強 - Wiktionary, the free dictionary (original) (raw)

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also: 强 and 彊

Japanese 強
Simplified 强
Traditional 強

強 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈中戈 (NILI), four-corner 13236, composition ⿰弓𧈧 or ⿸弘虫)

| | Old Chinese | | | -------------------------------- | ------------- | | 繈 | *kaŋʔ | | 襁 | *kaŋʔ | | 膙 | *kaŋʔ | | 鏹 | *kaŋʔ | | 勥 | *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ | | 強 | *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ |

Zhengzhang (2003): Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ): phonetic 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”), hence a rather conservative variant is 𧖑.

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ): phonetic 弘 (OC *ɡʷɯːŋ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).

The character 強 likely originally referred to the rice weevil, an insect that attacks rice and several other crops, before being phonetically borrowed to represent the sense of "strong; powerful", which was previously represented by the character 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ).

(egg): Typo of 蛋; they have the same keystrokes in Simplified Cangjie.

trad. 強/强
simp. 强
alternative forms 彊𧖑

Note:

Note:

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 強
Reading # 1/2
ModernBeijing(Pinyin) qiáng
MiddleChinese ‹ gjang ›
OldChinese /*N-kaŋ/
English strong
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 強
Reading # 1/2
No. 10318
Phoneticcomponent 强
Rimegroup 陽
Rimesubdivision 0
CorrespondingMC rime 強
OldChinese /*ɡaŋ/
Notes 彊省聲而非弘聲，通借爲彊

強

  1. strong; powerful; energetic
  2. to strengthen
  3. staunch; strong-willed
  4. brutal; forceful
    強拖乘客下機／强拖乘客下机 ― qiángtuō chéngkè xiàjī ― to forcefully drag a passenger off the plane
  5. capable; of a high level
  6. superior; better
  7. slightly more than; plus
    四分之一強／四分之一强 ― sì fēnzhī yī qiáng ― a bit more than a fourth
  8. final contestants in a competition; finalist
    八強／八强 ― bāqiáng ― quarterfinals
  9. (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, sometimes deliberate) Misspelling of 蛋 (dàn).
trad. 強/强
simp. 强
alternative forms 彊
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 強
Reading # 2/2
ModernBeijing(Pinyin) qiǎng
MiddleChinese ‹ gjangX ›
OldChinese /*m-kaŋʔ/
English make an effort
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 強
Reading # 2/2
No. 10319
Phoneticcomponent 强
Rimegroup 陽
Rimesubdivision 0
CorrespondingMC rime 勥
OldChinese /*ɡaŋʔ/
Notes 彊字注或體

強

  1. to force; to compel; to coerce
    勉強／勉强 ― miǎnqiǎng ― to force somebody to do something
  2. to strive
trad. 強/强
simp. 强
alternative forms 犟勥彊
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 強
Reading # 2/2
ModernBeijing(Pinyin) qiǎng
MiddleChinese ‹ gjangX ›
OldChinese /*m-kaŋʔ/
English make an effort
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 強
Reading # 2/2
No. 10319
Phoneticcomponent 强
Rimegroup 陽
Rimesubdivision 0
CorrespondingMC rime 勥
OldChinese /*ɡaŋʔ/
Notes 彊字注或體

強

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) hard; stiff
  2. stubborn; obstinate
  3. a surname

For pronunciation and definitions of 強 – see 勥 (“to compel; valiant; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 勥).

強

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. strong
    Antonym: 弱
  2. strength
  3. powerful
  4. potent
Kanji in this term
強
きょうGrade: 2
on'yomi

(as a noun)

強(きょう) • (kyō) ←**きやう** (kyau)?

  1. strength

強(きょう) • (-kyō) ←**きやう** (-kyau)?

  1. (of lengths of time) slightly more than
Kanji in this term
強
つよしGrade: 2
kun'yomi

強(つよし) • (Tsuyoshi)

  1. a male given name

  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

From Middle Chinese 強 (MC gjang, “strong”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 까ᇰ (Yale: kkàng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 힘〮셀〯 (Yale: hím sěyl) 가ᇰ (Yale: kàng)

Wikisource

強 (eumhun 강할 강 (ganghal gang))

  1. hanja form? of 강 (“strong; strength”)
    Antonym: 弱 (약 (yak))

From Middle Chinese 強 (MC gjangX, “make an effort”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 까ᇰ〮 (Yale: kkáng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 힘ᄡᅳᆯ (Yale: him psul) 강 (Yale: kang)

強 (eumhun 힘쓸 강 (himsseul gang))

  1. hanja form? of 강 (“to force; to coerce”)
  2. hanja form? of 강 (“stubborn; obstinate”)

強: Hán Việt readings: cường, cưỡng
強: Nôm readings: càng, cượng, cướng, gắng, cường, gàn, ngượng, cưỡng, gương, gượng, gàng

強 • (càng)

  1. chữ Nôm form of càng (“With a comparative or verb phrase, establishes a parallel with one or more other such comparatives.; all the more, all the less”).
    • 18th–19th century, Hồ Xuân Hương (胡春香), Vịnh quạt (詠𦑗) [The Paper Fan]:
      強(càng)燶(nóng)包(bao)饒(nhiêu)辰(thời)強(càng)沫(mát)/要(yêu)店(đêm)諸(chưa)斐(phỉ)吏(lại)要(yêu)𣈜(ngày)
      The hotter you get, the more refreshing you get / It wasn’t enough to love at night, now we love during the day.