Kevin R. Loughlin | Harvard Medical School (original) (raw)
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Papers by Kevin R. Loughlin
Clinics, 2006
PURPOSE: This study focused on circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in patien... more PURPOSE: This study focused on circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with prostate cancer compared to a normal population. METHODS: We analyzed 26 normal individuals and 80 patients with prostate cancer. Blood was drawn from all subjects, and plasma was extracted to determine the concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor using a quantitative immunoassay technique (ELISA-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). RESULTS: The median plasma level of vascular endothelial growth factor was significantly elevated in patients with metastatic disease compared to patients with localized disease and with healthy controls. Patients with serum prostate-specific antigen > 20 ng/mL had significantly higher levels of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor than patients with serum prostate-specific antigen < 20 ng/mL. There was a trend for patients with a Gleason score of 8 to 10 to have higher levels of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor when compared to patients with lower Gleason scores. No relationship was found between plasma vascular endothelial growth factor and clinical staging, or between plasma vascular endothelial growth factor and prostate volume, in patients with localized prostate cancer. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that patients with metastatic prostate cancer have higher plasma vascular endothelial growth factor levels than patients with localized disease or in healthy controls.
Clinical Cancer Research, 2008
Purpose: We have previously reported that matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-9, and the complex... more Purpose: We have previously reported that matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-9, and the complex MMP-9/NGAL can be detected in urine of patients with a variety of cancers including prostate and bladder carcinoma. In addition, we also detected several unidentified urinary gelatinase activities with molecular weights >125 kDa. The objective of the current study was to identify these high molecular weight (HMW) species, determine their potential as predictors of disease status, and ask whether a tumor-specific pattern existed based on urinary MMP analysis. Experimental Design: Chromatography, zymography, and mass spectrometry was used to identify HMW gelatinase species of ∼140, 190, and >220 kDa in urine of cancer patients. To determine whether a tumor-specific pattern of appearance existed among the MMPs detected, we analyzed the urine of 189 patients with prostate or bladder cancer and controls. Results: The ∼140, >220 kDa, and ∼190 HMW gelatinase species were identified as...
American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1999
Renshaw et al / TUMOR DIAMETER AND PSA FAILURE desired features of a prognostic marker: it is sim... more Renshaw et al / TUMOR DIAMETER AND PSA FAILURE desired features of a prognostic marker: it is simple, inexpensive, and independently significant. As such, we strongly recommend reporting this measurement as part of the routine pathologic evaluation of radical prostatectomy specimens.
Urologic Clinics of North America, 1988
Microsurgical vasovasostomy has become a common urologic procedure. A successful anastomosis is r... more Microsurgical vasovasostomy has become a common urologic procedure. A successful anastomosis is related to good mucosal alignment and a water-tight anastomosis rather than to a specific technique. The presence of vasal or epididymal sperm granulomas as well as antisperm antibodies will also influence postoperative pregnancy rates.
Cancer, 2018
BACKGROUND: Active surveillance (AS) is a viable management option for approximately 50% of men w... more BACKGROUND: Active surveillance (AS) is a viable management option for approximately 50% of men who are newly diagnosed with prostate cancer. To the authors' knowledge, no direct comparisons between the different variants of AS protocols have been conducted to date. The authors developed a microsimulation decision model to evaluate which of 3 alternative AS protocols is optimal for men with low-risk prostate cancer, and compared each of these with immediate treatment. METHODS: Men who were diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer at age 65 years were modeled as having been treated with either immediate therapy or via each of 3 AS protocols. Modeled AS protocols represent those in the literature; a modified AS protocol was included in a sensitivity analysis. Immediate therapy included radical prostatectomy, external-beam radiotherapy, or brachytherapy. Outcome measures were quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs. Cost-effectiveness analysis and deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: Immediate therapy produced fewer QALYs than all variants of AS. Of the AS protocols evaluated, biennial biopsy was found to be the only efficient option, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $3490 per QALY compared with immediate therapy. It delayed the need for curative therapy by a mean of 56 months, and was found to be preferred in >86.9% of cases in probabilistic sensitivity analysis. A modified version of low-intensity AS dominated all other options. CONCLUSIONS: For a 65-year-old man with low-risk prostate cancer, AS with biennial biopsy appears to be highly cost-effective compared with common alternatives. An AS protocol using triennial biopsy was found to dominate all other strategies and should be considered for men who are comfortable with a longer period between biopsies. The optimal strategy depends on a patient's tolerance for periodic biopsies and comfort with delaying radical treatment. Physicians should incorporate these patient preferences into decision making.
