Yury Lander | National Research University Higher School of Economics (original) (raw)
Book & Dissertation by Yury Lander
М.: Языки славянской культуры., 2014
Relativization in a polysynthetic language: Adyghe relative constructions in a typological perspe... more Relativization in a polysynthetic language: Adyghe relative constructions in a typological perspective (in Russian)
Edited books by Yury Lander
Ред. колл.: М. Е. Алексеев (отв. ред.), Т. А. Майсак (отв. ред.), Д. С. Ганенков, Ю. А. Ландер. — М.: Academia, 2008. — 464 с., 2008
В сборнике представлены статьи по грамматике, лексике и истории удинского языка (лезгинская групп... more В сборнике представлены статьи по грамматике, лексике и истории удинского языка (лезгинская группа нахско-дагестанской семьи, Азербайджан).
В грамматическом разделе рассматриваются система падежей, употребление указательных местоимений, устройство глагольной парадигмы, семантика и происхождение основных глагольных форм, правила размещения лично-числовых показателей, синтаксис полипредикаций. Раздел по лексике и истории языка содержит сравнительно-исторический анализ удинского лексикона, обсуждение фразеологии, дополнения к удинско-русскому словарю, а также исследования кавказско-албанского алфавита и особенностей удинского перевода Евангелия, выполненного в конце XIX в. В приложении приведены основные варианты удинской транскрипции и орфографии.
Для специалистов по кавказским языкам, грамматической типологии, лексикологии, истории письменности и всех интересующихся удинским языком.
A Festschrift for Barbara Partee edited by her Russian colleagues, students and friends.
Ю. А. Ландер, В. А. Плунгян, А. Ю. Урманчиева (ред.). Исследования по теории грамматики, вып. 3: Ирреалис и ирреальность. М.: Гнозис, 2004. , 2004
Papers in English by Yury Lander
Linguistic Typology, Vol. 20 (2016), No. 2, pp. 403–416.
We provide a critical review of the distinction between “comparative concepts” and “descriptive c... more We provide a critical review of the distinction between “comparative concepts” and “descriptive categories”, showing that in current typological practice the former are usually dependent on the latter and are often vague, being organized around prototypes rather than having sharp boundaries. We also propose a classification of comparative concepts, arguing that their definitions can be based on similarities between languages, on differences between languages, as well as admittedly be “blind” to language-particilar facts. We conclude that, first, comparative concepts and descriptive categories are not so sharply ontologically distinct as some typologists would like to have it, and, second, that attempts at a “non-aprioristic” approach to linguistic description and language typology are more an illusion than reality or even desideratum.
Adyghe is a highly polysynthetic language with a very weak distinction between nouns and verbs. C... more Adyghe is a highly polysynthetic language with a very weak distinction between nouns and verbs. Compounding and affixation (including both suffixation and prefixation) are widespread. Morphological means often allow recursion and the order of morphemes depends on the semantics to a large extent. Inflection and derivation are not distinguished clearly. While deverbal nominal derivation is highly developed, most "verbal" formation actually applies to all kinds of bases. Minor parts-of-speech like adjectives and adverbs show dedicated markers. Conversion proper is occasional.
proceedings of the conference "Ergativity in the World's Languages"
Gradience in syntax is often described as having prototype-based architecture. However, the synta... more Gradience in syntax is often described as having prototype-based architecture. However, the syntactic prototypes postulated in literature are not all alike. In this paper, we distinguish between (i) true prototypes, which are based on clear linguistic evidence, (ii) liminal prototypes, which are associated with diachronically unstable patterns and hence cannot be precisely determined, and (iii) fake prototypes, which are based on effects that only reflect the diversity of sources of a phenomenon. In relation to these three kinds of concepts, we discuss relative clause constructions, serial verb constructions and the notion of subject.
This paper describes the behavior of a subordination marker -n in modal necessity constructions i... more This paper describes the behavior of a subordination marker -n in modal necessity constructions in West Circassian, a polysynthetic language belonging to the Northwest Caucasian family. We show that -n functions as a simple suffix in the non-epistemic construction and as a phrasal affix in the epistemic construction. Hence, this morpheme violates the principle according to which the formal characteristics of a linguistic element should remain the same in different contexts of its use. This violation is explained by the difference in the semantic contribution of the suffix under discussion in different patterns and by the typological specifics of West Circassian, which allows its speakers to manipulate with morphemes more freely.
