Hikmat Afridi | International Islamic University . Islambad. Pakistan (original) (raw)
Papers by Hikmat Afridi
Global Social Sciences Review, 2017
Independent dominions in shape of Pakistan and India emerged as result of partition on 14 August ... more Independent dominions in shape of Pakistan and India emerged as result of partition on 14 August and 15 August 1947 respectively while the fate of over 500 princely states awaited decision. Due to overwhelming majority of Muslims, Jammu and Kashmir should have acceded to Pakistan. The hardness in Indian stance resulted in the two wars i.e. of 1965 and 1971 besides two limited wars of 1947-48 and 1999Kargil war. South Asia remained on the brink of war in 2002 standoff and the current escalations in Azad Kashmir. Contrarily, both Pakistan and India had agreed upon the United Nations resolutions, including, "the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir will be decided through free and impartial plebiscite under the auspices of United Nations". The Indian strategy was to gain time on the pretext that "Indians are superior to Pakistanis in military and industrial power therefore Pakistan would accept a settlement imposed by the Indians". Additional India pleaded th...
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Global Regional Review
The Pakhtun culture had been flourishing between 484 - 425 BC, in the era of Herodotus and Alexan... more The Pakhtun culture had been flourishing between 484 - 425 BC, in the era of Herodotus and Alexander the Great. Herodotus, the Greek historian, for the first time, used the word Pactyans, for people who were living in parts of Persian Satrapy, Arachosia between 1000 - 1 BC. The hymns’ collection from an ancient Indian Sanskrit Ved used the word Pakthas for a tribe, who were inhabitants of eastern parts of Afghanistan. Presently, the terms Afghan and Pakhtun were synonyms till the Durand Line divided Afghanistan and Pakhtuns living in Pakistan. For these people the code of conduct remained Pakhtunwali; it is the pre-Islamic way of life and honour code based upon peace and tranquillity. It presents an ethnic self-portrait which defines the Pakhtuns as an ethnic group having not only a distinct culture, history and language but also a behaviour.
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FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 2015
When Barak Obama took oath as President for the next term he pledged to change the US Policy. The... more When Barak Obama took oath as President for the next term he pledged to change the US Policy. The expected changes were the drawdown of forces from Afghanistan. Over a decade US had been fighting war in Afghanistan resulted into lot of losses in term of lives and finances; US sacrificed over 2300 lives and 19,000 injured whereas US $650 billion have been spent on this war. This war has never been conclusive so far. The corrupt Afghan government is no way in possession to be taking responsibilities rather it has been challenged by armed groups all over. The economy has been largely dependent on international aids whereas this base is also shrinking.
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Global Political Review
Chahbahar, being part of an Indian grand design is playing its role for counter weighing to Gwada... more Chahbahar, being part of an Indian grand design is playing its role for counter weighing to Gwadar Port whereas it also provides India with easy access to Afghanistan and CARs. On the other hand, Pakistans geo-political positioning has been revolving around its anomalous and eccentric relations with various states. The prime rationale for state relations and relevant alliances with states was to maintain harmony with neighboring countries but during world wars, entente meant fighting your brothers war. In this context, Pakistans acceptance by the world was relatively slower and its take-ups in making friends, in the political playland were much tricky. Pakistan was wary with the former USSR whereas the compliance to the US backfired on many occasions gradually made Pakistan withdraw from its upclose position with the US, therefore now it is time to make independent and rational decisions but yet in the best national interests.
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Global Political Review
Gwadar Port is the mega project of ongoing developmental projects in Balochistan which is shaping... more Gwadar Port is the mega project of ongoing developmental projects in Balochistan which is shaping the economy of the World. The port is creating opportunities and possibilities for promoting regional and international shipping and it will resuscitate trade links between China and CARs being the closest route to warm waters. Gwadar Port has vast region to influence; stretching up to several breakaway states of the former Soviet Union in the north, to Iran, the Gulf, the Middle East and East Africa in the west, to India and Sri Lanka in the south. Moreover, this deep port is serving the Gulf and East African ports with fast feeder services. It has deep-water sea complementary to Karachi and Bin Qasim ports for enhancing cargo shipments and therefore it will be a mother port for Asia in the coming years.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Global Political Review
Chahbahar, being part of an Indian grand design is playing its role for counter weighing to Gwada... more Chahbahar, being part of an Indian grand design is playing its role for counter weighing to Gwadar Port whereas it also provides India with easy access to Afghanistan and CARs. On the other hand, Pakistans geo-political positioning has been revolving around its anomalous and eccentric relations with various states. The prime rationale for state relations and relevant alliances with states was to maintain harmony with neighboring countries but during world wars, entente meant fighting your brothers war. In this context, Pakistans acceptance by the world was relatively slower and its take-ups in making friends, in the political playland were much tricky. Pakistan was wary with the former USSR whereas the compliance to the US backfired on many occasions gradually made Pakistan withdraw from its upclose position with the US, therefore now it is time to make independent and rational decisions but yet in the best national interests.
