-ir - Wiktionary, the free dictionary (original) (raw)

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Inherited from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs, which merged with -ēscere, -īscere, from which come the -eix- infix.

• IPA(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈi]
• IPA(key): (Valencia) [ˈiɾ]

-ir

1. forms infinitives

• Dir does not count as a third conjugation verb, belonging to the second conjugation.

Originally, the second person in the preterite indicative had the ending -ist in the singular and -ís in the plural.

• “-ir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2026

Inherited from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -ir, Italian -ire, Romanian -i and -î, etc.

• IPA(key): /iʁ/

-ir

1. (no longer productive) forms the infinitives of many verbs

• Most verbs with infinitives in -ir are marked by the once-inchoative infix -iss- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are choisir (“to choose”) and pourrir (“to rot”). A fair number of these have English counterparts in -ish; some such examples are finir (“to finish”), nourrir (“to feed, to nourish”), accomplir (“to accomplish”), and polir (“to polish”).
• Many verbs with infinitives in -ir have an inchoative meaning. Examples include blanchir (“to whiten, to bleach, to make whiter, to become pale”), durcir (“to harden, to make more rigid, to become stronger”), grandir (“to become bigger, to magnify, to make bigger”), rougir (“to redden, to blush, to become redder, to make redder”), and vieillir (“to age, to become older, to make older”).
• A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in -ir but do not use the infix -iss-, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verbs sortir (“to go out, to take out”), partir (“to leave”), dormir (“to sleep”) (but these examples are also irregular, with sors instead of *sortis). An irregular -ir verb which is truly conjugated exactly as a regular -ir verb except only without the infix (although it is dated and has a regular alternative conjugation) is chauvir.
• This suffix is spelled -ïr on a few verbs where the previous syllable ends in a vowel, such as haïr (“to hate”) and ouïr (“to hear”). Additionally, it is spelled -ire on the verb maudire (“to curse”), by analogy with the related but irregular verb dire (“to say”), and the verb bruire.
• Not all verbs whose infinitives happen to end in these letters can truly be said to have this suffix; in particular, a fair number of irregular verbs have infinitives in the unrelated suffix -oir.

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

• -er
• -ire
• -oir
• -re

-ir

1. (Pulaar) indicates that the action is performed with an instrument or tool, (by means of)
   ‎_winndude_ (“to write”) + ‎-ir → ‎_winndirde_ (“to write with...”)
   ‎_helde_ (“to break”) + ‎-ir → ‎_helirde_ (“to break with.../to break by means of”)
2. when a nominalizing class-marker suffix is affixed, it forms an instrumental deverbal (a noun indicating the means by which a verb is accomplished)
   ‎_wuppude_ (“to do laundry”) + ‎-ir → ‎_wuppirgal_ (“a tool used to do laundry”)

• affixed following the verb stem
• This form follows -u in active voice verbs
• following -aa in middle voice verbs the affix becomes -oraa
• M. Niang (1997), Pulaar–English English–Pulaar Standard Dictionary, New York: Hippocrene Books
• Mamadou Saliou Diallo, La Suffixation Verbal en Pulaar (Peul): Morphologie et Phonologie des Suffixes Verbaux dans le Pulaar du Fouta-Djallon (Guinée), Thèse, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Maroc, (1992)
• -er, -in, -en

-ir

1. An applicative (transitivizing) suffix.
   ‎_kùàmbà_ (“to speak”) + ‎-ir → ‎_kùàmbìrà_ (“to tell someone”)
   ‎_kùnyènsà_ (“to defend”) + ‎-ir → ‎_kùnyènsèrà_ (“to defend for”)
   ‎_kùtòmà_ (“to charge a dowery”) + ‎-ir → ‎_kùtòmènà_ (“to charge a dowery to”)

• The alternative forms -er, -in, and -en are used based on vowel harmony and nasal harmony.
• The tone of the suffix is affected by the tones of the other vowels in the word.
• When following the causative suffix -is, this suffix may also appear as -iz or -ikiz; these forms are in free variation and carry no distinct meaning.

Modeled after -ar and -is.

-ir

1. Used to denote the past infinitive of a verb.
   Me devas telefonir tu.
   I should have called you.

• -ar (present infinitive tense)
• -or (future infinitive tense)

-ir

1. alternative form of -er (agentive suffix)

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs, which merged with -ēscere, -īscere, from which come the -iss- and -isc- infix.

• IPA(key): /ˈi/

-ir

1. A verb ending for infinitives.

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

-ir

1. used to form infinitives of second conjugation verbs

• Appendix:Old French verbs
• -er

From Proto-Norse -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *-jaz.

-ir m

1. (rare) used to create agent nouns from class 1 weak verbs
   Synonyms: -andi, -ari, -i
   ‎_myrða_ (“to murder”) + ‎-ir → ‎_myrðir_ (“murderer”)
   ‎_stilla_ (“to still; control”) + ‎-ir → ‎_stillir_ (“stiller, controller; ruler”)

• Agent nouns formed with this suffix are rare, and mostly found in old poetry. The oldest instance is Proto-Norse ᚱᚨᚢᚾᛁᛃᚨᛉ (raunijaʀ) on the Øvre Stabu spear head, from circa 210–240.