Although there exist comprehensive morphologically annotated corpora for many morphologically ric... more Although there exist comprehensive morphologically annotated corpora for many morphologically rich languages, there have been no such corpora for any polysynthetic language so far. Polysynthetic languages raise a variety of theoretical and practical challenges for corpus linguistics. Some of these challenges have been partly addressed when developing corpora for e. g. Turkic or Uralic languages, while others are unique for this kind of languages. Our paper identifies the most prominent challenges that we are facing in the course of development of West Circassian (Adyghe) corpus, and offer possible solutions. These include the tokenization problem, which involves delimiting morphology from syntax, the problem with lemmatization and part-of-speech tagging, and a number of glossing and search problems.
East Caucasian relative clause constructions (RCCs) are thought by some to be constructed mainly ... more East Caucasian relative clause constructions (RCCs) are thought by some to be constructed mainly on the basis of semantic and pragmatic information and not to elaborate on the syntax of the relative clause. In this paper, we consider RCCs in one of the East Caucasian languages, namely Mehweb Dargwa, and argue that, despite the fact that its RCCs can be organized on a semantic basis, their functioning can also rely on syntactic information. In particular, we present evidence that Mehweb Dargwa has grammaticalized the resumptive use of reflexive pronouns, which can be contrasted with other uses of reflexive pronouns due to the restrictions on animate antecedents observed only in RCCs.
This paper describes a pilot experiment which was conducted by the authors with speakers of the p... more This paper describes a pilot experiment which was conducted by the authors with speakers of the polysynthetic West Circassian (Adyghe) language and aimed at investigating their ability to use complex verb forms that cross-reference several arguments introduced by applicative morphology. The results of the experiment support the view that complex polysynthetic words can be constructed in the course of speech and do not necessarily belong to any common inventory of word forms. In addition, we make several conclusions which concern productivity of applicatives and their order within the West Circassian verb.
HSE Working Papers. Ser. Linguistics. WP BRP 12/LNG/2014, 2014
In Dargwa languages, which constitute a branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family, certai... more In Dargwa languages, which constitute a branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family, certain nominal attributes may be either marked with a dedicated attributive suffix or appear without it. While it is sometimes said that the short form of the modifier serves as a base for deriving the full form, I propose an alternative direction of derivation and present evidence for the idea that unmarked attributes are incorporated into the nominal head.
Maria Alone, Michael Franke and Floris Roelofsen (eds), Proceedings of the 19th Amsterdam Colloquium. P. 75–82, 2013
This paper discusses new facts on comparative constructions in Circassian languages that contribu... more This paper discusses new facts on comparative constructions in Circassian languages that contribute to a theoretical debate about the semantics of comparatives. We argue that Circassian comparatives provide the direct evidence for the combination of two recent insights into comparative semantics: the theory of two loci of degree quantification in such constructions and theories postulating exhaustivity or maximisation at the edge of the standard clause .
Snippets 27: 5–7. , Sep 2013
Contents 1. Peter Arkadiev and Yury Lander. Non-quantificational distributive quantifiers in Besl... more Contents 1. Peter Arkadiev and Yury Lander. Non-quantificational distributive quantifiers in Besleney Kabardian. 2. Katharina Hartmann and Viola Schmitt. Violations of the Right Edge Constraint in Right Node Raising. 3. Giorgio Magri. An argument for nominal lexical cumulativity. 4. Emar Maier and Kees de Schepper. Fake indexicals in Dutch: a counterexample to Kratzer 2009. 5. Jacopo Romoli. A problem for the structural characterization of alternatives. 6. Philippe Schlenker and Gaurav Mathur. A Strong Crossover effect in ASL. 7. Hideaki Yamashita. On (multiple) long-distance scrambling of adjuncts and subjects and the generalized additional scrambling effect.
