Rovshan Ibrahimov | Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (original) (raw)
Papers by Rovshan Ibrahimov
Azerbaijan has been known for the presence of oil since ancient times, though oil was produced by... more Azerbaijan has been known for the presence of oil since ancient
times, though oil was produced by means of primitive methods.
However, the industrial development that occurred at the end of the
19th century led to the main oil production. During that time, the
oil product naphtha increasingly started to be used for lightening at
houses.
Azerbaijan is one of the first places in the world, where oil
was first drilled in the village of Bibi Heybat near Baku in 1848.In comparison, Edwin L.Drake began drilling an industrial oil well
in Titusville Pennsylvania only in August 1859. However, it is the
well that Drake drilled which is recognized the first commercially
viable oil production in the world.
Oil production in Azerbaijan was actually intensified years later.
Vasil Kokarev, Peter Gubonin and German baron N.Tornov jointly opened their first kerosene factory in Surakhany in 1858-59.The
state granted them permission to drill oil wells in Baku in 1868. By
1871, oil drilling was carried out everywhere, and a new method of
drilling completely replaced the old method of digging wells. As a
result, the volume of oil production increased to 80 barrels per day
from each well.
Turkiye ve Azerbaycan arasindaki iliskiler uluslararasi arenadaki siradan iki ulusdevlet arasinda... more Turkiye ve Azerbaycan arasindaki iliskiler uluslararasi arenadaki siradan iki ulusdevlet arasindaki iliskiler gibi siniflandirilamaz. Bu iki ulkenin halki ortak etnik koken ile birbirine baglidir ve birbirinin pozisyonuna anlasilabilir sekilde sempatiktir. Sonuc olarak, Turkiye ve Azerbaycan arasindaki ihtilaflar bu ozel iliski cercevesinde degerlendirilmelidir. Bu calisma, 2008-2009 yillarinda Turkiye ve Ermenistan arasindaki yakinlasma surecinde Turkiye ve Azerbaycan arasindaki ihtilaflari analiz etmektedir. Ayni zamanda bu calisma Turkiye ve Azerbaycan’in aralarindaki sorunlari nasil cozdugunu ve iliskilerini gelistirmek icin kurduklari yeni platformlari tartismaktadir.
Relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan cannot be classified simply as the ratio of two nation-st... more Relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan cannot be classified simply as the ratio of two nation-states in the international arena. The peoples of these two countries are united by common ethnic roots and understandably sympathetic to each other’s positions. Consequently, controversies between Turkey and Azerbaijan should be viewed in the framework of these specific relationships. This study will analyze the causes of the controversies between the two countries during Turkey’s rapprochement with Armenia between 2008 and 2009. It will also discuss the manner in which Turkey and Azerbaijan have resolved their problems and formed a new platform for the development of relations.
The current international system constitutes the order of more than 190 states, which differ in s... more The current international system constitutes the order of more than 190 states, which differ in size, population, opportunities and potential. Historically, the nature of the international order is determined by the Great Powers, which shape the system according to their expectations and perceptions. However, along with the Great Powers, there are countries, known as Small Powers with limited or almost no influence. In this international system of nation-states, formed in conditions of anarchy, the realist school considers the concept of power to be of utmost significance. The main components of state power are represented as the country’s geographical location, availability of natural resources, a strong economy, large population and, of course, armed forces. Thus does one of the key paradigms of international relations, classical realism, form the concept for Abstract
Insight Turkey, 2015
This article analyzes Turkey’s official energy strategy to indicate how it responds to actual cha... more This article analyzes Turkey’s official energy strategy to indicate how it responds to actual challenges by striking a compromise between market characteristics, and geopolitics and foreign policy. It points to Turkey’s growing energy demand as one of the most significant factors that affect the country’s policies and elaborates how Turkey’s supply security perspective intersects with geopolitical features and foreign policy issues on behalf of international cooperation. The first section, with conceptual highlights, gives a brief picture of the actual energy security challenges that Turkey faces. The second part focuses on Turkey’s official energy strategy (Turkey’s Energy Strategic Plan, as introduced by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources) to understand how these policies respond to the challenges Turkey faces. The final section gives an idea of how Turkey’s energy security strategy supports international cooperation with diverse actors. Turkey’s Energy Strategy: Synchro...
