Kardo Rached | University Of Human Development (Kurdistan) (original) (raw)

Papers by Kardo Rached

Analecta Política

La turbulencia política, el vacío de poder y los desafíos de seguridad que surgieron en Irak post... more La turbulencia política, el vacío de poder y los desafíos de seguridad que surgieron en Irak posterior a ISIS modificaron la estructura de poder del estado. El aparato de seguridad y las instituciones militares iraquíes por poco colapsan en 2014 y no pudieron resistir los desafíos que tuvieron que enfrentar desde ISIS. De manera simultánea, el gran clérigo chiita Sistani emitió una fatwa, llamó a los chiitas a las armas y luchó por su supervivencia. En esta situación desordenada, un número cada vez mayor de grupos armados respaldados por Irán han comenzado a manejar los desafíos de seguridad, la mayoría de los cuales operan de forma independiente por fuera de las agencias de seguridad nacional de Irak. El grupo más importante fue el de las Fuerzas de Movilización Popular (FMP), de la comunidad chiita iraquí. Las FMP se enredan gradualmente en los asuntos financieros y el sistema político de Irak y ejercen una tremenda influencia. Hay dos tipos de milicias relevantes en Irak: las mil...

The political turbulence, the power vacuum, and the security challenges that emerged in post- ISI... more The political turbulence, the power vacuum, and the security challenges that emerged in post- ISIS Iraq changed and shifted the state's power structure. Iraqi security apparatus and military institutions in 2014 almost collapsed and could not resist the challenges they faced from ISIS. Simultaneously, Grand Shia cleric Sistani issued a fatwa, called to arms for Shiites, and fought for their survival. In this disordered situation, an increasing number of Iran-backed armed groups have started to manage security challenges, most of which operate independently outside Iraq's national security agencies. The most important group was the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), from Iraq's Shia community. PMF is gradually convoluted in Iraq's financial affairs and political system and wields tremendous influence. There are two consequential types of militias in Iraq: Al-Atabat al-Muqadasa paramilitary (AAMP) and Loyalist militias (LM). In May 2021, four divisions of (AAMP) decided to integrate into the Iraqi army, while (LM) has almost 70 different divisions and has not integrated into the government’s institutions. In this paper, we look at the possibility of implementing the DDR model for post-war societies such as Iraqi and the obstacles that faced it. Integrating these armed groups became a complicated task for the Iraq Post-ISIS state. First, we look at the history of the state-building process. Then, we develop a conceptual framework for the article. Third, we identify the factors that shape DDR outcomes, define the role of Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), and analyze how their activities became an obstacle to rebuilding the Iraqi state in the post-ISIS era.

Studies in Conflict & Terrorism

Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 2021

The Arab Spring, as a historical turning point in the Middle East, sparked an unparalleled explos... more The Arab Spring, as a historical turning point in the Middle East, sparked an unparalleled explosion of violent jihadist groups, armed rebel groups, and transnational religious movements. These violent religious groups claim to advance the correct interpretation of Salafism according to their ideological principles and their interpretation of Islamic rule. To examine the nature, causes, and parties involved in a violent religious group's turbulent infrastructure, one needs to have a deep understanding of Salafism's thought and political perspective. This research, conducted using the historical-analytical method, identifies the triangular relationship between the state, its institutions, and Salafism. Our case study is the Saudi state's role in institutionalizing Salafist doctrine and construing its political behavior. This relationship has deep historical roots, but the participating entities have changed over time from friends to foes. We highlight the analogy and mechanisms used historically by the Saudi state's apparatus to design and organize Salafist thought and its political platform.

Education and Information Technologies

Online teaching has globally become a part of the learning process and has been more well-establi... more Online teaching has globally become a part of the learning process and has been more well-established in developed countries. In developing countries, online teaching or e-Learning is not practiced or recognized officially by educational organizations and policymakers. On the other hand, it is well-known that computers and technology are the future; in such a case, the advancement of distance-learning or online learning is immensely remarkable. It has reduced teachers' and students' introversion concerning e-learning and technology and has provided a platform for learning new technologies and developing new skills. The recent COVID-19 lockdown impelled governments to start implementing E-learning in schools, which resulted in several challenges. This study attempts to analyze and interpret the challenges and potentials of implementing online learning by surveying through an online questionnaire using 'Google Forms' (N = 968) with responses from high school and primary school English teachers during the first week of March through the last week of April. The findings revealed that most teachers had negative perceptions of implementing e-learning for several reasons, including lack of essential facilities such as electricity, electronic devices, and the absence of required skills. The actual contributions of students and educators are also among the major obstacles. This research suggests introducing Information Communication Technology modules across media platforms and applications in the education departments, opening intensive courses for teachers, and developing educational facilities in the education departments and schools to overcome these limitations and challenges.

