Richard Omidiwura | University of Ibadan (original) (raw)

Papers by Richard Omidiwura

Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2020

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Carica papaya (CP) and Chromolaena odorat... more This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Carica papaya (CP) and Chromolaena odorata (CO) on growth performance, blood profile, gut integrity of broiler chicken. In a 42-day study, 200 one-day old Arbor Acre broilers were weighed and randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments with 5 replicates having 8 birds in each group. The treatments were basal diet (negative control, NC), NC + 0.05% antibiotics (positive control, PC), NC + 3% CP, NC + 3% CO and NC + 1.5% CP + 1.5% CO in a completely randomised design. The growth performance indices were measured. On day 42, blood samples were collected, gut microbial population and histopathology were assayed following standard procedure. Results showed that average daily weight gain (g/bird/day) of birds on NC, PC and combination of 1.5% CP + 1.5% CO leaf meals were significantly similar at the finisher phase. The feed intake of birds on NC and PC was higher than those on 3% CO and combination of 1.5% CP + 1.5% CO leaf meals. The dietary treatment had effect on feed conversion ratio in the finisher phase. The highest total Lactobacillus count was observed in 3% CO leaf meal diet, while the antibiotics diet (PC) had the highest Escherichia coli count, and the lowest total Escherichia coli count (3.28 cfu x10 5) was recorded for birds on combination of 1.5% CP + 1.5% CO leaf meals. The histopathology of the gut shows that only those fed 3% CP had eroded villi of the mucosa layer, while all other treatments show normal mucosa layer, moderate inflammatory infiltration of the gland and lamina propia except those fed combinations of 1.5% CP + 1.5% CO. Conclusively, the combination of the leaf meals at 1.5% inclusion in broiler diet had positive effect on beneficial gut microbial population.

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are one of the potential factors reducing nutrient bioavailabili... more Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are one of the potential factors reducing nutrient bioavailability in ingredients such as soyabean meal and wheat. Digesta viscosity, which is partly correlated with the modulation of gut can be reduced when wheat-based diets is supplemented with NSP degrading enzyme. In a 42-day trial, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Roxazyme G2G supplementation on digesta viscosity, gut microbial load, gut pH, and length between October and November 2012 using 120 day-old broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets with or without enzyme supplementation. Brooding of birds was for 7 days after which they were randomly allotted into 3 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The diet consisted 4 replicates of 10 birds each. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency ratio were the growth performance indices measured. On day 42, birds were slaughtered and digesta samples from the Original Research Article

The effects of organic acid, probiotic and a combination of the two on performance and gut morpho... more The effects of organic acid, probiotic and a combination of the two on performance and gut morphology in broiler chickens were investigated. Two hundred and forty one-day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments with six replicates, each with eight birds. The treatments were basal diet (negative control, NC), basal diet + antibiotic (positive control (PC)), NC + 0.4% organic acid (OA), NC + 0.3% probiotic (PB) and NC + 0.4% OA and 0.3% PB. Reduced body weight gain (BWG) was recorded for birds on the NC diet at the starter phase and over the total period. The addition of OA significantly increased BWG compared to values obtained in birds on the NC and other diets. Diet had no effect on BWG at the grower phase or on feed intake, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio in any growth phase. Gain : feed ratio was lowered in the NC diet, but improved significantly by OA and PB in the starter phase. Organic acid supplementation reduced the weight of the bursa of Fabricius. The weight of pancreas, height of villi and crypt depth were reduced in birds on the NC diet compared with those on OA, PB and a combination of these. Diet had no effects on the weights of the lungs, heart, spleen, kidneys, liver, villus width, villus height : crypt depth ratio, lactic acid bacteria, coliform bacteria and total bacterial count in any gut section. In conclusion, supplementation of broiler diets with OA and PB could improve their growth and gut morphology better than antibiotics would, with a greater positive effect in the starter phase. ______________________________________________________________________________________