The Journal of Urology, 1989
Stamey endoscopic suspension of the bladder neck is a reliable technique for treatment of female ... more Stamey endoscopic suspension of the bladder neck is a reliable technique for treatment of female urinary stress incontinence; however, inadvertent passage of the suture into the bladder lumen must be recognized by the surgeon. The use of a flexible ureteroscope through a suprapubic sheath allows for continuous visualization of the bladder lumen during passage of the needles, and achieves greater control and facility in performing the procedure.
Journal of Urology, 1988
A sonographic technique was devised to examine the anterior urethra in 22 men suspected of having... more A sonographic technique was devised to examine the anterior urethra in 22 men suspected of having stricture disease. All patients underwent sonographic and roentgenographic urethrograms. Cystoscopic examination was done in 17 patients. The sonographic urethrogram findings were as diagnostic as the roentgen findings in 19 patients. In 1 patient the sonographic urethrogram identified a bulbar urethral stricture not seen on a retrograde urethrogram. In 2 patients a bulbar urethral sinus tract was found by the retrograde urethrogram but not by the sonographic urethrogram, although the remaining 2 sonographic urethrograms correctly identified the urethral pathological condition. Structures outside the lumen of the urethra including the urethral wall, corpus spongiosum, corpus cavernosum, bulb and external urinary sphincter were seen clearly by the sonographic urethrogram. The fossa navicularis can be visualized as well. Foreign bodies in the urethra, straddle injury and stricture disease were correctly diagnosed by the sonographic urethrogram. No patient reported discomfort during the examination. The sonographic urethrogram provided valuable information about the luminal and extraluminal anatomy of the anterior urethra. Further long-term studies will be necessary to assess its ultimate diagnostic potential.
Journal of Urology, 1994
Resumen-Las nuevas tecnologías infor máticas abr en un
Urology Times Enews, Oct 17, 2012
It would appear that the outcome of this year's presidential and congressional elections will... more It would appear that the outcome of this year's presidential and congressional elections will be extremely close and will have a significant impact on the delivery of health care in this country, regardless of who the winners are.
The Journal of Urology, 2008
Cancer, 1996
BACKGROUND. Torsion of an intraabdominal testicular tumor is a rare event. We report a new case a... more BACKGROUND. Torsion of an intraabdominal testicular tumor is a rare event. We report a new case and review the literature. METHODS. A review of the literature was carried out in order to identify reported cases of an intraabdominal testicular tumor undergoing torsion of its vascular pedicle. Data on histologic type, common presenting signs and symptoms, radiographic studies, and adjuvant therapy were tabulated. RESULTS. There are 36 reports of an intraabdominal testicular tumor presenting with torsion. The most common histologic types, in descending order, were seminoma, sarcoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, and choriocarcinoma. Common presenting signs and symptoms included pain and/or tenderness, fever, nausea and/or vomiting, and a palpable mass. Most seminoma patients received adjuvant radiation therapy whereas one patient with choriocarcinoma received adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS. Although a rare event, the diagnosis of torsion of an intraabdominal testicular tumor should be considered in any patient presenting with an acute abdomen and a history of cryptorchidism. The presence of a mass may raise the index of suspicion. Preoperative investigation with computed tomography scanning may aid surgical planning.
Dermatology Times E News, Oct 17, 2012
It would appear that the outcome of this year’s presidential and congressional elections will be ... more It would appear that the outcome of this year’s presidential and congressional elections will be extremely close and will have a significant impact on the delivery of health care in this country, regardless of who the winners are.
Urologic Clinics of North America, 2016
The Journal of Urology
ABSTRACT
Essential Urology, 2012
This chapter reviews the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and their impact on th... more This chapter reviews the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and their impact on the urinary tract. Specific issues that are addressed include hydronephrosis and renal rupture during pregnancy, renal calculi, urologic cancers, urinary incontinence, and antibiotic use during pregnancy.