In: Emile van der Zee and Mila Vulchanova (eds), Motion Encoding in Language and Space. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press. P. 67–83., 2012
This paper elaborates on an approach to the cross-linguistic comparison of lexical (sub)systems, ... more This paper elaborates on an approach to the cross-linguistic comparison of lexical (sub)systems, which is based on the differentiation of typologically relevant semantic domains. We illustrate this approach exploring the conceptualization of motion / being in liquid medium (aqua-motion), within which four general domains (SWIMMING, SAILING, DRIFTING and FLOATING) are recognized. Using this distinction, we propose a typology of aqua-motion systems that distinguishes between ‘rich’, ‘poor’ and ‘middle’ systems of aqua-motion expressions depending on the lexical contrasts that the language displays.
М.: Языки славянской культуры., 2014
Relativization in a polysynthetic language: Adyghe relative constructions in a typological perspe... more Relativization in a polysynthetic language: Adyghe relative constructions in a typological perspective (in Russian)
Ред. колл.: М. Е. Алексеев (отв. ред.), Т. А. Майсак (отв. ред.), Д. С. Ганенков, Ю. А. Ландер. — М.: Academia, 2008. — 464 с., 2008
В сборнике представлены статьи по грамматике, лексике и истории удинского языка (лезгинская групп... more В сборнике представлены статьи по грамматике, лексике и истории удинского языка (лезгинская группа нахско-дагестанской семьи, Азербайджан).
В грамматическом разделе рассматриваются система падежей, употребление указательных местоимений, устройство глагольной парадигмы, семантика и происхождение основных глагольных форм, правила размещения лично-числовых показателей, синтаксис полипредикаций. Раздел по лексике и истории языка содержит сравнительно-исторический анализ удинского лексикона, обсуждение фразеологии, дополнения к удинско-русскому словарю, а также исследования кавказско-албанского алфавита и особенностей удинского перевода Евангелия, выполненного в конце XIX в. В приложении приведены основные варианты удинской транскрипции и орфографии.
Для специалистов по кавказским языкам, грамматической типологии, лексикологии, истории письменности и всех интересующихся удинским языком.
A Festschrift for Barbara Partee edited by her Russian colleagues, students and friends.
Ю. А. Ландер, В. А. Плунгян, А. Ю. Урманчиева (ред.). Исследования по теории грамматики, вып. 3: Ирреалис и ирреальность. М.: Гнозис, 2004. , 2004
Linguistic Typology, Vol. 20 (2016), No. 2, pp. 403–416.
We provide a critical review of the distinction between “comparative concepts” and “descriptive c... more We provide a critical review of the distinction between “comparative concepts” and “descriptive categories”, showing that in current typological practice the former are usually dependent on the latter and are often vague, being organized around prototypes rather than having sharp boundaries. We also propose a classification of comparative concepts, arguing that their definitions can be based on similarities between languages, on differences between languages, as well as admittedly be “blind” to language-particilar facts. We conclude that, first, comparative concepts and descriptive categories are not so sharply ontologically distinct as some typologists would like to have it, and, second, that attempts at a “non-aprioristic” approach to linguistic description and language typology are more an illusion than reality or even desideratum.
Adyghe is a highly polysynthetic language with a very weak distinction between nouns and verbs. C... more Adyghe is a highly polysynthetic language with a very weak distinction between nouns and verbs. Compounding and affixation (including both suffixation and prefixation) are widespread. Morphological means often allow recursion and the order of morphemes depends on the semantics to a large extent. Inflection and derivation are not distinguished clearly. While deverbal nominal derivation is highly developed, most "verbal" formation actually applies to all kinds of bases. Minor parts-of-speech like adjectives and adverbs show dedicated markers. Conversion proper is occasional.
proceedings of the conference "Ergativity in the World's Languages"
Gradience in syntax is often described as having prototype-based architecture. However, the synta... more Gradience in syntax is often described as having prototype-based architecture. However, the syntactic prototypes postulated in literature are not all alike. In this paper, we distinguish between (i) true prototypes, which are based on clear linguistic evidence, (ii) liminal prototypes, which are associated with diachronically unstable patterns and hence cannot be precisely determined, and (iii) fake prototypes, which are based on effects that only reflect the diversity of sources of a phenomenon. In relation to these three kinds of concepts, we discuss relative clause constructions, serial verb constructions and the notion of subject.