The effects of an antibiotic growth promoter (oxytetracycline), a probiotic, a mycotoxin binder, ... more The effects of an antibiotic growth promoter (oxytetracycline), a probiotic, a mycotoxin binder, and a
mixture of the probiotic and mycotoxin binder on growth performance, intestinal microbiota and gut
morphology were examined in two hundred and forty 1-d-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks. They were randomly
assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 6 replicate groups of 8 birds each. A corn-soyabean-based diet was
formulated to serve as the basal diet (negative control, NC) at both starter and grower phases. The basal
diet+antibiotic was the positive control (PC). The other test diets were basal diet+1.0% probiotics (PB), basal
diet+0.05% mycotoxin binder (MB), and basal diet+1.0% PB and 0.05% MB. Body weight gain (BWG), feed
and dry matter intake were significantly (P<0.05) improved in birds fed the PB and MB diets over the NC diet
but not up to the PC diet at starter phase only. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was not influenced by dietary
treatments at both starter and grower phases but gain: feed (G: F) was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by
dietary treatments at 0 to 35 d, with improved G: F observed in birds fed NC+MB and NC+PB+MB diets.
Weight of pancreas was remarkably (P<0.05) higher in birds fed diets supplemented with MB, PB and PB+MB
over the controls. The villus height of birds fed NC+PB was significantly (P<0.05) improved than other dietary
treatments, while the crypt depth of birds fed NC+PB and NC+MB was significantly (P<0.05) improved over
the controls and NC+PB+MB diets. Microflora count in the gut sections showed significant (P<0.05) increase in
coliform load in the duodenum, ileum and caecum in birds fed NC diet. However, in the ileum, there was a
significant (P<0.05) increase in LAB in birds on NC+PB diet.

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of probiotic and mixture of prebiotic and pro... more This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of probiotic and mixture of prebiotic and probiotic (symbiotic) as dietary growth promoters in place of antibiotics on performance, nutrient digestibility and organ weight in turkeys. One hundred and twenty eight 7-day-old unsexed turkey poults were randomly distributed into 4 dietary treatments consisting of 4 replicates with 8 poults per replicate in a randomised complete block design. A corn-soya bean based diet with no antibiotic (negative control) was formulated according to the recommendations of NRC for starter (8 to 28 days) and grower poults (29 to 56 days). The remaining 4 diets consisted of the basal diet with antibiotic (positive control); a negative control with probiotic and a negative control with symbiotic. Titanium dioxide was added at the rate of 5g/kg feed as an indigestible marker. On day 56, the birds were slaughtered and digesta samples were collected from the terminal ileum for determination of nutrient digestibility. Supplementation with probiotic significantly increased (P < 0.05) the weight gain of turkey poults at starter phase compared to those on other dietary treatments. Supplementation with probiotic or symbiotic had no effect on the growth performance at the grower phase and organ weights. Apparent crude protein digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) increased by probiotic and symbiotic supplementations compared to the negative control diet. Diets with symbiotic had significantly (P<0.05) higher CP digestibility values (91.0%) than the positive control diet with 72.3%. Apparent digestibility of ether extract (EE) was significantly higher (P< 0.05) in birds on the negative control basal diet. These response factors were similar in the probiotic, symbiotic and positive control diets. In summary, dietary probiotics and symbiotics improved the performance and nutrient digestibility of turkey poults but had no effect on the weight of organs.

