越 - Wiktionary, the free dictionary (original) (raw)

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Stroke order
12 strokes

越 (Kangxi radical 156, 走+5, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土人戈女 (GOIV), four-corner 43805, composition ⿺走戉)

simp. and trad. 越
2nd round simp. 迌
alternative forms 𫑛

| | Old Chinese | | | -------------------------------- | ------------------------- | | 泧 | *qʰʷaːd, *kʰʷad, *ɢʷad | | 眓 | *qʰʷaːd | | 越 | *ɢʷaːd, *ɢʷad | | 狘 | *kʰʷad | | 戉 | *ɢʷad | | 鉞 | *ɢʷad | | 樾 | *ɢʷad | | 怴 | *qʰʷrɯd |

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢʷaːd, *ɢʷad): semantic 走 (“to walk or run”) + phonetic 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) — to go over; to cross.

戉 (yuè) or 鉞 (yuè): large battle-axe used as a symbol of authority in ancient China.

“to go over; to surpass; to overstep; to turn”

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwat (“to travel; to go through”).

Related to 𨒋 (“to go over”), 䟠 (“to go beyond; to transgress”) (Wang, 1982) and perhaps 于 (OC *ɢʷa, “to go”) (Schuessler, 2007).

“modal particle”

Related to 曰 (OC *ɢʷad), 于 (OC *ɢʷa) and 粵 (OC *ɢʷad) (Wang, 1982).

“Yue; Viet; State of Yue”

Related to 粵 (OC *ɢʷad, “Yue; Cantonese”).

This is a general name for numerous indigenous tribes in ancient southern China, which are collectively called Baiyue. The ancient State of Yue during the Zhou dynasty of China was initially written as 戉 (OC *ɢʷad, “large battle-axe”) — alternatively written as 𫑛 — and it is commonly believed the name Yue originates from this instrument, which was widely found in neolithic cultures of southeastern China and served as a symbol of authority and royalty.

See 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) for more on the etymology.

Note:

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 越
Reading # 1/1
ModernBeijing(Pinyin) yuè
MiddleChinese ‹ hjwot ›
OldChinese /*[ɢ]ʷat/
English pass over
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 越
Reading # 2/2
No. 16333
Phoneticcomponent 戉
Rimegroup 月
Rimesubdivision 1
CorrespondingMC rime 越
OldChinese /*ɢʷad/

越

  1. to pass over; to cross; to cross over
  2. to go over; to climb over; to jump over
    翻山越嶺／翻山越岭 ― fānshānyuèlǐng ― to pass over mountains and ridges
  3. (of time) to pass; to go through
  4. (figurative) to go outside of; to exceed; to surpass; to overstep; to transgress
    超越 ― chāoyuè ― to surpass
    越界 ― yuèjiè ― to overstep a boundary
  5. to propagate; to spread; to publicise
  6. to disperse; to scatter; to fade away
  7. to fall; to relax; to become loosened
  8. (literary) to rob; to seize by force
  9. (Southern Min) to turn; to turn around
    越頭／越头 [Hokkien] ― oa̍t-thâu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to turn one's head
  10. more; -er
    越……越…… ― yuè...... yuè...... ― the more ..., the more ...
    越來越……／越来越…… ― yuèláiyuè...... ― to become increasingly ...
  11. Ancient meaningless sentence-initial modal particle.
  12. (～人, ～族) The Yue or Viet: collective name for numerous ancient non-Han tribes in southern China and northern Vietnam; Baiyue.
  13. (historical) (～國) The State of Yue: ancient state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of Chinese history, in the modern provinces of Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Jiangsu.
  14. General name for the region of southern China, especially the Guangxi and Guangdong provinces.
  15. Name for the Zhejiang province of China, especially the eastern parts of the province or areas in the vicinity of Shaoxing city.
  16. Short for 越南 (“Vietnam”).
  17. a surname

越

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, music) small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to bore a hole; to drill a hole

越

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. pass over
Kanji in this term
越
えつGrade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hjwot|hwat).

越(えつ) • (etsu) ←**ゑつ** (wetu)?

  1. pass over; cross over; go over
  2. pass; go through (of time)
  3. exceed; surpass; transgress (limit, extent)

越(えつ) • (Etsu) ←**ゑつ** (Wetu)?

  1. (historical) the Yue people to the south of ancient China
  2. Abbreviation of 越南 (Etsunan, “Vietnam”).

From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hjwot).

越 (eumhun 넘을 월 (neomeul wol))

  1. hanja form? of 월 (“pass over”)

From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hwat).

越 (eumhun 부들자리 활 (budeuljari hwal))

  1. (literary Chinese) hanja form? of 활 (“small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument”)
chữ Hán Nôm in this term
越

越: Hán Việt readings: việt[1][2][3]
越: Nôm readings: vượt[1][2][3][4], việt[1][2][5], vớt[1][2], vẹt[1][4], vát[4][5], vịt[1], vọt[1], vợt[1], nhông[3], vác[3], vót[3], vệt[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of Việt (“short for Việt Nam”).

  2. chữ Nôm form of vượt (“to exceed; to cross over”).

  3. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Nguyễn (2014).

  4. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

  5. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Trần (2004).

  6. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hồ (1976).

  7. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).