This paper describes the behavior of a subordination marker -n in modal necessity constructions i... more This paper describes the behavior of a subordination marker -n in modal necessity constructions in West Circassian, a polysynthetic language belonging to the Northwest Caucasian family. We show that -n functions as a simple suffix in the non-epistemic construction and as a phrasal affix in the epistemic construction. Hence, this morpheme violates the principle according to which the formal characteristics of a linguistic element should remain the same in different contexts of its use. This violation is explained by the difference in the semantic contribution of the suffix under discussion in different patterns and by the typological specifics of West Circassian, which allows its speakers to manipulate with morphemes more freely.
Although there exist comprehensive morphologically annotated corpora for many morphologically ric... more Although there exist comprehensive morphologically annotated corpora for many morphologically rich languages, there have been no such corpora for any polysynthetic language so far. Polysynthetic languages raise a variety of theoretical and practical challenges for corpus linguistics. Some of these challenges have been partly addressed when developing corpora for e. g. Turkic or Uralic languages, while others are unique for this kind of languages. Our paper identifies the most prominent challenges that we are facing in the course of development of West Circassian (Adyghe) corpus, and offer possible solutions. These include the tokenization problem, which involves delimiting morphology from syntax, the problem with lemmatization and part-of-speech tagging, and a number of glossing and search problems.
East Caucasian relative clause constructions (RCCs) are thought by some to be constructed mainly ... more East Caucasian relative clause constructions (RCCs) are thought by some to be constructed mainly on the basis of semantic and pragmatic information and not to elaborate on the syntax of the relative clause. In this paper, we consider RCCs in one of the East Caucasian languages, namely Mehweb Dargwa, and argue that, despite the fact that its RCCs can be organized on a semantic basis, their functioning can also rely on syntactic information. In particular, we present evidence that Mehweb Dargwa has grammaticalized the resumptive use of reflexive pronouns, which can be contrasted with other uses of reflexive pronouns due to the restrictions on animate antecedents observed only in RCCs.
This paper describes a pilot experiment which was conducted by the authors with speakers of the p... more This paper describes a pilot experiment which was conducted by the authors with speakers of the polysynthetic West Circassian (Adyghe) language and aimed at investigating their ability to use complex verb forms that cross-reference several arguments introduced by applicative morphology. The results of the experiment support the view that complex polysynthetic words can be constructed in the course of speech and do not necessarily belong to any common inventory of word forms. In addition, we make several conclusions which concern productivity of applicatives and their order within the West Circassian verb.
HSE Working Papers. Ser. Linguistics. WP BRP 12/LNG/2014, 2014
In Dargwa languages, which constitute a branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family, certai... more In Dargwa languages, which constitute a branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family, certain nominal attributes may be either marked with a dedicated attributive suffix or appear without it. While it is sometimes said that the short form of the modifier serves as a base for deriving the full form, I propose an alternative direction of derivation and present evidence for the idea that unmarked attributes are incorporated into the nominal head.
Maria Alone, Michael Franke and Floris Roelofsen (eds), Proceedings of the 19th Amsterdam Colloquium. P. 75–82, 2013
This paper discusses new facts on comparative constructions in Circassian languages that contribu... more This paper discusses new facts on comparative constructions in Circassian languages that contribute to a theoretical debate about the semantics of comparatives. We argue that Circassian comparatives provide the direct evidence for the combination of two recent insights into comparative semantics: the theory of two loci of degree quantification in such constructions and theories postulating exhaustivity or maximisation at the edge of the standard clause .
Snippets 27: 5–7. , Sep 2013
Contents 1. Peter Arkadiev and Yury Lander. Non-quantificational distributive quantifiers in Besl... more Contents 1. Peter Arkadiev and Yury Lander. Non-quantificational distributive quantifiers in Besleney Kabardian. 2. Katharina Hartmann and Viola Schmitt. Violations of the Right Edge Constraint in Right Node Raising. 3. Giorgio Magri. An argument for nominal lexical cumulativity. 4. Emar Maier and Kees de Schepper. Fake indexicals in Dutch: a counterexample to Kratzer 2009. 5. Jacopo Romoli. A problem for the structural characterization of alternatives. 6. Philippe Schlenker and Gaurav Mathur. A Strong Crossover effect in ASL. 7. Hideaki Yamashita. On (multiple) long-distance scrambling of adjuncts and subjects and the generalized additional scrambling effect.