Dietary cholesterol has elicited the most public interest as it relates with coronary heart disea... more Dietary cholesterol has elicited the most public interest as it relates with coronary heart disease. Thus, humans have been paying more attention to health, thereby reducing consumption of cholesterol enriched food. Egg is considered as one of the major sources of human dietary cholesterol. However, an alternative way to reduce the potential cholesterolemic effect of eggs is to modify the fatty acid composition of the yolk. The effect of palm oil (PO), soyabean oil (SO), sesame seed oil (SSO) and fish oil (FO) supplementation in the diets of layers on egg yolk fatty acid, cholesterol, egg production and egg quality parameters was evaluated in a 42-day feeding trial. One hundred and five Isa Brown laying hens of 34 weeks of age were randomly distributed into seven groups of five replicates and three birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Seven corn-soyabean basal diets (BD) were formulated: BD+No oil (T1), BD+1.5% PO (T2), BD+1.5% SO (T3), BD+1.5% SSO (T4), BD+1.5% FO (T5), BD+0.75% SO+0.75% FO (T6) and BD+0.75% SSO+0.75% FO (T7). Five eggs were randomly sampled at day 42 from each replicate to assay for the cholesterol, fatty acid profile of egg yolk and egg quality assessment. Results showed that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences observed in production performance, egg cholesterol and egg quality parameters except for yolk height, albumen height, yolk index, egg shape index, haugh unit, and yolk colour. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) observed in total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein levels of egg yolk across the treatments. However, diets had effect (P<0.05) on TAG (triacylglycerol) and VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) of the egg yolk. The highest TAG (603.78 mg/dl) and VLDL values (120.76 mg/dl) were recorded in eggs of hens on T4 (1.5% sesame seed oil) and was similar to those on T3 (1.5% soyabean oil), T5 (1.5% fish oil) and T6 (0.75% soyabean oil + 0.75% fish oil). However, results revealed a significant (P<0.05) variations on eggs’ summation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). In conclusion, it is suggested that dietary oils could be included in layers’ diets to produce designer eggs low in cholesterol and high in PUFA especially omega-3 fatty acids.

Pure form of L-Dopa is used to enhance muscular development, fat breakdown and suppress Parkinson... more Pure form of L-Dopa is used to enhance muscular development, fat breakdown and suppress Parkinson disease in humans. However, the L-Dopa in mucuna seed, when present with other antinutritional factors, causes nutritional disorders in monogastric animals. Information on the utilisation of pure L-Dopa in monogastric animals is scanty. Therefore, effect of L-Dopa on growth performance and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens was investigated. Two hundred and forty one-day-old chicks were allotted to six treatments, which consisted of a positive control (PC) with standard energy (3100Kcal/Kg) and negative control (NC) with high energy (3500Kcal/Kg). The rest 4 diets were NC+0.1, NC+0.2, NC+0.3 and NC+0.4% L-Dopa, respectively. All treatments had 4 replicates in a completely randomized design. Body weight gain, final weight, feed intake, dressed weight and carcass characteristics were determined. Body weight gain and final weight of birds fed PC were 1791.0 and 1830.0g, NC+0.1% L-Dopa were 1827.7 and 1866.7g and NC+0.2% L-Dopa were 1871.9 and 1910.9g respectively, and the feed intake of PC (3231.5g), were better than other treatments. The dressed weight at 1375.0g and 1357.1g of birds fed NC+0.1% and NC+0.2% L-Dopa, respectively, were similar but better than other treatments. Also, the thigh (202.5g and 194.9g) and the breast meat (413.8g and 410.8g) of birds fed NC+0.1% and NC+0.2% L-Dopa, respectively, were similar but better than birds fed other treatments. The drum stick of birds fed NC+0.1% L-Dopa (220.5g) was observed to be better than birds on other diets. Meat to bone ratio and relative organ weights were not affected across treatments. L-Dopa extract, at levels tested, had no detrimental effect on broilers, rather better bird performance and carcass characteristics were observed especially at 0.1% and 0.2% L-Dopa inclusion rates. Therefore, 0.2% inclusion is recommended in diets of broiler chickens for improved performance and carcass characteristics.

