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Niman

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niman

出典:『Wiktionary』 (2026/01/13 17:20 UTC 版)

語源

From Proto-West Germanic *neman, from Proto-Germanic *nemaną, from Proto-Indo-European *nem-.

Germanic cognates include Old Frisian nima, Old Saxon niman, Old Dutch neman, Old High German neman, Old Norse nema, Gothic 𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (niman). The Indo-European root was also the source of Old Irish nem (“present”), Latvian ņemt (“to take”), Albanian nëm (“to take, curse”), Ancient Greek νέμω (némō).

動詞

niman

1. (transitive) [_with_ accusative] to take
   • late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans
   • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 2:10-11

Conjugation

Notes on Conjugation

• The variation in stem-vowels in the past tense is explained here. See cuman for a similar discussion.
  • The first-and-third-person singular forms in the past indicative ought to have been nam / nom. (See discussion of Proto-West-Germanic *a before nasal consonants.)
    * nam was the expected form in Late West Saxon and in Kentish. It appears in Early West Saxon, too.
    * nom was the expected form in Mercian and Northumbrian. It appears in Early West Saxon, too.
    * However, a form nōm existed in West Saxon, Mercian, and Northumbrian (if not also in Kentish). This form derived from the analogical transfer of the vowel /oː/ from the second-person singular form and the plural form into the first-and-third-person singular forms.
  • The second-person singular form and the plural form ought to have had ⟨nōm-⟩ as the stem. This results from the rounding and raising of Proto-West-Germanic *ā before nasal consonants before the written Old English period. Compare this with Old English mōna.
    * Aside from one occurrence in Mercian of a plural form indicating ⟨nām-⟩ (naamun /ˈnɑː.mun/ in the Épinal Glossary), both Mercian and Northumbrian used ⟨nōm-⟩ in all past-tense forms.
    * ⟨nām-⟩ appears in West Saxon alongside ⟨nōm-⟩ due to analogical processes.

派生語

• āniman
• beniman
• dǣlniman
• forniman
• ġeniman
• *numa
• numol
• oferniman
• underniman

派生した語

• Middle English: nimen, nymen
  • English: nim; numb (from past participle)
  • Scots: nim

参照

• Joseph Bosworth; T. Northcote Toller (1898), “niman”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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