江 - Wiktionary, the free dictionary (original) (raw)

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Stroke order
6 strokes

江 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 水一 (EM), four-corner 31110, composition ⿰氵工)

simp. and trad. 江
alternative forms 𬇔𣲅

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| | Old Chinese | | | -------------------------------- | --------------------------- | | 缸 | *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ | | 篢 | *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ | | 贑 | *kluːmʔ | | 涳 | *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ | | 江 | *kroːŋ | | 肛 | *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ | | 扛 | *kroːŋ | | 杠 | *kroːŋ | | 豇 | *kroːŋ | | 茳 | *kroːŋ | | 釭 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ | | 矼 | *kroːŋ | | 玒 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ | | 虹 | *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ | | 腔 | *kʰroːŋ | | 崆 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ | | 羫 | *kʰroːŋ | | 控 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs | | 椌 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ | | 悾 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs | | 跫 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ | | 啌 | *qʰroːŋ | | 谾 | *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ | | 舡 | *qʰroːŋ | | 缻 | *ɡroːŋ | | 項 | *ɡroːŋʔ | | 屸 | *ɡ·roːŋ | | 功 | *koːŋ | | 工 | *koːŋ | | 疘 | *koːŋ | | 魟 | *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ | | 攻 | *koːŋ, *kuːŋ | | 愩 | *koːŋ | | 碽 | *koːŋ | | 貢 | *koːŋs | | 羾 | *koːŋs | | 空 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs | | 箜 | *kʰoːŋ | | 硿 | *kʰoːŋ | | 埪 | *kʰoːŋ | | 鵼 | *kʰoːŋ | | 倥 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs | | 鞚 | *kʰoːŋs | | 叿 | *qʰoːŋ | | 嗊 | *qʰoːŋʔ | | 訌 | *ɡoːŋ | | 紅 | *ɡoːŋ | | 仜 | *ɡoːŋ | | 葒 | *ɡoːŋ | | 渱 | *ɡoːŋ | | 鴻 | *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ | | 汞 | *ɡoːŋʔ | | 澒 | *ɡoːŋʔ | | 鞏 | *koŋʔ | | 巩 | *koŋʔ | | 銎 | *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ | | 恐 | *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs | | 蛩 | *ɡoŋ | | 筇 | *ɡoŋ | | 桏 | *ɡoŋ | | 邛 | *ɡoŋ |

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kroːŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).

"Yangtze River"

Borrowed from a substrate Austroasiatic language as Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river, valley”); compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ruŋ ~ ruuŋ ~ ruəŋ (“river”) > Proto-Vietic *k-roːŋ (“river”) (Vietnamese sông), Mon ကြုၚ် (krɜŋ, “small river, creek”).

Derivative: 港 (OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs, “harbour”).

Note: gĕ̤ng - refers to rivers, gŏng - used in place names or as a surname.

Note:

Note: 1kaon - vernacular and common literary, 1cia(o)n - literary, rare in Shanghainese.

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 江
Reading # 1/1
ModernBeijing(Pinyin) jiāng
MiddleChinese ‹ kæwng ›
OldChinese /*kˁroŋ/
English (Yangzi) river
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 江
Reading # 1/1
No. 3995
Phoneticcomponent 工
Rimegroup 東
Rimesubdivision 0
CorrespondingMC rime 江
OldChinese /*kroːŋ/

江

  1. Yangtze River
  2. (by extension) river (Classifier: 條／条)
  3. (～日) (telegraphy) the third day of a month
  4. a surname: Jiang (mainland China), Chiang (Taiwan), Kong (Hong Kong), Kiang (Old fashion)
    江澤民／江泽民 ― Jiāng Zémín ― Jiang Zemin

The word that referred to a body of flowing water such as stream, creek or river was represented in early Chinese with 水 (shuǐ), a pictograph showing water flowing between two banks, similar to the form of the character 川 (chuān).

