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secretary hand
名詞
secretary hand (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 secretary hands)
- (historical, calligraphy) A style of handwriting developed in Europe and used during the 16th and 17th centuries for writing English, German, Welsh and Gaelic; a variety of this style.
- 1961, Bernard Mellor, The Poems of Sir Francis Hubert, page 280,
It is written in three different Secretary hands: the first finishing at stanza 9 but with stanzas unnumbered, […] . - 1998, Eve Rachele Sanders, Gender and Literacy on Stage in Early Modern England, page 173,
When Mercy Harvey advised the nobleman to imitate her handwriting, she specified that he should write the address on the outside of the letter in "a small raggid secretary hand." - 2004, Introduction, Stephen H. A. Shepherd (editor), Turpines Story, page xvi,
There are five scribes, all using variations on Secretary hands consistent with the third quarter of the fifteenth century. - 2004, Introduction, Helen Ostovich, Elizabeth Sauer (editors), Reading Early Modern Women: An Anthology of Texts in Manuscript and Print, 1550 — 1700, page 7,
While originating at the end of the medieval period, the secretary hand was not widely employed until the early modern period, by which time it had completely displaced the earlier court hands. - 2006, Grace Ioppolo, Dramatists and Their Manuscripts in the Age of Shakespeare, Jonson, Middleton and Heywood, page 84,
Most authors, including dramatists, used both a separate secretary and an italic hand; in many cases the secretary hand was used for composing (that is, cursive または fluent) writing and italic for more formal copying.
- 1961, Bernard Mellor, The Poems of Sir Francis Hubert, page 280,
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On the other hand, experts have pointed out various issues pertaining to the EU-ETS, including the following. ① Regarding the reduction targets of Phase I, there are problems in cap setting, such as moderate emissions allowances that lead to a price fall when the moderate allocation is realized. ② There are problems related to fairness and equity with respect to the cap. For example, during Phase I, in the process of creating national allocation plans that determine each country’s emissions cap, there were about 800 cases26 in all the EU countries wherein the companies sued their national governments over allocation methods and allocation amounts. Further, during Phase II, the former East European countries, such as Czech Republic, Latvia, Poland, Hungary, and Estonia, sued the European Commission over its strict demand on the allocation amount27. ③ There are concerns about “carbon leakage” and a loss of international competitiveness among the EU companies. For example, Jean-Louis Borloo, the French Minister of Ecology and Sustainable Development, expressed his concern about “carbon leakage,” which occurs when economic activities and plant locations move from the EU countries to countries with lesser or no environmental regulations. Secretary General Mr. Richmann of German Federation of Industry and Energy stated that in a situation wherein the competitors do not need to bear carbon costs, domestic industries cannot pass on the carbon costs to the international market. This would lead to not only loss of the labor market but also migration of the manufacturing bases, resulting in increased emissions outside of Europe.例文帳に追加
一方、EU-ETSに対しては、①第一約束期間の削減目標については、排出枠の設定が緩く、割当の緩さが判明した時点で価格が暴落するなど、キャップの設定に課題があったこと、②各国の排出上限量となる国別割当計画の策定過程において、割当方法及び割当量をめぐって、第一約束期間においては、企業が各国政府を提訴した事例がEU全体で800件程度あり、第二約束期間については、チェコ、ラトビア、ポーランド、ハンガリー、エストニア等旧東欧諸国が欧州委員会の要求する厳しい割当量を巡り、欧州委員会を相手に訴訟を起こしているなど、キャップの衡平性に課題があること、③フランスのボルローエコロジー・持続可能な開発整備相が、「EU域内から環境規制が緩いまたは無い他の地域に工場など移転する、いわゆる『炭素リーケージ』について懸念がある。」と表明し、ドイツの産業エネルギー連盟リヒマン事務総長が、「競争相手に炭素コストが生じなければ、産業界はこのコストを世界市場で転嫁できないので、労働市場が失われるだけではなく、生産拠点の移転もあり得るが、これは、欧州外での排出増加になる。」と発言しているなど、炭素リーケージ及び域内企業の国際競争力低下の懸念があること、等、様々な課題が指摘されている。 - 経済産業省
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