苦 - Wiktionary, the free dictionary (original) (raw)

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Stroke order
Mainland China and Japan

苦 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+6 in traditional Chinese, 艸+5 in mainland China and Japanese, 9 strokes in traditional Chinese, 8 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 廿十口 (TJR), four-corner 44604, composition ⿱艹古)

trad. 苦
simp. # 苦
alternative forms 𡿵𩇵瘔

| | Old Chinese | | | -------------------------------- | --------------------- | | 箇 | *kaːls | | 個 | *kaːls | | 居 | *kɯ, *kas | | 橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː | | 嫴 | *kaː | | 姑 | *kaː | | 辜 | *kaː | | 酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ | | 蛄 | *kaː | | 鴣 | *kaː | | 沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs | | 盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ | | 古 | *kaːʔ | | 罟 | *kaːʔ | | 估 | *kaːʔ | | 鈷 | *kaːʔ | | 詁 | *kaːʔ | | 牯 | *kaːʔ | | 故 | *kaːs | | 固 | *kaːs | | 稒 | *kaːɡs | | 痼 | *kaːɡs | | 錮 | *kaːɡs | | 鯝 | *kaːɡs | | 棝 | *kaːɡs | | 凅 | *kaːɡs | | 枯 | *kʰaː | | 軲 | *kʰaː | | 跍 | *kʰaː | | 骷 | *kʰaː | | 苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs | | 葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː | | 餬 | *ɡaː | | 瑚 | *ɡaː | | 湖 | *ɡaː | | 鶘 | *ɡaː | | 猢 | *ɡaː | | 醐 | *ɡaː | | 糊 | *ɡaː | | 箶 | *ɡaː | | 蝴 | *ɡaː | | 胡 | *ɡaː | | 瓳 | *ɡaː | | 怙 | *ɡaːʔ | | 祜 | *ɡaːʔ | | 岵 | *ɡaːʔ | | 婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs | | 楛 | *ɡaːʔ | | 据 | *ka | | 裾 | *ka | | 琚 | *ka | | 椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa | | 鶋 | *ka | | 蜛 | *ka | | 崌 | *ka | | 涺 | *ka | | 腒 | *ka, *ɡa | | 鋸 | *kas | | 倨 | *kas | | 踞 | *kas | | 涸 | *ɡaːɡ |

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) – bitter (as in bitter plants).

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka (“bitter; salty”); compare Tibetan ཁ (kha, “bitter”), Tangut 𗎖 (*khie¹, “bitter”) (STEDT; Jacques, 2014). Within Chinese, cognate with 肝 (OC *kaːn, “liver”).

Note:

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 苦
Reading # 1/1
ModernBeijing(Pinyin) kǔ
MiddleChinese ‹ khuX ›
OldChinese /*kʰˁaʔ/
English bitter
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 苦 苦
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 4242 4243
Phoneticcomponent 古 古
Rimegroup 魚 魚
Rimesubdivision 0 0
CorrespondingMC rime 苦 絝
OldChinese /*kʰaːʔ/ /*kʰaːs/

苦

  1. bitter
    苦瓜 ― kǔguā ― bittermelon
  2. Alternative name for 荼 (tú, “bitter plant”).
  3. difficult; painful; hard
  4. hardship; suffering
    辛苦 ― xīnkǔ ― laborious; hard; miserable
  5. (regional) excessive
  6. (transitive) to cause someone suffering; to give someone a hard time
  7. to suffer from; to be handicapped by
  8. (obsolete or Eastern Min) to worry about; to be concerned about
  9. strenuously; painstakingly
    苦笑 ― kǔxiào ― to force a smile

Sino-Xenic (苦):

Basic tastes in Chinese · 味道 (layout · text)
甜 (tián) 酸 (suān) 鹹 / 咸 (xián) 苦 辣 (là) 鮮味 / 鲜味 (xiānwèi)

苦

  1. Alternative form of 盬 (gǔ)

苦

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. bitter taste
  2. pain, anguish, suffering, discomfort, hardship, worry
  3. (Buddhism) dukkha, suffering
Kanji in this term
苦
くGrade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 苦 (khuX, “suffering”).

苦(く) • (ku)

  1. suffering

  2. (Buddhism) dukkha

  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

  4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Wikisource

苦 (eumhun 괴로울 고 (goeroul go))

  1. hanja form? of 고 (“suffering, pain”)

苦: Hán Việt readings: khổ
苦: Nôm readings: cỏ, khó, khủ, khổ, cô