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Global Regional Review (GRR), 2016
The Pakhtun culture had been flourishing between 484-425 BC, in the era of Herodotus and Alexande... more The Pakhtun culture had been flourishing between 484-425 BC, in the era of Herodotus and Alexander the Great. Herodotus, the Greek historian, for the first time, used the word Pactyans, for people who were living in parts of Persian Satrapy, Arachosia between 1000-1 BC. The hymns' collection from an ancient Indian Sanskrit Ved used the word Pakthas for a tribe, who were inhabitants of eastern parts of Afghanistan. Presently, the terms Afghan and Pakhtun were synonyms till the Durand Line divided Afghanistan and Pakhtuns living in Pakistan. For these people the code of conduct remained Pakhtunwali; it is the pre-Islamic way of life and honour code based upon peace and tranquillity. It presents an ethnic self-portrait which defines the Pakhtuns as an ethnic group having not only a distinct culture, history and language but also a behaviour.
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Global Social Sciences Review (GSSR), 2017
Independent dominions in shape of Pakistan and India emerged as result of partition on 14 August ... more Independent dominions in shape of Pakistan and India emerged as result of partition on 14 August and 15 August 1947 respectively while the fate of over 500 princely states awaited decision. Due to overwhelming majority of Muslims, Jammu and Kashmir should have acceded to Pakistan. The hardness in Indian stance resulted in the two wars i.e. of 1965 and 1971 besides two limited wars of 1947-48 and 1999Kargil war. South Asia remained on the brink of war in 2002 standoff and the current escalations in Azad Kashmir. Contrarily, both Pakistan and India had agreed upon the United Nations resolutions, including, "the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir will be decided through free and impartial plebiscite under the auspices of United Nations". The Indian strategy was to gain time on the pretext that "Indians are superior to Pakistanis in military and industrial power therefore Pakistan would accept a settlement imposed by the Indians". Additional India pleaded that Pakistan had joined defence Pacts with west, so India moved away from the process of Plebiscite. Now, India wants to discuss only terrorism brushing aside the core issue of Kashmir. Resultantly, the people of Kashmir are at the mercy of despotic and tyrant Indian Forces and they are suffering the most. How long the innocent population of Kashmir will be looking to ask the world to come forward for an open hearted settlement of this long outstanding dispute? The situation may escalate into a nuclear flashpoint.
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Independent dominions in shape of Pakistan and India emerged as result of partition on 14 August ... more Independent dominions in shape of Pakistan and India emerged as result of partition on 14 August and 15 August 1947 respectively while still to decide upon the fate of over 500 princely states. Due to the overwhelming majority of Muslims, Jammu and Kashmir should have been acceded to Pakistan. The hardness in Indian stance resulted into two major wars of 1965 and 1971 besides two limited wars of 1947-48 and 1999 Kargil war. South Asia remained on the brinks of war in 2002 standoff and now unending escalation of fire in Azad Kashmir. On the contrary, both Pakistan and India agreed upon the United Nations resolutions that state, " the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir will be decided through free and impartial plebiscite under the auspices of United Nations ". The Indian strategy was to gain time on the plea that " Indians are superior to Pakistanis in military and industrial power therefore Pakistan would accept a settlement imposed by the Indians ". In addition, on the plea that Pakistan had joined defence Pacts with west, India moved away from the process of Plebiscite. India wants to discuss only terrorism brushing aside the core issue of Kashmir, resultantly the people of Kashmir are under mercy of the despotic and tyrant Indian Forces and suffering the most. How long the innocent population of Kashmir will be looking to ask the world to come forward for an open hearted settlement of this long outstanding dispute because the situation may escalate to become a nuclear flashpoint?
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"Can Pak Army Do It" Yes I am sure;;;;;;;;; Come on Pak Army creates consensus among the masses i... more "Can Pak Army Do It" Yes I am sure;;;;;;;;; Come on Pak Army creates consensus among the masses if possible otherwise camped in the side, brush aside all the buts and nots and start working whether some body likes or not........This would be another test for Army in the broader prospective to integrate. However be sure, nobody should try to kidnap this vital project on the issue of linguistics or ethnicity.