Uzbekistan is a former Soviet republic located in Central Asian region. This is the first state a... more Uzbekistan is a former Soviet republic located in Central Asian region. This is the first state among the new independed energy rich countries formed af- ter the collapse of the Soviet Union, which faced with the reality of reducing oil production and turning into its importer. The unique experience of the former producer of oil is very important, as other energy producers may also face with this situation. In addition, this factor is also interesting for coun- tries and private companies that invest in energy projects in Uzbekistan and other countries of the former Soviet Union. In this connection, Uzbekistan` approach for further development of its energy sector can be preamble for studying, development of strategy and practical realization of this strategy in other Post-Soviet Union states. In this article provides a detailed description of the historical development of the energy sector in Uzbekistan, its current condition and prospects for its further development.
International Journal of Foreign Studies, 2016
Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are three post-Soviet countries, which are in varying deg... more Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are three post-Soviet countries, which are in varying degrees rich of energy resources. After gaining independence, oil and gas wealth were the main resources for overcoming acute economic stagnation, and later the formation of the economy itself in all of these countries. Even today, the energy sector is form base and essential in their economies. As from the declaration of independence of these three countries already twentyseven years has passed, the energy strategy has become diversified and differ from each other. This is due to many factors, both internal and external. What factor affected this phenomenon will be explained in this article. Also in his article will provide information on the development of the energy sector in Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, from the moment they gain independence until today. The specifics of the energy strategy development in each country will be highlighted and further a comparative analysis wi...
Relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan cannot be classified simply as the ratio of two nation-st... more Relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan cannot be classified simply as the ratio of two nation-states in the international arena. The peoples of these two countries are united by common ethnic roots and understandably sympathetic to each other’s positions. Consequently, controversies between Turkey and Azerbaijan should be viewed in the framework of these specific relationships. This study will analyze the causes of the controversies between the two countries during Turkey’s rapprochement with Armenia between 2008 and 2009. It will also discuss the manner in which Turkey and Azerbaijan have resolved their problems and formed a new platform for the development of relations.
М Е Ж Д У Н А Р О Д Н А Я А Н А Л И Т И К А 12 (2): 2021, 2021
АННОТАЦИЯ В статье дан общий обзор основных факторов, влияющих на формирование внешней политики А... more АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье дан общий обзор основных факторов, влияющих на формирование внешней
политики Азербайджана, а также проведен анализ, показывающий, каким образом
эти факторы видоизменялись с момента обретения страной независимости вплоть
до 2021 г. Цель статьи – проследить динамику развития как государства Азербайджан, так и
азербайджанского общества. Делается вывод о том, что наличие Нагорно-Карабахского
конфликта стало ключевым при формировании политической и экономической системы
страны, а также сознания и восприятия мира ее гражданами. С момента обретения
независимости основной задачей Азербайджана являлось изменение регионального
статус-кво, а также возвращение военно-политического контроля над Нагорным Карабахом.
В теоретической части статьи автор рассматривает две категории государственности:
малая и средняя держава. Устоявшиеся их определения говорят, что основной параметр
их различия кроется в размере экономики, численности вооруженных сил, а также в
критерии «воли» народов к решению экстраординарных внешнеполитических задач. Автор
считает, что консолидация имеющегося потенциала страны сделала возможным не только
достижение цели обеспечения территориальной целостности, но и переход Азербайджана
из категории «малой» державы в «среднюю». Азербайджан намеренно шел к такому
положению: посредством развития региональных связей и энергетической дипломатии,
а также – изолирования Армении. В результате занятие в конце 2020 г. Азербайджаном
семи районов и части Нагорного Карабаха, включая Шушу, стало значимым событием, что
позволило стране коренным образом изменить складывавшийся годами
невыгодный статус-кво.