In: Emile van der Zee and Mila Vulchanova (eds), Motion Encoding in Language and Space. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press. P. 67–83., 2012
This paper elaborates on an approach to the cross-linguistic comparison of lexical (sub)systems, ... more This paper elaborates on an approach to the cross-linguistic comparison of lexical (sub)systems, which is based on the differentiation of typologically relevant semantic domains. We illustrate this approach exploring the conceptualization of motion / being in liquid medium (aqua-motion), within which four general domains (SWIMMING, SAILING, DRIFTING and FLOATING) are recognized. Using this distinction, we propose a typology of aqua-motion systems that distinguishes between ‘rich’, ‘poor’ and ‘middle’ systems of aqua-motion expressions depending on the lexical contrasts that the language displays.
In: J. van der Auwera and B. Kortmann (eds), The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: a Comprehensive Guide. (The World of Linguistics. Vol. 1.) Berlin, N.Y.: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 125-157., 2011
Morphology 20(2) [2010]: 299-319, 2010
This paper deals with the order of verbal suffixes in Adyghe, a polysynthetic language of the Cau... more This paper deals with the order of verbal suffixes in Adyghe, a polysynthetic language of the Caucasus. Traditionally the structure of the Adyghe wordform and the order of its affixes were described in terms of template morphology. However, we present new data demanding some other, substantially different approach. We demonstrate that for the most part suffix ordering within the Adyghe verb follows strictly compositional rules. This feature is a manifestation of the polysynthetic nature of the language.
Fillers, Pauses, and Placeholders
The paper describes the form and behavior of placeholders in Udi and Agul, two languages belongin... more The paper describes the form and behavior of placeholders in Udi and Agul, two languages belonging to the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian family. The placeholders found in these languages show clear similarity despite the fact that they developed independently. In both languages, nominal placeholders originate from interrogative pronouns, which in combination with the verb ‘do’ serve as a source for verbal placeholders. In Udi, placeholders further gave rise to a similative construction describing a set of individuals or events on the basis of their similarity to a specific referent or situation. Finally, we suggest hypotheses concerning the development of placeholders and the correlations between their form and the overall typological profile of a language.
Rice Working Papers in Linguistics, volume 2 [2010], 2010
This paper discusses peculiarities of relativization in Shapsug Adyghe, a variety of the polysynt... more This paper discusses peculiarities of relativization in Shapsug Adyghe, a variety of the polysynthetic Adyghe language belonging to the Northwest Caucasian family. In general, Adyghe relative constructions display a number of interesting phenomena such as morphological marking of the target role, relativization of several arguments within a single construction, and an internally-headed relative construction with the semantic head being marked by a specific exponent. The Shapsug variety i) presents evidence against the contrast between finite forms and participles, which was proposed for the language in most descriptions, ii) restricts relativization of possessors to possessors of absolutive arguments, and iii) displays typologically unique internally-headed constructions with internal heads marked by the external case. It is suggested that these peculiarities actually highlight certain properties of the Adyghe relative constructions that remain implicit in the standard language.
In: Franck Floricic (ed.), Essais de typologie et de linguistique générale. Mélanges offerts à Denis Creissels. Lyon: ENS éditions, pp. 287-311., 2010
[Yury Lander and Arseniy Vydrin] Non-canonical subject marking in languages of the North Caucasus... more [Yury Lander and Arseniy Vydrin] Non-canonical subject marking in languages of the North Caucasus: modal constructions. In Russian
Arguments and adjuncts in morphology and syntax of West Circassian (Adyghe) The paper analyzes t... more Arguments and adjuncts in morphology and syntax of West Circassian (Adyghe)
The paper analyzes the expression of participants by morphological and syntactic means in the polysynthetic West Circassian (Adyghe) language with respect to their characteristics as arguments or adjuncts. It is shown that the distinction between arguments and adjuncts in West Circassian is gradual rather than discrete. In addition, the same participant may be introduced as an adjunct in morphology but as an argument in syntax but not as an adjunct in syntax but as an argument in morphology.