In early times, specialized characters were created to represent words that described particular bodies of water. These words often contain the water radical (氵), which was originally written in the same way that the original form of 水 was written.

In early texts, the term 河 (hé) usually referred directly to the 黃河／黄河 (Huáng Hé, “Yellow River”). Over time, 河 became used as a generalized term for rivers that were bigger than a stream. The term is sometimes associated with an 'older' body of flowing water that has a smaller volume. Similarly, 江 was originally the name of the Yangtze River which is a relatively larger body of flowing water. 江 became the standard bearer for a slightly differentiated category of river. It was then applied broadly as a generic term.

Among Chinese users, there are commonly held beliefs about the differences between these near synonyms that may not be reflected in an ordinary dictionary. 江 are often thought of as the larger rivers that are usually in southern China, while 河 are usually rivers with comparatively lesser volume or that are artificial and are usually found in northern China (and may be considered culturally 'older'). These two terms are often the subject of attempts at comparisons. Terms for smaller bodies of flowing water include: 川 (chuān) which are usually mid-sized or relatively small rivers, 溪 (xī) and 流 (liú) which are creeks, streams, brooks, and gullies, and 水 (shuǐ) which are streams (but can also be medium-sized tributary rivers like the Han River (漢水／汉水 (Hànshuǐ)). There are many exceptions to these patterns owing to inconsistent usage of the relevant terms in different forms of Chinese and English over time, and also due to cultural attitudes about proper usage of the terms.

For pronunciation and definitions of 江 – see 豇 (“cowpea”).(This character is the second-round simplified form of 豇).
Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

江

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. creek
  2. inlet
  3. bay
Kanji in this term
江
えGrade: S
kun'yomi

/je/ → /e/

From Old Japanese. The ye pronunciation merged with e in Early Middle Japanese. The merged sound was ye until the Edo period, which is found in Yedo, yen and Yebisu.

This term was so representative of the ye reading that it lent its shape to the hentaigana 𛀁 (ye).

江(え) • (e)

  1. inlet, bay
  2. (archaic, possibly obsolete) (general term for a large body of water)
    1. sea
    2. large river
    3. lake

Although 江 (e) was sometimes used generically for a large body of water, it was most often used to indicate the portion of that body of water that extended inland.[2]

江(え) • (E)

  1. a surname
Kanji in this term
江
こうGrade: S
kan'on

/kau/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/

From Middle Chinese 江 (MC kaewng).

The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

江(こう) • (kō) ←**かう** (kau)?

  1. (archaic) large river

江(こう) • (Kō) ←**かう** (Kau)?

  1. short for 長江 (Chōkō): the Yangtze River
  2. old name for 琵琶湖 (Biwa-ko): Lake Biwa
  3. a surname
  4. a unisex given name

Various nanori readings.

江(ごう) • (Gō)

  1. a surname
  2. a unisex given name
Kanji in this term
江
へGrade: S(ateji)
kun'yomi

江(へ) • (e)

  1. (dated) Alternative spelling of へ (e, “to, towards”)
    • 1977, 週刊文春1977年1月13日号
      内(ない)藤(とう)国(くに)雄(お)より美(み)空(そら)ひばり賛(さん)江(へ)
      Naitō Kunio yori Misora Hibari san e
      From Kunio Naito to dear Ms. Hibari Misora
Kanji in this term
江
𛀁Grade: S(ateji)
kun'yomi

江(𛀁) • (ye)

  1. (obsolete) Identical in meaning to the particle へ, but used only after pronunciations of え, 𛀁, and ゑ. (Can we verify(+) this sense?)

  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

  3. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

From Middle Chinese 江 (MC kaewng). Recorded as Middle Korean 가ᇰ (kang) (Yale: kang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Wikisource

江 (eumhun 강 강 (gang gang))

  1. hanja form? of 강 (“river”)

Compounds

江: Hán Nôm readings: giang, giăng, nhăng, gianh

  1. (only in compounds) river
  2. Chữ Hán form of Giang (“a surname from Chinese.”).