Canadian Social Science, 2018

The social movement theory (SMT) has been used as an explanatory mechanism for understanding the ... more The social movement theory (SMT) has been used as an explanatory mechanism for understanding the rise and spread of the ideas and principles of the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) in Egypt since 1930. The origin country Egypt which is the birthplace of MB had undergone a radical change politically, economically and socially. These changes made it possible for the rapid growth of conservative and religious groups such as MB. The organisational structure and the ideological evolution, and also the recruitment method of MB are analyzed in the following pages.

Journal of University of Human Development, 2015

لەم توێژینەوەییەدا هەوڵ ئەدەین تیشک بخەینە سەر دەرەنجامەکانى پڕۆسەى بە میلیشیاکردنى عێراق وەک یە... more لەم توێژینەوەییەدا هەوڵ ئەدەین تیشک بخەینە سەر دەرەنجامەکانى پڕۆسەى بە میلیشیاکردنى عێراق وەک یەکیک لەدرەئەنجامەکانى سیاسەتى ئەمریکا لە عێراق لەپاش داگیرکردنى موسڵ لەلایەن دەوڵەتى ئیسلامی (داعش). کۆنتڕۆڵکردنى شارى موسڵ -کە بەدوومین شارى دەوڵەتى عێراق هەژماردەکرێت- لەلایەن دەولەى ئیسلامییەوە وەک خاڵێکى وەرچەرخان سەیردەکرێت بۆ دەوڵەتى عێراق و سیاسەتى ئەمریکا لە عێراقدا وەهەروەها بۆ هێزە ناوچەییەکانى وەک ئیران و تورکیا و ووڵاتانى کەنداو.

Open Political Science, 2018

The rising and acceleration of the Shia armed group in Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Lebanon require a ... more The rising and acceleration of the Shia armed group in Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Lebanon require a deep understanding of the root of the multi-dimensional conflicts in the Middle East. An appropriate and sufficient approach to the research about these militias would be from a viewpoint of an internal conflict rather than an external conflict. The legitimization of the existence of the majority of these militias, if not all of them, is the fight and the struggle against an entity which is the Sunni sect, that would assimilate them rather than integrating them peacefully. In this article, we try to identify the impact of the Shia militias in Iraq on the formation of the future of this country. We maintain that these armed groups will be a destabilizing factor for Iraq and its neighbors, and they will worsen and deepen the sectarian division in the Middle East. We assess these different groups from different perspectives, for example, using the Weberian theory that the state is the only ...

Journal of History Research, 2017

This article focuses on the Israel-Palestine conflict from the Six Day War perspective. The autho... more This article focuses on the Israel-Palestine conflict from the Six Day War perspective. The authors try to make a clarification of the Six Day War impact on Israel and its role in the regional and international scenes on the one hand, and the war's effect on the Arab states, including the Palestinian resistance against Israel, on the other hand. The war changed Israel's status from being a small state to becoming one of the most powerful regional powers. While the image of most Arab states was damaged and they lost their confidence among their peoples. The Six Day War changed the balance of power in the Middle East and intensified the Cold War following the end of the war. A climate of war was created and the individuals of both bearings, Israel and Arab countries, prepared for a new war.