Executing such project lets first see why it is needed it?
Pakistan is today one of the most water stressed countries in the world. The experts are of the unanimous view that unless restoration of the rapidly depleting water table of the once water rich lands of Pakistan is taken up on a war footing and meaningful steps adopted to properly harness and store the water received in its rivers and through rainfall, Pakistan from a water stressed country faces the threat of soon turning into a “Water Scarce” country. Do we put our heads in the sand and wait for an imminent desertification of our country? Or do we as a nation stand up in unison to ward off the lurking threat?
The unison decision may be an uphill task but we can make it happen only if we understand that we are fast running out of time and our history’s biggest threat is soon going to be rapping our front door. In the wake of water emergency the federal and provincial governments will be bound to integrate their resources and assess the ground realities anew to work towards achieving a consensus on the formulation of a new National Water Policy. Walk-outs, allegations and counter-allegations will figure in, but if all parties will be in agreement on the survival, integrity and future wellbeing of the whole of Pakistan and not just one region or community then there will always be a fair chance of better sense to prevail and for all of them to eventually come out as winners.
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Pakistan has built a port at the south western city of Gwadar on the mouth of the oil rich Persia... more Pakistan has built a port at the south western city of Gwadar on the mouth of the oil rich Persian Gulf. The importance of Gwadar Port is manifold as it is not only going to play pivotal role in Pakistan’s economy but will influence the economy of neighbouring countries like China, Iran and Central Asia etc. Gwadar project will generate thousands of jobs for the local people due to which there will be revolution in creation of numerous job opportunities in the entire country.
The progress will be on different levels i.e. individual and family, city and society, province, country and the region at large. The volume of expected trade is interpolated through trade trends of the areas, surrounding the Gwadar Port and evaluation of its economic potential. The envisaged trade forecast of Gwadar Port is based on the potential transit cargo of Western China, Afghanistan, flow of natural resources from Central Asia, trans-shipment cargo and the domestic import and export. The development of industries, trade and business in adjoining areas are some of the spins-offs of the port, which require appropriate policies to accrue maximum benefits.
Pakistan is focusing on the immense potential of Gwadar Port. It will act as great energy centre and a multi-regional trade hub. Pakistan’s Sea Lines of Communications will be much safer from the threat of potential enemy of Pakistan ie India. In the times of naval blockade, it can provide strategic depth to Pakistan Navy in the shape of an alternate base. Its effective use will help Pakistan in keeping a watchful eye on the vital international shipping routes and can prevent the country from being surprised. Its existence addresses the strategic concerns that have hampered the progress in the past. However no port can flourish until conditions like viable government policies, political stability, law and order situation, development of infrastructure and identification of profitable areas are fulfilled.
The purposes of this study are to highlight the geo-strategic significance of the port, identify its real potentials, and interests and roles of internal, regional and extra regional stakeholders. The important area of the study is the Chinese’s efforts in its construction and operating to the extent that US and key regional players are watching the Chinese involvement with suspicion. In a situation when US can request military basing rights at the Gwadar port to handle some future turbulent situation in the region. This eventuality would require Pakistan to strike a balance between a time-tested friend and US. The choice is obvious but can face tough time if Pakistan does not come up to the US expectations.
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Drafts by Hikmat Afridi
SINO-US STRATEGIC INTERESTS IN POST COLD WAR ERA: A CASE STUDY OF ASIA-PACIFIC , 2019
The Asia-Pacific region blusters over half of the globe’s population and as residue of major powe... more The Asia-Pacific region blusters over half of the globe’s population and as residue of major powers centre including the main arteries of international economies like India, China and Australia etc. Due to its dynamism, there are plausible reasons that Asia-Pacific would emanate as the mother region in the coming days. Historically, with the concurrence of US, Japan and Australia, the concept of Asia-Pacific emerged which has legalized the US’ involvement in the issues related to East Asia. In plain term, Asia-Pacific region invokes Asia, Australia and West Coast of North America for its potentials to crop up as a galvanic force. Strategically, covering 22 percent of world land, Asia-Pacific is one of the important and eloquent regions that comprises three well developed Economic Powers of the World i.e. China, Japan and US. In addition, the region encompasses world's six largest ports and six vital Sea Lanes of Communications i.e. straits of Makassar, South China Sea, Lombok, Malacca, Ombai - Wetar and Sunda.