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА
«малая сила», «средняя сила», Азербайджан, Нагорный Карабах, Гейдар Алиев, Ильхам Алиев, энергоресурсы
Bilge Strateji, 2021
Armenia is a small country that gained independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union, whic... more Armenia is a small country that gained independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union, which does not have access to the open
seas and does not possess significant natural resources. The country
is completely dependent on imports of hydrocarbons, mainly oil and
natural gas, as well as oil products
Азербайджан проводит целенаправленную политику, предусматривающую обеспечение надежных транспортн... more Азербайджан проводит целенаправленную политику, предусматривающую обеспечение надежных транспортных коридоров и диверсификацию поставок углеводородных ресурсов на мировые рынки. В статье рассматриваются стратегия и тактические шаги, осуществляемые Азербайджаном для достижения вышеуказанных целей.
Since the restoration of independence, development of the energy sector has been considered cruci... more Since the restoration of independence, development of the energy sector has been
considered crucial for Azerbaijan. The development of the energy sector has supported
the resolution of some of the country’s key geopolitical and geo-economic
challenges. An integral part of Azerbaijan’s energy strategy was the creation of a
system of transport corridors for energy exports. Creating the necessary infrastructure
is an ongoing process. However, given the risk of being dependent on one sector,
there is a need to diversify the national economy. The result is that a number
of sectors have been identified to support the further sustainable development of
Azerbaijan. Due to its favorable location, one of sectors identified for development
is transportation. Azerbaijan proposes the development of alternative sustainable
transport routes, which will enable unfettered access to major world markets. This
process entails the development of transport infrastructure in synthesis with the
formation of logistical infrastructure, cross-border transfer coordination, creation
of a common legal framework, and competitive tariffs for transportation with third
states. This article describes the establishment of transport routes in Azerbaijan, and
the country’s role in the development of regional cooperation
Modern international relations are a reflection of successful coordination of various factors, cl... more Modern international relations are a reflection of successful coordination of various factors, close cooperation and strategic vision for the future. A very significant example of this aspect is the relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan. These two countries initially have their own specific relationship based on common culture and ethnic origin. Skillfully using advantage of these factors, two countries Turkey and Azerbaijan rapidly began to develop their relations in all spheres. Special attention should be paid to the mutually beneficial cooperation in the energy sector, which is the driving force of economic and political initiatives.
The ratios of these countries in the energy sector are complementary: Azerbaijan is a major oil and gas producer, in which Turkey, not having its own energy resources, actually needs. In turn, Azerbaijan, as the landlocked state which, is needs in Turkey, whose territory is located in an advantageous geographical position and has no access to the open seas. Through this country, oil and gas extracted in Azerbaijan has the opportunity to access to the global markets. Based on these circumstances of complementarities, relationship between the two countries in the energy sector has a degree of permanent development. A lot of projects in this sector have already been implemented and continue to emerge.
Since its independence, Azerbaijan and the EU maintained relations, which phased development. The... more Since its independence, Azerbaijan and the EU maintained relations, which phased development. The EU developed new tools that transformed the form of these relations from purely economic to legal and had to be found within the constraints of integration. However, for the first time, this format of relations development does not suit Azerbaijan; so it…
Since the restoration of independence, development of the energy sector has been considered cruci... more Since the restoration of independence, development of the energy sector has been considered crucial for Azerbaijan. The development of the energy sector has supported the resolution of some of the country's key geopolitical and geo-economic challenges. An integral part of Azerbaijan's energy strategy was the creation of a system of transport corridors for energy exports. Creating the necessary infrastructure is an ongoing process. However, given the risk of being dependent on one sector , there is a need to diversify the national economy. The result is that a number of sectors have been identified to support the further sustainable development of Azerbaijan. Due to its favorable location, one of sectors identified for development is transportation. Azerbaijan proposes the development of alternative sustainable transport routes, which will enable unfettered access to major world markets. This process entails the development of transport infrastructure in synthesis with the formation of logistical infrastructure, cross-border transfer coordination, creation of a common legal framework, and competitive tariffs for transportation with third states. This article describes the establishment of transport routes in Azerbaijan, and the country's role in the development of regional cooperation. 101
Azerbaijan has been known for the presence of oil since ancient times, though oil was produced by... more Azerbaijan has been known for the presence of oil since ancient
times, though oil was produced by means of primitive methods.
However, the industrial development that occurred at the end of the
19th century led to the main oil production. During that time, the
oil product naphtha increasingly started to be used for lightening at
houses.
