di- - Wiktionary, the free dictionary (original) (raw)

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

PIE word
*dwóh₁

Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁

Proto-Indo-European *dwi-

English di-

Borrowed from Latin di-, from Ancient Greek δι- (di-, “two”).

Greek number prefix

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di-

  1. Two.
    diacetate is any salt or ester having two acetate groups, dialkene is any alkene having two double bonds, diarchy is a state under the rule of two people; the form of government of such state, diactinal is having two rays
  2. Double, twice the quantity.
    diglossia is the presence of a cleft or doubled tongue, dicatalectic is doubly catalectic, at both the middle and the end of the verse, dichoree is a double choree
  3. A pair.
    diblock is of or pertaining to two blocks together, dimeson is a bound pair of mesons, dijet is a pair of jets
  4. Both, possessing two distinct (possibly opposing) qualities.
    dikinetic is having both metakinetic and mesokinetic joints, dialetheism is the theory that statements can be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense, dianalytic is describing a function that is analytic or antianalytic with regards to both the domain and codomain

Synonyms: duo-, bi-, bis-

two, twice, double

Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁

English di-

Borrowed from Latin dis-.

di-

  1. Alternative form of dis-: split, to split; shortened before l, m, n, r, s (followed by a consonant), and v; also often shortened before g, and sometimes before j.
    divide is to split or separate (something) into two or more parts, diverge is to run apart; to separate; to tend into different directions

Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁

Proto-Indo-European *dwi-

English di-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δῐ- (dĭ-).

di-

  1. Alternative form of dia-: across or through, before a vowel.
    diactinic is capable of transmitting the chemical or actinic rays of light, dielectric is an electrically insulating or nonconducting material considered for its electric susceptibility, ie its property of polarization when exposed to an external electric field

di-

  1. in, into
  2. with tsʼi-: out from an enclosure

di-

  1. getting up

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δίς (dís, “twice”).

di-

  1. di-

From Proto-Celtic *dī- (“from, of”), from Proto-Indo-European *de. Cognate with Welsh di-.

di- (triggers soft mutation)

  1. un-, non-, -less, without
    Synonyms: an-, heb, dis-, on-
    ‎di- + ‎_hanow_ (“name”) → ‎_dihanow_ (“anonymous”)
    ‎di- + ‎_annedh_ (“abode”) → ‎_diannedh_ (“homeless”)
    ‎di- + ‎_penn_ (“end”) → ‎_dibenn_ (“endless”)

di-

  1. two

From Ancient Greek δίς (dís, “twice”).

di-

  1. meaning two, twice, or double

Derived from Latin di-.

di-

  1. di-

Internationalism (see English di-), ultimately from Ancient Greek δι- (di-).

di-

  1. (chiefly in loanwords) di- (double, twin)
    Synonyms: bi-, kaksois-

di-

  1. di-

Ultimately from Ancient Greek δίς (dís, “twice”).

di-

  1. di-

From Malay di-, from Classical Malay di-, from Late Old Malay di-. There are few theories surrounding its origin:

Alexander Adelaar prefers the second one, considering the similar usages in the languages of West Kalimantan (e.g. Kendayan), which can freely occur with the nasal prefix N- and even the preceding agent.[1] This is further strengthened by the writing errors by native speakers (this prefix could be separated by space rather than joined together as in the formal language).

di-

  1. used to form passive voice or "patient focus" (in some analyses) on a verb
    dimakan ― to be eaten

In some cases, the meaning of this suffix can become active, as long as the so-called object is animate. For example, both the sentences Rizqi membaca buku itu and Buku itu dibaca (oleh) Rizqi can have the same meaning, "Rizqi reads that book" (although the latter sentence can be also translated as "That book is read by Rizqi"). See also symmetrical voice.