Due to the US’ involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq, Chinese managed to fill the vacuum and improve its economic ties with its Southeast Asian neighbours. China has the economic and technological influence all over the world with approximately 6 % average annual growth rate and an anticipation of taking over the economies of Japan and US by 2016 and 2039 respectively. However, rise of China coupled with its outreach to the global markets poses a consistent challenge to the US’ dominance hence emerges as a key challenge of 21st century to US’ interests at global and regional levels. As a result of which, US’ policy has been re-patronized towards Asia-Pacific for maintaining and expanding security network, strengthening the economic relations with her new and old allies and concurrently focuses on containment of China. In addition, US’ rebalancing has been claimed to strengthen bilateral security alliances with its allies, expanding trade and investment, promotion of democracy and human rights but China views the pivot as containment strategy and provocation act.
Asia-pivot, a major shift in American policy shows that America has already started to calculate its options for dominating the region, both politically and militarily. US has been increasing its military components to reach to 60 % of total force ratio in Asia-Pacific region by 2020. In addition, US has been giving military assistances to Japan, Vietnam, Philippines etc in support of their territorial disputes against China. Amidst these developments, US-China engagement in Asia-Pacific and subsequent power transition have surfaced complications for regional states relations. Keeping in view the likely power transition between China and US, the difference in the Sino-US power potentials shall persist for coming 30 years but it will be reduced to some extent however, conflict cannot be completely ruled out as and when China attains power parity with the US.
The rise of China was also examined in detail, providing an overview of how China’s role evolved in this regard and how the international community responded to this phenomenon. The perceptions of Sino-US relations are grounded in the intent and subjective understandings of each other’s interests and compulsions. These perceptions can easily determine how best the two states interpret each other’s actions in the wake of China’s rise and US Rebalancing of Asia-Pacific. In wholesome Sino-US cooperation in power transition and maintenance of friendly relations is the only option because why both the states should afford to engage themselves in conflict. In addition to adding new contribution to the existing body of literature, this research will help the readers to attain an understanding of the major issues of contention and convergence between China and US in the region. The contribution will be of significance nature in creating a framework within which Chinese and American regional policies can be understood and may serve as reference for policy makers and students of international politics.
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GWADAR PORT AS AN ECONOMIC BRIDGE OF ASIA: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES, 2014
Pakistan has built a port at the south western city of Gwadar on the mouth of the oil rich Persia... more Pakistan has built a port at the south western city of Gwadar on the mouth of the oil rich Persian Gulf. The importance of Gwadar Port is manifold as it is not only going to play pivotal role in Pakistan’s economy but will influence the economy of neighbouring countries like China, Iran and Central Asia etc. Gwadar project will generate thousands of jobs for the local people due to which there will be revolution in creation of numerous job opportunities in the entire country.
The progress will be on different levels i.e. individual and family, city and society, province, country and the region at large. The volume of expected trade is interpolated through trade trends of the areas, surrounding the Gwadar Port and evaluation of its economic potential. The envisaged trade forecast of Gwadar Port is based on the potential transit cargo of Western China, Afghanistan, flow of natural resources from Central Asia, trans-shipment cargo and the domestic import and export. The development of industries, trade and business in adjoining areas are some of the spins-offs of the port, which require appropriate policies to accrue maximum benefits.
Pakistan is focusing on the immense potential of Gwadar Port. It will act as great energy centre and a multi-regional trade hub. Pakistan’s Sea Lines of Communications will be much safer from the threat of potential enemy of Pakistan ie India. In the times of naval blockade, it can provide strategic depth to Pakistan Navy in the shape of an alternate base. Its effective use will help Pakistan in keeping a watchful eye on the vital international shipping routes and can prevent the country from being surprised. Its existence addresses the strategic concerns that have hampered the progress in the past. However no port can flourish until conditions like viable government policies, political stability, law and order situation, development of infrastructure and identification of profitable areas are fulfilled.
The purposes of this study are to highlight the geo-strategic significance of the port, identify its real potentials, and interests and roles of internal, regional and extra regional stakeholders. The important area of the study is the Chinese’s efforts in its construction and operating to the extent that US and key regional players are watching the Chinese involvement with suspicion. In a situation when US can request military basing rights at the Gwadar port to handle some future turbulent situation in the region. This eventuality would require Pakistan to strike a balance between a time-tested friend and US. The choice is obvious but can face tough time if Pakistan does not come up to the US expectations.
