbers of gastroliths and calcined fragments of avian bone from Flamingo Bay (38AK469) indicating extensive processing of large birds. Immunological testing using crossover immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) subsequently identified turkey along with quail, grouse, or other gallinaceous fowl on stone tools from the site. Despite this, CIEP has not been without skeptics.
Technical Report No. 18, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Ch... more Technical Report No. 18, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Reports in this series present the findings of archaeological surveys and test excavations completed by the RLA between 1983 and present.
Early Human Life in the Southeastern Coastal Plain, 2018
Clovis: On the Edge of a New Understanding. edited by Smallwood, A. & Jennings, T., pp. 319 - 331. Texas A&M Press, college Station.
The recognition of Clovis in the Carolinas has largely come from statewide fluted point surveys. ... more The recognition of Clovis in the Carolinas has largely come from statewide fluted point surveys. Studies have focused on style, raw materials, and geographic distributions. Raw material patterns suggest a single macroband centered on the finegrained metavolcanic stone of the Uwharrie Mountains in the Piedmont. To the south, raw material distributions suggest another macroband centered on the Allendale cherts along the Central Savannah River. Presumably, metavolcanic Clovis points observed in South Carolina represent the southern extent of movement away from the Uwharries. Evidence for two probable Clovis macrobands is presented with the Saluda-Congree-Santee rivers being something of a major physiographic boundary.
We re-examine the Swansboro Eared point type from coastal North Carolina. These are triangular p... more We re-examine the Swansboro Eared point type from coastal North Carolina. These are triangular points with distinctive ears formed by side and basal notching. While Loftfield (1976) originally believed them to be Woodland period points, some subsequent researchers suggested they are affiliated with the late Paleoindian period. We summarize new data from North Carolina that supports a late prehistoric affiliation. We illustrate the technologically accomplished pebble reduction process that produces these points (often from quartz and quartzite) and examine linkages with types such as Yadkin in the Piedmont and Nomini and Potts points in Virginia.
Continued work on the North Carolina fluted point survey now includes data on about 300 points. ... more Continued work on the North Carolina fluted point survey now includes data on about 300 points. To date, these data have been used to address problems related to typological issues, geographic distributions, and patterns of raw material use. Three patterns are apparent. First, cultural-historical types in the state predominantly include Clovis, Cumberland, and Redstone. Second, unlike other areas of the Southeast, metavolcanic stone rather than chert represents the dominant tool stone. Third, point and raw material distributions suggest occupations centered in the Piedmont/Fall Line and Mountain regions, but the occupation of the latter appears unrelated to the former.
University of Alabama Press, 2021
In the 1964 landmark publication The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont, Joffre Coe esta... more In the 1964 landmark publication The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont, Joffre Coe established a projectile point typology and chronology that, for the first time, allowed archaeologists to identify the relative age of a site or site deposit based on the point types recovered there. Consistent with the cultural-historical paradigm of the day, the “Coe axiom” stipulated that only one point type was produced at one moment in time in a particular location. Moreover, Coe identified periods of “cultural continuity” and “discontinuity” in the chronology based on perceived similarities and differences in point styles through time.
In Time, Typology, and Point Traditions in North Carolina Archaeology: Formative Cultures Reconsidered, I. Randolph Daniel Jr. reevaluates the Coe typology and sequence, analyzing their strengths and weaknesses. Daniel reviews the history of the projectile point type concept in the Southeast and revisits both Coe’s axiom and his notions regarding cultural continuity and change based on point types. In addition, Daniel updates Coe’s typology by clarifying or revising existing types and including types unrecognized in Coe’s monograph. Daniel also adopts a practice-centered approach to interpreting types and organizes them into several technological traditions that trace ancestral- descendant communities of practice that relate to our current understanding of North Carolina prehistory.
Appealing to professional and avocational archaeologists, Daniel provides ample illustrations of points in the book as well as color versions on a dedicated website. Daniel dedicates a final chapter to a discussion of the ethical issues related to professional archaeologists using private artifact collections. He calls for greater collaboration between professional and avocational communities, noting the scientific value of some private collections.