Вестник Московского государственного гуманитарного университета им. М.А. Шолохова. Филологические науки. 2014. № 2. С. 55-77., 2014
Филологические науки 55 Ю.А. Ландер опыт типологии дистантной релятивизации 1 в работе рассматрив... more Филологические науки 55 Ю.А. Ландер опыт типологии дистантной релятивизации 1 в работе рассматриваются относительные конструкции, в которых мишень релятивизации располагается в сентенциальном актанте полипредикативной конструкции, и предлагается типология подобных конструкций, основанная на изменении/сохранении морфосинтаксиса вложенной и матричной клауз и на изменении/сохранении отношений между клаузами в задействованной полипредикации. Ключевые слова: полипредикативные конструкции, относительные конструкции, дистантная релятивизация.
Язык. Константы. Переменные. Памяти А.Е. Кибрика. М.: Языки славяеской культуры. С. 485-498., 2014
Показатель ki -известный персонаж языков Кавказа и Закавказья, наглядно иллюстрирующий собой проц... more Показатель ki -известный персонаж языков Кавказа и Закавказья, наглядно иллюстрирующий собой процессы заимствования морфосинтаксических структур. Бесспорным признается его иранское происхождение (см., например, Johanson 1998: 335). В современном персидском языке ke выступает в качестве «универсального подчинительного союза » (см. Lazard 1957: 212; Рубинчик 2001: 331-333). Кроме того, у него обнаруживается и другая функция, не связанная с подчинением: та же морфема появляется в обличьи эмфатической частицы, значение которой на русский язык переводится (можно полагать, со значительной долей условности) как 'же, ведь'.
Вопросы языкознания. 2014. № 1. С. 3-20., 2014
The paper discusses a kind of relative constructions without dedicated markers of subordination. ... more The paper discusses a kind of relative constructions without dedicated markers of subordination. The author focuses on the problems related to their differentiation from other patterns, the grammatical means that may imply subordination without expressing it directly and touches upon the diachronic issues concerning unmarked relatives.
Семантика языковых единиц разных уровней. Вып. 15. Махачкала. С. 59-78., 2013
Даниэль М. А., Ландер Ю. А. НЕРАВНОПРАВИЕ РОЛЕЙ В ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЯХ: МАТЕРИАЛЫ ПО ЧАСТОТ... more Даниэль М. А., Ландер Ю. А. НЕРАВНОПРАВИЕ РОЛЕЙ В ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЯХ: МАТЕРИАЛЫ ПО ЧАСТОТНОСТИ РЕЛЯТИВИЗАЦИИ В АРЧИНСКОМ И УДИНСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ НИУ Высшая школа экономики, МГУ, ИВ РАН, Москва 1. Введение 1 Относительную конструкцию можно определить как синтаксическую конструкцию, используемую для описания участника ситуации, выраженной в главной/матричной предикации, через его участие в ситуации, обозначенной зависимой/подчиненной предикацией. Например, в предложениях Закрой дверь, которая ведет на балкон и Закрой дверь, ведущую на балкон пациенс ситуации, обозначенной главной предикацией, описывается как участник зависимой предикациифинитного предложения или причастного оборота. Релевантная в этом отношении синтаксическая роль в зависимой предикации именуется мишенью релятивизации; в приведенных предложениях это подлежащее при непереходном глаголе вести.
Полевые исследования студентов РГГУ. Этнология. Фольклористика. Лингвистика. Религиоведение. Вып. VII. М.: Изд. РГГУ. С. 266-270., 2012
Полевые исследования студентов РГГУ. Этнология. Фольклористика. Лингвистика. Религиоведение. Вып. VII. М.: Изд. РГГУ. С. 176-192., 2012
Caucasiologic Papers 3: 77-95, 2011
"Adnominal possessives in Tanti Dargwa (in Russian) This paper provides a description of adnom... more "Adnominal possessives in Tanti Dargwa (in Russian)
This paper provides a description of adnominal possessives in Tanti Dargwa, an idiom which is spoken in the village of Tanti (Republic of Daghestan) and belongs to the Dargwa (Dargi) branch of the East Caucasian (Nakh-Daghestanian) family.
I define possessives as the (most) unmarked constructions reflecting the relations between individuals. The prototypical adnominal possessive construction is used for establishing the reference of the possessum via its relations to the possessor (as in Natela’s daughter). Yet one can often observe adnominal possessives deviating from this prototype and just characterizing the possessum rather than establishing its reference (cf. men’s jacket).