Azerbaijan is one of the first places in the world, where oil
was first drilled in the village of Bibi Heybat near Baku in 1848.In comparison, Edwin L.Drake began drilling an industrial oil well
in Titusville Pennsylvania only in August 1859. However, it is the
well that Drake drilled which is recognized the first commercially
viable oil production in the world.
Oil production in Azerbaijan was actually intensified years later.
Vasil Kokarev, Peter Gubonin and German baron N.Tornov jointly opened their first kerosene factory in Surakhany in 1858-59.The
state granted them permission to drill oil wells in Baku in 1868. By
1871, oil drilling was carried out everywhere, and a new method of
drilling completely replaced the old method of digging wells. As a
result, the volume of oil production increased to 80 barrels per day
from each well.
Turkiye ve Azerbaycan arasindaki iliskiler uluslararasi arenadaki siradan iki ulusdevlet arasinda... more Turkiye ve Azerbaycan arasindaki iliskiler uluslararasi arenadaki siradan iki ulusdevlet arasindaki iliskiler gibi siniflandirilamaz. Bu iki ulkenin halki ortak etnik koken ile birbirine baglidir ve birbirinin pozisyonuna anlasilabilir sekilde sempatiktir. Sonuc olarak, Turkiye ve Azerbaycan arasindaki ihtilaflar bu ozel iliski cercevesinde degerlendirilmelidir. Bu calisma, 2008-2009 yillarinda Turkiye ve Ermenistan arasindaki yakinlasma surecinde Turkiye ve Azerbaycan arasindaki ihtilaflari analiz etmektedir. Ayni zamanda bu calisma Turkiye ve Azerbaycan’in aralarindaki sorunlari nasil cozdugunu ve iliskilerini gelistirmek icin kurduklari yeni platformlari tartismaktadir.
Relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan cannot be classified simply as the ratio of two nation-st... more Relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan cannot be classified simply as the ratio of two nation-states in the international arena. The peoples of these two countries are united by common ethnic roots and understandably sympathetic to each other’s positions. Consequently, controversies between Turkey and Azerbaijan should be viewed in the framework of these specific relationships. This study will analyze the causes of the controversies between the two countries during Turkey’s rapprochement with Armenia between 2008 and 2009. It will also discuss the manner in which Turkey and Azerbaijan have resolved their problems and formed a new platform for the development of relations.
The current international system constitutes the order of more than 190 states, which differ in s... more The current international system constitutes the order of more than 190 states, which differ in size, population, opportunities and potential. Historically, the nature of the international order is determined by the Great Powers, which shape the system according to their expectations and perceptions. However, along with the Great Powers, there are countries, known as Small Powers with limited or almost no influence. In this international system of nation-states, formed in conditions of anarchy, the realist school considers the concept of power to be of utmost significance. The main components of state power are represented as the country’s geographical location, availability of natural resources, a strong economy, large population and, of course, armed forces. Thus does one of the key paradigms of international relations, classical realism, form the concept for Abstract
Insight Turkey, 2015
This article analyzes Turkey’s official energy strategy to indicate how it responds to actual cha... more This article analyzes Turkey’s official energy strategy to indicate how it responds to actual challenges by striking a compromise between market characteristics, and geopolitics and foreign policy. It points to Turkey’s growing energy demand as one of the most significant factors that affect the country’s policies and elaborates how Turkey’s supply security perspective intersects with geopolitical features and foreign policy issues on behalf of international cooperation. The first section, with conceptual highlights, gives a brief picture of the actual energy security challenges that Turkey faces. The second part focuses on Turkey’s official energy strategy (Turkey’s Energy Strategic Plan, as introduced by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources) to understand how these policies respond to the challenges Turkey faces. The final section gives an idea of how Turkey’s energy security strategy supports international cooperation with diverse actors. Turkey’s Energy Strategy: Synchro...