Journal of University of Human Development, 2017

SAGE Open, 2018

Widespread communication tools such as Facebook and Twitter have become vital channels of public ... more Widespread communication tools such as Facebook and Twitter have become vital channels of public diplomacy. Today, policymakers must implement a successful Facebook diplomacy to enhance their nation's branding, lobbying, and culture exchange and to expand and build good relationships. This article evaluates how Facebook has been used as a tool of public diplomacy by both the U.S. Consulate General in Erbil and the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) Representation in Washington by performing a quantitative content analysis of their posts and the responses of their users. The results of the content analysis suggest that the United States more successfully utilizes Facebook as a public diplomacy tool to communicate than does the KRG. This article presents a theoretical argument that assumes that public diplomacy can be practiced by nonstate actors and states. The Kurds are considered and targeted by the U.S. public diplomacy program across Facebook, and this helps the Kurds develop their relationship with the United States as a supporter of potential Kurdish statehood. This research also strongly recommends that the KRG improves its Facebook webpage and highlights the values of internationally promoting the KRG as a brand.

Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania , Jan 2, 2021

Since the Second World War, the Middle East has been mentioned in connection with the national in... more Since the Second World War, the Middle East has been mentioned in connection with the national interest of America manifested by US presidents. This paper looks at the US foreign policy in the Middle East from Truman to Clinton on the premise that the US foreign policy has contributed to creating a breeding ground for dissatisfaction toward the US In this context, the paper focuses on the doctrines in use from the time of President Truman to Clinton. Thus, every American president has a doctrine, and this doctrine tells what political line the president follows regarding domestic and foreign policies.

Keywords: Middle-East, Israel, US national interest, Soviet Union, Natural resources, ideologies.

In this article, we try to see the impact of the Shia militias in Iraq on forming the future of t... more In this article, we try to see the impact of the Shia militias in Iraq on forming the future of this country. We maintain that these armed groups will be a destabilizing factor for Iraq and its neighbors, and they will worsen and deepen the sectarian division in the Middle East. We make an assessment for these different groups from different perspectives. For example, a Weberian theory about the state as the only one entity that has violence monopoly, and in accordance with Ariel Ahram's model for the state-sponsored and government-sponsored militias, and finally devolution of violence to these armed groups.

Central European Journal of International and Security Studies

The political environment of Iraq in the period from 2011-2014 experienced a great degree of turb... more The political environment of Iraq in the period from 2011-2014 experienced a great degree of turbulence. Many Sunni tribes in the Anbar, Ramadi and Salahadin regions organized a daily protest against the central government, accusing it of being sectarian. Gradually, these protests become more popular, and the Baghdad government became fearful that it would spread into the other regions of Iraq. In order to control the protests, the government used force, and many were killed. Simultaneously, in Syria, and especially during 2013-2014, the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) controlled more land and more people, and to take advantage of the Iraqi people's dissatisfaction with their government, ISIS crossed the border between Iraq and Syria in June 2014. Mosul as the second most heavily populated city was seized by ISIS and the Iraqi army could not fight back, which meant that the Iraqi army retreated from most of the Sunni areas. Even Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, and the city ...

Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies

Since its establishment, the modern Iraqi state has witnessed instabilities, insurgencies, contin... more Since its establishment, the modern Iraqi state has witnessed instabilities, insurgencies, continuous cyclic violent conflicts among its heterogenic components. The emergence of IS group in Iraq was the latest and at the same time one of the darkest episodes in the series of modern Iraq's turbulent history. This bloody and horrible violent wave that embodied in the form of such terrorist organization, which committed all kinds of brutality against humanity, forced ordinary Iraqi people from all its heterogenic populations, together with experts to question the possibility of peaceful coexistence, stability, and continuance in living together within the border of an integrated Iraq. Unlike most experts that tend to deal with each of Iraq's violent waves separately and prescribe particular prescriptions for each of them, this paper argues that those continuous, persistent, and intractable conflicts were just symptoms, and the cause of modern Iraq's problems had proceeded f...

Conflict Studies Quarterly, 2021

Since the Second World War, the Middle East has been mentioned in connection with America's natio... more Since the Second World War, the Middle East has been mentioned in connection with America's national interest manifested by US presidents. This paper looks at the US foreign policy in the Middle East from Truman to Clinton on the premise that the US foreign policy has
contributed to creating a breeding ground for dissatisfaction toward the US In this context, the paper focuses on the doctrines in use from the time of President Truman to Clinton. Thus, every American president has a doctrine, and this doctrine tells what political line the president follows regarding domestic and foreign policies.

Canadian Social Science , 2018