  1. ^ Adelaar, Alexander (2005), “Much ado about di-”, in Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, volumes 161-1, pages 127–142

From Latin de- (“indicating removal or descent”).

di-

  1. de-

From Ancient Greek δίς (dís, “twice”).

di-

  1. di-

di-

  1. romanization of ꦢꦶ-

From Proto-Bantu *di-.

di- (plural ma-)

  1. class 5 prefix
  2. class 5 subject prefix

dī-

  1. alternative form of dis-

Occurs before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, v, and occasionally before consonantal i.

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δῐ- (dĭ-), from δίς (dís, “twice, doubly”).

di-

  1. Two, double; di-.

→ English: di-

From Classical Malay di-, from Late Old Malay di-. There are a few theories surrounding its origin:[1][2]

  1. From the starting consonant of dia (“he/she/it”), in turn deriving from ia.
  2. From the preposition di, from Proto-Malayic *di. In this sense, the Old Malay prefix ni- would have been displaced in favour of the preposition-derived prefix.
  3. From the denasalisation of Late Old Malay ni-, from Early Old Malay ni-, from Proto-Malayic *ni-:
    1. According to Adelaar (2005),[1] from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni- / *-in-, from Proto-Austronesian *-in- (“verb perfective infix for object focus”). Doublet of -in-.
    2. According to Mahdi (2005),[3] this prefix, alongside mar-, appear to be loaned from the Batak languages to the north and were eventually displaced by "original" forms var- and di-. Doublet of -in-.

Adelaar (2005) prefers the second theory, considering the similar usages in the languages of West Kalimantan (e.g. Kendayan), which can freely occur with the nasal prefix N- and even the preceding agent.[1] This is further strengthened by the writing errors by native speakers (this prefix could be separated by space rather than joined together as in the formal language).

di- (Jawi spelling before consonant-initial stems د-, Jawi spelling before vowel-initial stems دأ-)

  1. (third person) Patient focus or passive voice marker of a verb.
    ‎di- + ‎_buka_ (“to open”) → ‎_dibuka_ (“to be opened”)
    Pintu itu dibuka (oleh) ayah.
    That door was opened by dad.
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Alexander Adelaar (2005), “Much ado about _di-_”, in Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, volume 161, number 1, →JSTOR
  2. ^ René van den Berg (2004), “Some notes on the origin of Malay _di-_”, in Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, volume 160, number 4, →JSTOR
  3. ^ Waruno Mahdi (2005), “Old Malay”, in The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar‎[1], pages 182-201

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *dɪ́- (“Class 5 subject concord”).

di-

  1. Class 5 noun prefix.

Represents multiple homophonous thematic and aspectual prefixes of position I and VI, whose exact meaning and etymology remain mostly speculative.

For most meanings, compare the qualifier prefixes Ahtna d- and Lower Tanana d-, both of which appear in verbs with a variety of meanings, including those related to fire and sound.

The inceptive prefix is from Proto-Athabaskan *t-, and is therefore cognate with Lower Tanana t- and Ahtna t-.

di- (position I)

  1. fire, near or into it

di- (position VI)

Young and Morgan (1987) identify 14 or so thematic prefixes, among others:

  1. fire, light
  2. arms and legs
  3. extension, elongated shape, reduction
  4. noise, sound, oral, food, sensory
  5. color (see also dini-)
  6. relinquishment, relief
  7. sanctity
  8. Unclassified, often entering in the formation of other prefix compounds

Four modal-aspectual uses are also distinguished:

  1. Forms a number of inceptive verbs, with a (∅/si) paradigm.
  2. Forms a number of inchoative verbs, with prepounded dah and a transitional (yii/yii) paradigm.
  3. Forms the future mode of all active verbs along with the progressive yi-.
  4. Forms a number of neuter adjectivals.
    • dijool ― spherical, chubby

Probably cognate with a prefix of similar shape occurring in other Athabascan languages as a reflexive possessive pronoun.