The effect of supplementation of probiotic and/or carbohydrase on performance and gut health in b... more The effect of supplementation of probiotic and/or carbohydrase on performance and gut health in broiler chickens was studied. Diet 1 was the basal diet with no supplement while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with antibiotic, probiotic, carbohydrase and combination of probiotic and carbohydrase, respectively in a randomized complete block design. The experiment was carried out at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan, Nigeria between March and April, 2013. 240 one-day-old broiler chickens were allotted to 5 diets with 6 replicates of 8 birds each in a 35-day experiment. On day 35, birds were sacrificed and digesta samples from the duodenum, ileum, caecum and colon were collected for microbial load count. Digesta viscosity and pH from the ileum were also determined. Sections of the ileum AJEA, 8(5): 307-319, 2015; Article no.AJEA.2015.174 308 were obtained for morphological measurements. Result showed that diet had no effect on the feed intake, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio of birds at starter (d 0-21), grower phases (d 22-35) and overall period (d 0-35). Body weight gain was significantly (P = .05) improved at d 0-21 and 22-35 with the addition of probiotic and/or carbohydrase but not at d 0-35. Diet had no effect on the microbiota in the various segments of the GIT of birds. Coliform counts of birds fed diet supplemented with carbohydrase were significantly (P = .05) higher (5.64 x 106 cfu/ml) than the values in other diets. The crypt depth, villus height, villus width and villus height:crypt depth ratio were not affected by diet. Highest digesta viscosity (1072mPa) was recorded in birds on the negative control while the least digesta viscosity (529mPa) was observed in birds on diet supplemented with carbohydrase enzyme. It is concluded that probiotic and/or carbohydrase are viable feed supplements in wheat-based diets for broilers.

A six-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of prebiotics and probiotics on ... more A six-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of prebiotics and probiotics on the performance,
carcass characteristics and gut integrity of broiler chickens. Two hundred and fifty one-day-old unsexed Arboracre
broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 5 treatment groups of 5 replicates with 10 birds per replicate. A
corn-soyabean meal based diet with no prebiotic or probiotic supplement was the control diet (basal diet). Other
diets consisted the basal diet with 0.01% antibiotics, 0.06% probiotics (Bio grow promoter), 0.1% probiotics (Gro
up) and 0.2% prebiotics. On day 42, birds were weighed and sacrificed by cutting the jugular vein. The weights
of the primal cuts and visceral organs were taken and recorded. After flushing out the digesta samples, sections
of the ileum (5cm posterior to Meckel’s diverticulum) were removed for ileal morphological measurements.
There was no significant difference (P>0.05) on weight of the primal cuts except for head, back and drumsticks
which were significantly (P<0.05) improved across the diets. Diets supplemented with probiotics had higher
weight of drumsticks (11.21%) than other treatments. Significant (P<0.05) difference was however observed in
the weight gain with 0.06% probiotics and 0.1% probiotics having the highest means of 1218.15g and 1163.68g
respectively. Supplementation with probiotics or prebiotics had no effect on growth performance, gut
morphology and organ weights at the grower phase. It was observed, that birds fed with the two brands of
probiotics used had the highest villus height and width than birds fed on other treatments. In summary, dietary
inclusion of probiotics had a growth-promoting effect with improved growth performance and intestinal
morphology. Probiotic could therefore serve as an alternative growth promoter to antibiotics.

The effect of supplementation of probiotic and/or carbohydrase on performance and gut health in b... more The effect of supplementation of probiotic and/or carbohydrase on performance and gut health in
broiler chickens was studied.
Diet 1 was the basal diet with no supplement while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with
antibiotic, probiotic, carbohydrase and combination of probiotic and carbohydrase, respectively in a
randomized complete block design.
The experiment was carried out at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, University
of Ibadan, Nigeria between March and April, 2013. 240 one-day-old broiler chickens were allotted
to 5 diets with 6 replicates of 8 birds each in a 35-day experiment. On day 35, birds were sacrificed
and digesta samples from the duodenum, ileum, caecum and colon were collected for microbial
load count. Digesta viscosity and pH from the ileum were also determined. Sections of the ileum were obtained for morphological measurements.
Result showed that diet had no effect on the feed intake, dry matter intake and feed conversion
ratio of birds at starter (d 0-21), grower phases (d 22-35) and overall period (d 0-35). Body weight
gain was significantly (P = .05) improved at d 0-21 and 22-35 with the addition of probiotic and/or
carbohydrase but not at d 0-35. Diet had no effect on the microbiota in the various segments of the
GIT of birds. Coliform counts of birds fed diet supplemented with carbohydrase were significantly (P
= .05) higher (5.64 x 106 cfu/ml) than the values in other diets. The crypt depth, villus height, villus
width and villus height:crypt depth ratio were not affected by diet. Highest digesta viscosity
(1072mPa) was recorded in birds on the negative control while the least digesta viscosity (529mPa)
was observed in birds on diet supplemented with carbohydrase enzyme.
It is concluded that probiotic and/or carbohydrase are viable feed supplements in wheat-based
diets for broilers.