Clinics, 2006
PURPOSE: This study focused on circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in patien... more PURPOSE: This study focused on circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with prostate cancer compared to a normal population. METHODS: We analyzed 26 normal individuals and 80 patients with prostate cancer. Blood was drawn from all subjects, and plasma was extracted to determine the concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor using a quantitative immunoassay technique (ELISA-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). RESULTS: The median plasma level of vascular endothelial growth factor was significantly elevated in patients with metastatic disease compared to patients with localized disease and with healthy controls. Patients with serum prostate-specific antigen > 20 ng/mL had significantly higher levels of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor than patients with serum prostate-specific antigen < 20 ng/mL. There was a trend for patients with a Gleason score of 8 to 10 to have higher levels of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor when compared to patients with lower Gleason scores. No relationship was found between plasma vascular endothelial growth factor and clinical staging, or between plasma vascular endothelial growth factor and prostate volume, in patients with localized prostate cancer. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that patients with metastatic prostate cancer have higher plasma vascular endothelial growth factor levels than patients with localized disease or in healthy controls.
Clinical Cancer Research, 2008
Purpose: We have previously reported that matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-9, and the complex... more Purpose: We have previously reported that matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-9, and the complex MMP-9/NGAL can be detected in urine of patients with a variety of cancers including prostate and bladder carcinoma. In addition, we also detected several unidentified urinary gelatinase activities with molecular weights >125 kDa. The objective of the current study was to identify these high molecular weight (HMW) species, determine their potential as predictors of disease status, and ask whether a tumor-specific pattern existed based on urinary MMP analysis. Experimental Design: Chromatography, zymography, and mass spectrometry was used to identify HMW gelatinase species of ∼140, 190, and >220 kDa in urine of cancer patients. To determine whether a tumor-specific pattern of appearance existed among the MMPs detected, we analyzed the urine of 189 patients with prostate or bladder cancer and controls. Results: The ∼140, >220 kDa, and ∼190 HMW gelatinase species were identified as...
American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1999
Renshaw et al / TUMOR DIAMETER AND PSA FAILURE desired features of a prognostic marker: it is sim... more Renshaw et al / TUMOR DIAMETER AND PSA FAILURE desired features of a prognostic marker: it is simple, inexpensive, and independently significant. As such, we strongly recommend reporting this measurement as part of the routine pathologic evaluation of radical prostatectomy specimens.
Urologic Clinics of North America, 1988
Microsurgical vasovasostomy has become a common urologic procedure. A successful anastomosis is r... more Microsurgical vasovasostomy has become a common urologic procedure. A successful anastomosis is related to good mucosal alignment and a water-tight anastomosis rather than to a specific technique. The presence of vasal or epididymal sperm granulomas as well as antisperm antibodies will also influence postoperative pregnancy rates.
Cancer, 2018
BACKGROUND: Active surveillance (AS) is a viable management option for approximately 50% of men w... more BACKGROUND: Active surveillance (AS) is a viable management option for approximately 50% of men who are newly diagnosed with prostate cancer. To the authors' knowledge, no direct comparisons between the different variants of AS protocols have been conducted to date. The authors developed a microsimulation decision model to evaluate which of 3 alternative AS protocols is optimal for men with low-risk prostate cancer, and compared each of these with immediate treatment. METHODS: Men who were diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer at age 65 years were modeled as having been treated with either immediate therapy or via each of 3 AS protocols. Modeled AS protocols represent those in the literature; a modified AS protocol was included in a sensitivity analysis. Immediate therapy included radical prostatectomy, external-beam radiotherapy, or brachytherapy. Outcome measures were quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs. Cost-effectiveness analysis and deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: Immediate therapy produced fewer QALYs than all variants of AS. Of the AS protocols evaluated, biennial biopsy was found to be the only efficient option, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $3490 per QALY compared with immediate therapy. It delayed the need for curative therapy by a mean of 56 months, and was found to be preferred in >86.9% of cases in probabilistic sensitivity analysis. A modified version of low-intensity AS dominated all other options. CONCLUSIONS: For a 65-year-old man with low-risk prostate cancer, AS with biennial biopsy appears to be highly cost-effective compared with common alternatives. An AS protocol using triennial biopsy was found to dominate all other strategies and should be considered for men who are comfortable with a longer period between biopsies. The optimal strategy depends on a patient's tolerance for periodic biopsies and comfort with delaying radical treatment. Physicians should incorporate these patient preferences into decision making.