Probably cognate with classifier d- marking passive and reflexive verbs.

di- (position IV)

  1. Personal prefix used in combination with the prefix of position I á-, marking the reflexive verbs. It always triggers a classifier shift (∅ → d, ł → l).
    yishchʼid ― I'm scratching it
    nishchʼid ― I'm scratching you
    ádíshchʼid ― I'm scratching myself
    ánáádíshchʼid ― I'm scratching myself again

From Proto-Bantu *jí-. Originally the pronominal and verbal concord, it displaced the older Bantu noun prefix *bì-. The tone was lowered by analogy with other noun prefixes.

di-

  1. Class 8 noun prefix.

Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁

Proto-Indo-European *dwi-

Polish di-

Derived from Latin dī-.

di-

  1. di-
    Synonyms: bi-, dwu-
    ‎di- + ‎_chromatyczny_ → ‎_dichromatyczny_

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δίς (dís, “twice”).

di-

  1. di- (two, twice or double)

From Proto-Bantu *jí-. Originally the pronominal and verbal concord, it displaced the older Bantu noun prefix *bì-. The tone was lowered by analogy with other noun prefixes.

di-

  1. Class 8 noun prefix.

From Ancient Greek δίς (dís, “twice”).

di-

  1. di-
    Synonyms: bi-, duo-

From Latin dis or Latin di.

di-

  1. dis-

From Proto-Philippine *di.

dî- (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒ)

  1. non-; un-; de-

From Proto-Bantu *jí-. Originally the pronominal and verbal concord, it displaced the older Bantu noun prefix *bì-. The tone was lowered by analogy with other noun prefixes.

di-

  1. Class 8 noun prefix.

Compare perhaps Navajo ii(d)-.

di-

  1. Marks a first person plural verbal subject

Subject prefixes

| | singular | plural | | | ------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | | 1st person | sh-, i- | di- | | 2nd person | n- | oh- | | 3rd person | ∅- | | | 3rd person obviate | yi- | | | Indefinite | chʼi-, ʼ- | | | Areal | ki- | |

Compare the various Navajo thematic prefixes with the shape Navajo di-.

di-

  1. A thematic prefix or set of homophonous prefixes with the following meanings:
    1. Relates to noise
    2. Relates to protrusion
    3. Relates to strong perception

Proto-Celtic *dī- (“from, of”), from Proto-Indo-European *de. Cognate with Cornish di-.

di-

  1. intensifying prefix
    ‎di- + ‎_goddef_ → ‎_dioddef_
    ‎di- + ‎_golwch_ → ‎_diolch_
  2. without, -less, de-, a-, negative prefix
    Synonyms: af-, an-, dis-
    ‎di- + ‎_enw_ (“name”) → ‎_dienw_ (“anonymous”)
    ‎di- + ‎_paid_ (“pause, respite”) → ‎_di-baid_ (“ceaseless, incessant”)
    ‎di- + ‎_swydd_ (“job, office”) + ‎_-o_ → ‎_diswyddo_ (“dismiss, discharge, sack, make redundant”)

The negative prefix di- indicates a lack of something and is most often attached to a noun in a similar manner to English -less, e.g. dienw (“anonymous, nameless”), di-waith (“unemployed (“workless”)”), diobaith (“hopeless”). In contrast, af- and an- simply denote the negative form of the following root rather than the lack of it.

di-

  1. third-person plural possessive prefix, their
    di oma ― their children
  2. (polite) third-person singular possessive prefix, his, her
    mene de ti deto di musala ― this is my grandmother's mat

di-

  1. (inanimate) alternative form of da- (“its”) when preceded by a root-initial i

West Makian personal pronouns

| | independent | possessive prefix | | | | ------------------- | ------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | | 1st person singular | de | ti | | | 2nd person singular | ni | ni | | | 3rd person singular | me | mVan., dVinan. | | | 1st person plural | inclusive | ene | nV | | exclusive | imi | mi | | | 2nd person plural | ini | fi | | | 3rd person plural | eme | di | |

V indicates the expected assimilated vowel of the following noun,
following standard West Makian vowel harmony.