Originally multiple distinct endings:

• In the _u_-stem nominative, from Proto-Germanic *-iwiz, from Proto-Indo-European *-ewes, from *-us (_u_-stem suffix) +‎ *-es (nominative plural suffix).
• In the _i_-stem nominative, from Proto-Germanic *-īz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eyes, from *-is (_i_-stem suffix) +‎ *-es (nominative plural suffix).
• In the _i_-stem accusative, by analogy with the _ō_-stems, which inflect similarly to the _i_-stems while having same ending in the nominative and accusative plural; this similarity is also why some _ō_-stems also take -ir in the nominative and accusative plural.

-ir

1. i_-stem/masculine u_-stem indefinite nominative plural suffix
   ‎sunr (“son”) + ‎-ir → ‎_synir_ (“sons”)
2. feminine i_-stem indefinite accusative plural suffix
   ‎dáð_ (“deed”) + ‎-ir → ‎_dáðir_ (“deeds”)
3. alternative indefinite nominative/accusative plural suffix for some ō_-stems
   ‎sǫg_ (“saw”) + ‎-ir → ‎_sagir_ (“saws”, besides sagar)

• This ending usually induces umlaut of the root in _u_-stems and masculine and neuter _i_-stems; in feminine _i_-stems, it has been levelled out on the model of the _ō_-stems.
• Icelandic: -ir
• Faroese: -ir
• Middle Norwegian: -ir, -er
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: -er
  • Norwegian Bokmål: -er
• Elfdalian: -ir
• Old Swedish: -ir, -er
  • Swedish: -er

From Old Galician-Portuguese -ir, from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. In some verbs, it is a reflex of Latin -ere of the third conjugation.

• (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/ [ˈi(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/ [ˈi(h)]

  • (São Paulo) IPA(key): /ˈi(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/ [ˈi(χ)]
  • (Caipira) IPA(key): /ˈi(ɻ)/

• (Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈiɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈiɾ/

  • (Southern Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈi.ɾi/

• (Caipira) IPA(key): /ˈi(ɻ)/

• (Northeast Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈi(χ)/

• Homophone: -i (Brazil, with dropped -r)

-ir (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -i, past participle -ido)

1. (no longer productive) forms the infinitive of the third-conjugation verbs

• “-ir”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “-ir”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with Italian -ire, Romanian -i, -î.

-ir (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -í, past participle -ido)

1. a verb ending for infinitives

Below are the suffixes for the regular conjugation of -ir verbs

Selected combined forms of -ir

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

| | singular | plural | | | | | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | | | | with infinitive -ir | dative | -irme | -irte | -irle, -irse | -irnos | -iros | -irles, -irse | | accusative | -irme | -irte | -irlo, -irla, -irse | -irnos | -iros | -irlos, -irlas, -irse | | | | | | | | | | | | with gerund -iendo | dative | -iéndome | -iéndote | -iéndole, -iéndose | -iéndonos | -iéndoos | -iéndoles, -iéndose | | accusative | -iéndome | -iéndote | -iéndolo, -iéndola, -iéndose | -iéndonos | -iéndoos | -iéndolos, -iéndolas, -iéndose | | | | | | | | | | | | with informal second-person singular tuteo imperative -e | dative | -eme | -ete | -ele | -enos | not used | -eles | | accusative | -eme | -ete | -elo, -ela | -enos | not used | -elos, -elas | | | | | | | | | | | | with informal second-person singular voseo imperative -í | dative | -ime | -ite | -ile | -inos | not used | -iles | | accusative | -ime | -ite | -ilo, -ila | -inos | not used | -ilos, -ilas | | | | | | | | | | | | with formal second-person singular imperative -a | dative | -ame | not used | -ale, -ase | -anos | not used | -ales | | accusative | -ame | not used | -alo, -ala, -ase | -anos | not used | -alos, -alas | | | | | | | | | | | | with first-person plural imperative -amos | dative | not used | -ámoste | -ámosle | -ámonos | -ámoos | -ámosles | | accusative | not used | -ámoste | -ámoslo, -ámosla | -ámonos | -ámoos | -ámoslos, -ámoslas | | | | | | | | | | | | with informal second-person plural imperative -id | dative | -idme | not used | -idle | -idnos | -íos | -idles | | accusative | -idme | not used | -idlo, -idla | -idnos | -íos | -idlos, -idlas | | | | | | | | | | | | with formal second-person plural imperative -an | dative | -anme | not used | -anle | -annos | not used | -anles, -anse | | accusative | -anme | not used | -anlo, -anla | -annos | not used | -anlos, -anlas, -anse | |

• -ar
• -er
• Appendix:Spanish verbs in -ar
• Appendix:Spanish verbs in -er

Ottoman Turkish ـور (-ur, -ür), from Proto-Turkic *-gür.

• IPA(key): /iɾ/

-ir

1. Causative suffix.
   ‎_kaçmak_ (“to flee”) + ‎-ir → ‎_kaçırmak_ (“to abduct”)

• IPA(key): /ɪr/

-ir

1. (literary) verb suffix for the impersonal present indicative/future

-ir causes i-affection of internal vowels, for example, ‎_canu_ (“to sing”) + ‎-ir → ‎_cenir_ (“is sung, one sings, will be sung, one will sing”).

Category Welsh terms suffixed with -ir not found