Uzbekistan is a former Soviet republic located in Central Asian region. This is the first state a... more Uzbekistan is a former Soviet republic located in Central Asian region. This is the first state among the new independed energy rich countries formed af- ter the collapse of the Soviet Union, which faced with the reality of reducing oil production and turning into its importer. The unique experience of the former producer of oil is very important, as other energy producers may also face with this situation. In addition, this factor is also interesting for coun- tries and private companies that invest in energy projects in Uzbekistan and other countries of the former Soviet Union. In this connection, Uzbekistan` approach for further development of its energy sector can be preamble for studying, development of strategy and practical realization of this strategy in other Post-Soviet Union states. In this article provides a detailed description of the historical development of the energy sector in Uzbekistan, its current condition and prospects for its further development.
International Journal of Foreign Studies, 2016
Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are three post-Soviet countries, which are in varying deg... more Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are three post-Soviet countries, which are in varying degrees rich of energy resources. After gaining independence, oil and gas wealth were the main resources for overcoming acute economic stagnation, and later the formation of the economy itself in all of these countries. Even today, the energy sector is form base and essential in their economies. As from the declaration of independence of these three countries already twentyseven years has passed, the energy strategy has become diversified and differ from each other. This is due to many factors, both internal and external. What factor affected this phenomenon will be explained in this article. Also in his article will provide information on the development of the energy sector in Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, from the moment they gain independence until today. The specifics of the energy strategy development in each country will be highlighted and further a comparative analysis wi...
Relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan cannot be classified simply as the ratio of two nation-st... more Relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan cannot be classified simply as the ratio of two nation-states in the international arena. The peoples of these two countries are united by common ethnic roots and understandably sympathetic to each other’s positions. Consequently, controversies between Turkey and Azerbaijan should be viewed in the framework of these specific relationships. This study will analyze the causes of the controversies between the two countries during Turkey’s rapprochement with Armenia between 2008 and 2009. It will also discuss the manner in which Turkey and Azerbaijan have resolved their problems and formed a new platform for the development of relations.
М Е Ж Д У Н А Р О Д Н А Я А Н А Л И Т И К А 12 (2): 2021, 2021
АННОТАЦИЯ В статье дан общий обзор основных факторов, влияющих на формирование внешней политики А... more АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье дан общий обзор основных факторов, влияющих на формирование внешней
политики Азербайджана, а также проведен анализ, показывающий, каким образом
эти факторы видоизменялись с момента обретения страной независимости вплоть
до 2021 г. Цель статьи – проследить динамику развития как государства Азербайджан, так и
азербайджанского общества. Делается вывод о том, что наличие Нагорно-Карабахского
конфликта стало ключевым при формировании политической и экономической системы
страны, а также сознания и восприятия мира ее гражданами. С момента обретения
независимости основной задачей Азербайджана являлось изменение регионального
статус-кво, а также возвращение военно-политического контроля над Нагорным Карабахом.
В теоретической части статьи автор рассматривает две категории государственности:
малая и средняя держава. Устоявшиеся их определения говорят, что основной параметр
их различия кроется в размере экономики, численности вооруженных сил, а также в
критерии «воли» народов к решению экстраординарных внешнеполитических задач. Автор
считает, что консолидация имеющегося потенциала страны сделала возможным не только
достижение цели обеспечения территориальной целостности, но и переход Азербайджана
из категории «малой» державы в «среднюю». Азербайджан намеренно шел к такому
положению: посредством развития региональных связей и энергетической дипломатии,
а также – изолирования Армении. В результате занятие в конце 2020 г. Азербайджаном
семи районов и части Нагорного Карабаха, включая Шушу, стало значимым событием, что
позволило стране коренным образом изменить складывавшийся годами
невыгодный статус-кво.
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА
«малая сила», «средняя сила», Азербайджан, Нагорный Карабах, Гейдар Алиев, Ильхам Алиев, энергоресурсы
Bilge Strateji, 2021
Armenia is a small country that gained independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union, whic... more Armenia is a small country that gained independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union, which does not have access to the open
seas and does not possess significant natural resources. The country
is completely dependent on imports of hydrocarbons, mainly oil and
natural gas, as well as oil products
Азербайджан проводит целенаправленную политику, предусматривающую обеспечение надежных транспортн... more Азербайджан проводит целенаправленную политику, предусматривающую обеспечение надежных транспортных коридоров и диверсификацию поставок углеводородных ресурсов на мировые рынки. В статье рассматриваются стратегия и тактические шаги, осуществляемые Азербайджаном для достижения вышеуказанных целей.