Adnominal possessives in Dargwa languages are generally dependent-marking: the possessor is marked with the genitive case. Non-prototypical adnominal possessives use the same marking as prototypical ones. Further, there is no formal distinction between different possessive constructions which is based on inalienability. Thus, at first glance the system observed in Dargwa is not very interesting. However, a close inspection of it reveals certain typologically curious features.
First, Tanti Dargwa displays a special construction which marks that the relevant possessive relation does not hold anymore. This semantics is found when the possessor which is otherwise used for establishing the reference of the possessum is marked not only with the genitive case but also with the “neutral” attributive suffix (i.e. the neutral marker used on adjectives and participles if they are separated from their nominal head or are used themselves as the heads of nominal phrases). I assume that in this case the possessive is made similar to the typical adjective and participial constructions which do not establish the reference of a nominal but only restrict it: such weakening of the possessive function implies the weakening of the relations between the possessor and the possessum.
Interestingly, when the “canonical” possessor appears without the possessum and requires an overt case marker, it also takes one of the contrastive attributive markers which are used with adjectives and participles for contrasting the individual they describe with other individuals. Thus, here the prototypical possessor takes exactly those attributive affixes that are found when the attributes establish the reference of the nominal. Non-prototypical possessors can take either attributive suffixes, just like adjectives and participles.
Second, some inalienable nouns in Tanti Dargwa are interesting in that unlike other nouns, they take noun class prefixes. For some of these nouns (namely a few kinship terms) it can be shown that these prefixes are petrified and cannot be analyzed as inflectional. With some nouns denoting body parts and the noun ‘half’, noun class prefixes at first glance mark the noun class of the possessor. However, I argue that this is not an instance of head-marking; rather these nouns are assigned the same class as their possessor as is evidenced by the fact that they control agreement in this class both in their attributes and in the predicate. "
Approaches to Polysynthesis (in Russian) This paper is a survey of various approaches to the d... more Approaches to Polysynthesis (in Russian)
This paper is a survey of various approaches to the definition of polysynthetic languages. It is argued that most criteria proposed in literature are either not sufficiently clear or do not work properly. Presumably the most promising approach is based on accepting the idea that polysynthetic languages do not constitute a homogeneous class and allow variation in features generally associated with polysynthesis.
СЕМАНТИЧЕСКАЯ СОПРЯЖЕННОСТЬ И АТРИБУТИВНЫЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ (андийские языки, адыгейский язык) Ю.А. Ла... more СЕМАНТИЧЕСКАЯ СОПРЯЖЕННОСТЬ И АТРИБУТИВНЫЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ (андийские языки, адыгейский язык) Ю.А. Ландер Институт востоковедения РАН, Москва З.Б. Меретукова Майкоп В настоящей работе мы пытаемся установить связь между явлениями, которые, на первый взгляд, никак между собой не связаны, в языках, принципиально различающихся между собой по структуре. Объектом исследования являются приименные атрибутивные конструкции -с одной стороны, в андийских языках (нахско-дагестанская семья) и, с другой стороны, в адыгейском языке (абхазо-адыгская семья). Нас будут интересовать распределение согласования в андийских атрибутивных конструкциях и позиция определения в посессивных конструкциях адыгейского языка. Как мы покажем, в основе наблюдаемых явлений лежит одна и та же характеристика определений, а именно их сопряженность с именем 1 . Атрибутивные конструкции При рассмотрении атрибутивных конструкций мы ограничимся конструкциями с прилагательными и посессивными конструкциями, оставляя за границами исследования в первую очередь относительные конструкции и конструкции с кванторными выражениями и с указательными местоимениями. Некоторые из наших выводов предположительно могут работать и для этих фрагментов грамматики, но они имеют и свои особенности. Приименные посессивные конструкции понимаются нами максимально широко -как семантически немаркированные определительные конструк-1 Работа в значительной степени основана на исследовании, представленном в [Lander 2010].
Институт востоковедения РАН, Москва 1. Введение 1 . Хорошо известно, что нахско-дагестанские язык... more Институт востоковедения РАН, Москва 1. Введение 1 . Хорошо известно, что нахско-дагестанские языки при передаче последовательности событий в рамках полипредикации предпочитают использовать так называемые деепричастные конструкции, в которых сказуемое одной или нескольких из клауз (условно -зависимой клаузы) представлено в форме деепричастия совершенного вида:
On different morphologies: Tanti Dargwa locative forms. In Russian This paper explores complex... more On different morphologies: Tanti Dargwa locative forms. In Russian
This paper explores complex locative forms in Tanti Dargwa, a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Daghestan. It is argued that the construction of Tanti locative forms is partly based on incorporation of nominal stems into locative markers and involves both layered and template morphology. I conclude that the layered and template kinds of morphology need not be strictly contrasted within a single word.