The effects of an antibiotic growth promoter (oxytetracycline), a probiotic, a mycotoxin binder, ... more The effects of an antibiotic growth promoter (oxytetracycline), a probiotic, a mycotoxin binder, and a mixture of the probiotic and mycotoxin binder on growth performance, intestinal microbiota and gut morphology were examined in two hundred and forty 1-d-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks. They were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 6 replicate groups of 8 birds each. A corn-soyabean-based diet was formulated to serve as the basal diet (negative control, NC) at both starter and grower phases. The basal diet+antibiotic was the positive control (PC). The other test diets were basal diet+1.0% probiotics (PB), basal diet+0.05% mycotoxin binder (MB), and basal diet+1.0% PB and 0.05% MB. Body weight gain (BWG), feed and dry matter intake were significantly (P<0.05) improved in birds fed the PB and MB diets over the NC diet but not up to the PC diet at starter phase only. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was not influenced by dietary treatments at both starter and grower phases but gain: feed (G: F) was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by dietary treatments at 0 to 35 d, with improved G: F observed in birds fed NC+MB and NC+PB+MB diets. Weight of pancreas was remarkably (P<0.05) higher in birds fed diets supplemented with MB, PB and PB+MB over the controls. The villus height of birds fed NC+PB was significantly (P<0.05) improved than other dietary treatments, while the crypt depth of birds fed NC+PB and NC+MB was significantly (P<0.05) improved over the controls and NC+PB+MB diets. Microflora count in the gut sections showed significant (P<0.05) increase in coliform load in the duodenum, ileum and caecum in birds fed NC diet. However, in the ileum, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in LAB in birds on NC+PB diet.

Conference Presentations by Richard Omidiwura

In other to improve livestock production and curb the losses from diseases occurrence in livestoc... more In other to improve livestock production and curb the losses from diseases occurrence in livestock animals, livestock producers resort to the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters which help to inhibit the growth of disease-causing organisms. Freshly harvested pawpaw leaves were extracted using three solvents: ethanol, methanol and n-hexane and their phytochemicals determined using standard procedure. The inhibitory activities of the extracts at low (200ppm) and high (1000ppm) concentrations against Aspergillus niger and Escherichia coli were also determined. It was observed from the results that alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin and cardiac glycosides were present while anthraquinone was absent. The percentage yield of phenols using methanol (0.115%) and ethanol (0.214%) solvents were similar but lower than n-hexane yield (0.450%). Also the yield of flavonoid using methanol (0.700%) is significantly (P<0.05) higher than the yield using other solvents. The yield of phenols using methanol (0.480%) and ethanol (0.470%) solvents were identical but higher than n-hexane yield (0.400%). At low concentration, it was observed that the inhibitory concentrations of pawpaw leaf extract against bacteria by control, streptomycin (1.2cm) is significantly higher (P<0.05) but similar to the extract using methanol solvent (1.1cm). Methanol extract inhibition is also similar to ethanol (1.0cm) but higher than n-hexane (0.0cm). At high concentration, the inhibitory activity of the ethanol extract (1.2cm) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control (0.7cm) and the least observed in n-hexane (0.0cm) extract. The inhibitory concentrations of pawpaw leaf extract against fungi Aspergillus niger at low (2.2cm) and high (2.2cm) concentrations, the methanol extract was observed to be significantly (P<0.05) higher than other extracts including control. The results suggest that using methanol-extracted pawpaw leaf as alternatives to synthetic antibiotic in animal production is effective against microbial organisms. Thus the occurrence of resistance to antibiotic or its residues on animal products will be reduced.

Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2020

The effect of supplementation of probiotic and/or carbohydrase on performance and gut health in b... more The effect of supplementation of probiotic and/or carbohydrase on performance and gut health in
broiler chickens was studied.
Diet 1 was the basal diet with no supplement while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with
antibiotic, probiotic, carbohydrase and combination of probiotic and carbohydrase, respectively in a
randomized complete block design.
The experiment was carried out at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, University
of Ibadan, Nigeria between March and April, 2013. 240 one-day-old broiler chickens were allotted
to 5 diets with 6 replicates of 8 birds each in a 35-day experiment. On day 35, birds were sacrificed
and digesta samples from the duodenum, ileum, caecum and colon were collected for microbial
load count. Digesta viscosity and pH from the ileum were also determined. Sections of the ileum were obtained for morphological measurements.
Result showed that diet had no effect on the feed intake, dry matter intake and feed conversion
ratio of birds at starter (d 0-21), grower phases (d 22-35) and overall period (d 0-35). Body weight
gain was significantly (P = .05) improved at d 0-21 and 22-35 with the addition of probiotic and/or
carbohydrase but not at d 0-35. Diet had no effect on the microbiota in the various segments of the
GIT of birds. Coliform counts of birds fed diet supplemented with carbohydrase were significantly (P
= .05) higher (5.64 x 106 cfu/ml) than the values in other diets. The crypt depth, villus height, villus
width and villus height:crypt depth ratio were not affected by diet. Highest digesta viscosity
(1072mPa) was recorded in birds on the negative control while the least digesta viscosity (529mPa)
was observed in birds on diet supplemented with carbohydrase enzyme.
It is concluded that probiotic and/or carbohydrase are viable feed supplements in wheat-based
diets for broilers.

The effects of an antibiotic growth promoter (oxytetracycline), a probiotic, a mycotoxin binder, ... more The effects of an antibiotic growth promoter (oxytetracycline), a probiotic, a mycotoxin binder, and a mixture of the probiotic and mycotoxin binder on growth performance, intestinal microbiota and gut morphology were examined in two hundred and forty 1-d-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks. They were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 6 replicate groups of 8 birds each. A corn-soyabean-based diet was formulated to serve as the basal diet (negative control, NC) at both starter and grower phases. The basal diet+antibiotic was the positive control (PC). The other test diets were basal diet+1.0% probiotics (PB), basal diet+0.05% mycotoxin binder (MB), and basal diet+1.0% PB and 0.05% MB. Body weight gain (BWG), feed and dry matter intake were significantly (P<0.05) improved in birds fed the PB and MB diets over the NC diet but not up to the PC diet at starter phase only. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was not influenced by dietary treatments at both starter and grower phases but gain: feed (G: F) was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by dietary treatments at 0 to 35 d, with improved G: F observed in birds fed NC+MB and NC+PB+MB diets. Weight of pancreas was remarkably (P<0.05) higher in birds fed diets supplemented with MB, PB and PB+MB over the controls. The villus height of birds fed NC+PB was significantly (P<0.05) improved than other dietary treatments, while the crypt depth of birds fed NC+PB and NC+MB was significantly (P<0.05) improved over the controls and NC+PB+MB diets. Microflora count in the gut sections showed significant (P<0.05) increase in coliform load in the duodenum, ileum and caecum in birds fed NC diet. However, in the ileum, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in LAB in birds on NC+PB diet.