Since the restoration of independence, development of the energy sector has been considered cruci... more Since the restoration of independence, development of the energy sector has been
considered crucial for Azerbaijan. The development of the energy sector has supported
the resolution of some of the country’s key geopolitical and geo-economic
challenges. An integral part of Azerbaijan’s energy strategy was the creation of a
system of transport corridors for energy exports. Creating the necessary infrastructure
is an ongoing process. However, given the risk of being dependent on one sector,
there is a need to diversify the national economy. The result is that a number
of sectors have been identified to support the further sustainable development of
Azerbaijan. Due to its favorable location, one of sectors identified for development
is transportation. Azerbaijan proposes the development of alternative sustainable
transport routes, which will enable unfettered access to major world markets. This
process entails the development of transport infrastructure in synthesis with the
formation of logistical infrastructure, cross-border transfer coordination, creation
of a common legal framework, and competitive tariffs for transportation with third
states. This article describes the establishment of transport routes in Azerbaijan, and
the country’s role in the development of regional cooperation
Modern international relations are a reflection of successful coordination of various factors, cl... more Modern international relations are a reflection of successful coordination of various factors, close cooperation and strategic vision for the future. A very significant example of this aspect is the relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan. These two countries initially have their own specific relationship based on common culture and ethnic origin. Skillfully using advantage of these factors, two countries Turkey and Azerbaijan rapidly began to develop their relations in all spheres. Special attention should be paid to the mutually beneficial cooperation in the energy sector, which is the driving force of economic and political initiatives.
The ratios of these countries in the energy sector are complementary: Azerbaijan is a major oil and gas producer, in which Turkey, not having its own energy resources, actually needs. In turn, Azerbaijan, as the landlocked state which, is needs in Turkey, whose territory is located in an advantageous geographical position and has no access to the open seas. Through this country, oil and gas extracted in Azerbaijan has the opportunity to access to the global markets. Based on these circumstances of complementarities, relationship between the two countries in the energy sector has a degree of permanent development. A lot of projects in this sector have already been implemented and continue to emerge.
Since its independence, Azerbaijan and the EU maintained relations, which phased development. The... more Since its independence, Azerbaijan and the EU maintained relations, which phased development. The EU developed new tools that transformed the form of these relations from purely economic to legal and had to be found within the constraints of integration. However, for the first time, this format of relations development does not suit Azerbaijan; so it…
Since the restoration of independence, development of the energy sector has been considered cruci... more Since the restoration of independence, development of the energy sector has been considered crucial for Azerbaijan. The development of the energy sector has supported the resolution of some of the country's key geopolitical and geo-economic challenges. An integral part of Azerbaijan's energy strategy was the creation of a system of transport corridors for energy exports. Creating the necessary infrastructure is an ongoing process. However, given the risk of being dependent on one sector , there is a need to diversify the national economy. The result is that a number of sectors have been identified to support the further sustainable development of Azerbaijan. Due to its favorable location, one of sectors identified for development is transportation. Azerbaijan proposes the development of alternative sustainable transport routes, which will enable unfettered access to major world markets. This process entails the development of transport infrastructure in synthesis with the formation of logistical infrastructure, cross-border transfer coordination, creation of a common legal framework, and competitive tariffs for transportation with third states. This article describes the establishment of transport routes in Azerbaijan, and the country's role in the development of regional cooperation. 101
Liberated Karabakh, 2021
Co-author Murad Muradov On 27 September 2020, a fierce new war between Azerbaijan and Armenia er... more Co-author Murad Muradov On 27 September 2020, a fierce new war between Azerbaijan and
Armenia erupted over the region of Nagorno-Karabakh and seven
adjacent districts that constitute the internationally recognized territory
of Azerbaijan but had long been under Armenian occupation. A period of
44 days of uncompromised fighting ended with the Russian-negotiated
tripartite ceasefire statement signed on 10 November 2020, by which
time Azerbaijan had already restored its sovereignty over the Fizuli,
Jabrayil, Zangilan, and Qubadly districts as well as the southern part of
the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) that had
existed during the Soviet period, including its symbolic and strategic
heartland—the city of Shusha.