Аспекты полисинтетизма: Очерки по грамматике адыгейского языка / Я.Г. Тестелец и др. (ред.) М.: РГГУ, 2009. С. 17-120., 2009
A general grammatical sketch of West Circassian (Adyghe)
The real and sham multiple relativization. In Russian
Non-standard plural in Tanty Dargwa. In Russian
Indonesian aqua-motion verbs and the principles of the verbal lexicon organization By examples... more Indonesian aqua-motion verbs and the principles of the verbal lexicon organization
By examples of aqua-motion verbs (i.e. verbs denoting motion / being in liquid medium) in Indonesian, it is argued that grammatical and semantic properties of verbs may be governed by their place in hierarchies similar to individuation hierarchies used for nominals. This place of verbs (or situations denoted by these verbs) in such hierarchies is argued to correlate with discourse functions (foregrounding vs. backgrounding) and lexical salience of verbs.
Participle constructions or non-categorial subordination? In Russian
[Dmitry Gerasimov and Yury Lander] Relativization in the guise of nominalization and the fact arg... more [Dmitry Gerasimov and Yury Lander] Relativization in the guise of nominalization and the fact argument in Adyghe. In Russian
Glagoly dvienija v vode: Leksičeskaja tipologija. …, 2007
[Yury Lander and Svetlana Kramarova] Indonesian aqua-motion verbs and their system. In Russian.
inter alia: для (некоторых?) синтаксических конструкций можно сказать, что некоторые их использов... more inter alia: для (некоторых?) синтаксических конструкций можно сказать, что некоторые их использования более прототипичны, чем другие. Ср. также «многофакторные подходы», протороли итд. Цель: На примере посессивов попытаться сформулировать некоторые особенности прототипов синтаксических конструкций, предположительно связанные с диахронией синтаксических структур. क Исследование проводилось при финансовой поддержке РГНФ (проект № 11-04-00282).
Производные структуры обнаруживают больше или столько же ограничений на построение, сколько струк... more Производные структуры обнаруживают больше или столько же ограничений на построение, сколько структуры непроизводные.
Формальная] семантика в Москве 1 / [Formal] Semantics in Moscow 1, 23.04.2005 Реферелятивизация Ю... more Формальная] семантика в Москве 1 / [Formal] Semantics in Moscow 1, 23.04.2005 Реферелятивизация Ю.А. Ландер, yulander @ yandex.ru, Е.Л. Рудницкая, erudnits @ rambler.ru (Институт востоковедения РАН) 1. Относительные конструкции: общие сведения Парень, который сюда заходил, -кто это был? Составная именная группа (ИГ): парень, который сюда заходил Относительное (релятивное) предложение: который сюда заходил "Исходная" (для относительного) клауза: Х сюда заходил, где Хмишень/релятивизуемая ИГ Относительные предложения: Рестриктивные относительные клаузы (РОК) -ограничивающие референцию ИГ (каждый человек, который пришел ≠ каждый человек); Нерестриктивные относительные клаузывводящие "комментарий" по поводу референта ИГ (Иван, который пришел = Иван); см. Potts 2005. (NB: В Grosu/Landman 1998; Grosu 2002 обсуждаются и другие типы относительных предложений, хотя по крайней мере некоторые из них, как кажется, всё-таки сводимы к рестриктивным.)
Maria Polinsky (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Languages of the Caucasus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021, pp. 369–446.
A survey chapter for The Oxford Handbook of the Languages of the Caucasus, ed. by Maria Polinsky.
А.А. Кибрик и др. (ред.), ВАПросы языкознания: Мегасборник наностатей к юбилею В. А. Плунгяна. М.... more А.А. Кибрик и др. (ред.), ВАПросы языкознания: Мегасборник наностатей к юбилею В. А. Плунгяна. М.: «Буки-Веди», 2020, с. 35–42.