The Journal of Urology, 1989
Stamey endoscopic suspension of the bladder neck is a reliable technique for treatment of female ... more Stamey endoscopic suspension of the bladder neck is a reliable technique for treatment of female urinary stress incontinence; however, inadvertent passage of the suture into the bladder lumen must be recognized by the surgeon. The use of a flexible ureteroscope through a suprapubic sheath allows for continuous visualization of the bladder lumen during passage of the needles, and achieves greater control and facility in performing the procedure.
Journal of Urology, 1988
A sonographic technique was devised to examine the anterior urethra in 22 men suspected of having... more A sonographic technique was devised to examine the anterior urethra in 22 men suspected of having stricture disease. All patients underwent sonographic and roentgenographic urethrograms. Cystoscopic examination was done in 17 patients. The sonographic urethrogram findings were as diagnostic as the roentgen findings in 19 patients. In 1 patient the sonographic urethrogram identified a bulbar urethral stricture not seen on a retrograde urethrogram. In 2 patients a bulbar urethral sinus tract was found by the retrograde urethrogram but not by the sonographic urethrogram, although the remaining 2 sonographic urethrograms correctly identified the urethral pathological condition. Structures outside the lumen of the urethra including the urethral wall, corpus spongiosum, corpus cavernosum, bulb and external urinary sphincter were seen clearly by the sonographic urethrogram. The fossa navicularis can be visualized as well. Foreign bodies in the urethra, straddle injury and stricture disease were correctly diagnosed by the sonographic urethrogram. No patient reported discomfort during the examination. The sonographic urethrogram provided valuable information about the luminal and extraluminal anatomy of the anterior urethra. Further long-term studies will be necessary to assess its ultimate diagnostic potential.
Journal of Urology, 1994
Resumen-Las nuevas tecnologías infor máticas abr en un
Urology Times Enews, Oct 17, 2012
It would appear that the outcome of this year's presidential and congressional elections will... more It would appear that the outcome of this year's presidential and congressional elections will be extremely close and will have a significant impact on the delivery of health care in this country, regardless of who the winners are.
The Journal of Urology, 2008
Cancer, 1996
BACKGROUND. Torsion of an intraabdominal testicular tumor is a rare event. We report a new case a... more BACKGROUND. Torsion of an intraabdominal testicular tumor is a rare event. We report a new case and review the literature. METHODS. A review of the literature was carried out in order to identify reported cases of an intraabdominal testicular tumor undergoing torsion of its vascular pedicle. Data on histologic type, common presenting signs and symptoms, radiographic studies, and adjuvant therapy were tabulated. RESULTS. There are 36 reports of an intraabdominal testicular tumor presenting with torsion. The most common histologic types, in descending order, were seminoma, sarcoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, and choriocarcinoma. Common presenting signs and symptoms included pain and/or tenderness, fever, nausea and/or vomiting, and a palpable mass. Most seminoma patients received adjuvant radiation therapy whereas one patient with choriocarcinoma received adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS. Although a rare event, the diagnosis of torsion of an intraabdominal testicular tumor should be considered in any patient presenting with an acute abdomen and a history of cryptorchidism. The presence of a mass may raise the index of suspicion. Preoperative investigation with computed tomography scanning may aid surgical planning.
Dermatology Times E News, Oct 17, 2012
It would appear that the outcome of this year’s presidential and congressional elections will be ... more It would appear that the outcome of this year’s presidential and congressional elections will be extremely close and will have a significant impact on the delivery of health care in this country, regardless of who the winners are.
Urologic Clinics of North America, 2016
The Journal of Urology
ABSTRACT
Essential Urology, 2012
This chapter reviews the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and their impact on th... more This chapter reviews the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and their impact on the urinary tract. Specific issues that are addressed include hydronephrosis and renal rupture during pregnancy, renal calculi, urologic cancers, urinary incontinence, and antibiotic use during pregnancy.