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Global Social Sciences Review, 2017
Independent dominions in shape of Pakistan and India emerged as result of partition on 14 August ... more Independent dominions in shape of Pakistan and India emerged as result of partition on 14 August and 15 August 1947 respectively while the fate of over 500 princely states awaited decision. Due to overwhelming majority of Muslims, Jammu and Kashmir should have acceded to Pakistan. The hardness in Indian stance resulted in the two wars i.e. of 1965 and 1971 besides two limited wars of 1947-48 and 1999Kargil war. South Asia remained on the brink of war in 2002 standoff and the current escalations in Azad Kashmir. Contrarily, both Pakistan and India had agreed upon the United Nations resolutions, including, "the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir will be decided through free and impartial plebiscite under the auspices of United Nations". The Indian strategy was to gain time on the pretext that "Indians are superior to Pakistanis in military and industrial power therefore Pakistan would accept a settlement imposed by the Indians". Additional India pleaded th...
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Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Global Regional Review
The Pakhtun culture had been flourishing between 484 - 425 BC, in the era of Herodotus and Alexan... more The Pakhtun culture had been flourishing between 484 - 425 BC, in the era of Herodotus and Alexander the Great. Herodotus, the Greek historian, for the first time, used the word Pactyans, for people who were living in parts of Persian Satrapy, Arachosia between 1000 - 1 BC. The hymns’ collection from an ancient Indian Sanskrit Ved used the word Pakthas for a tribe, who were inhabitants of eastern parts of Afghanistan. Presently, the terms Afghan and Pakhtun were synonyms till the Durand Line divided Afghanistan and Pakhtuns living in Pakistan. For these people the code of conduct remained Pakhtunwali; it is the pre-Islamic way of life and honour code based upon peace and tranquillity. It presents an ethnic self-portrait which defines the Pakhtuns as an ethnic group having not only a distinct culture, history and language but also a behaviour.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 2015
When Barak Obama took oath as President for the next term he pledged to change the US Policy. The... more When Barak Obama took oath as President for the next term he pledged to change the US Policy. The expected changes were the drawdown of forces from Afghanistan. Over a decade US had been fighting war in Afghanistan resulted into lot of losses in term of lives and finances; US sacrificed over 2300 lives and 19,000 injured whereas US $650 billion have been spent on this war. This war has never been conclusive so far. The corrupt Afghan government is no way in possession to be taking responsibilities rather it has been challenged by armed groups all over. The economy has been largely dependent on international aids whereas this base is also shrinking.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Global Political Review
Chahbahar, being part of an Indian grand design is playing its role for counter weighing to Gwada... more Chahbahar, being part of an Indian grand design is playing its role for counter weighing to Gwadar Port whereas it also provides India with easy access to Afghanistan and CARs. On the other hand, Pakistans geo-political positioning has been revolving around its anomalous and eccentric relations with various states. The prime rationale for state relations and relevant alliances with states was to maintain harmony with neighboring countries but during world wars, entente meant fighting your brothers war. In this context, Pakistans acceptance by the world was relatively slower and its take-ups in making friends, in the political playland were much tricky. Pakistan was wary with the former USSR whereas the compliance to the US backfired on many occasions gradually made Pakistan withdraw from its upclose position with the US, therefore now it is time to make independent and rational decisions but yet in the best national interests.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Global Political Review
Gwadar Port is the mega project of ongoing developmental projects in Balochistan which is shaping... more Gwadar Port is the mega project of ongoing developmental projects in Balochistan which is shaping the economy of the World. The port is creating opportunities and possibilities for promoting regional and international shipping and it will resuscitate trade links between China and CARs being the closest route to warm waters. Gwadar Port has vast region to influence; stretching up to several breakaway states of the former Soviet Union in the north, to Iran, the Gulf, the Middle East and East Africa in the west, to India and Sri Lanka in the south. Moreover, this deep port is serving the Gulf and East African ports with fast feeder services. It has deep-water sea complementary to Karachi and Bin Qasim ports for enhancing cargo shipments and therefore it will be a mother port for Asia in the coming years.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Global Political Review
Chahbahar, being part of an Indian grand design is playing its role for counter weighing to Gwada... more Chahbahar, being part of an Indian grand design is playing its role for counter weighing to Gwadar Port whereas it also provides India with easy access to Afghanistan and CARs. On the other hand, Pakistans geo-political positioning has been revolving around its anomalous and eccentric relations with various states. The prime rationale for state relations and relevant alliances with states was to maintain harmony with neighboring countries but during world wars, entente meant fighting your brothers war. In this context, Pakistans acceptance by the world was relatively slower and its take-ups in making friends, in the political playland were much tricky. Pakistan was wary with the former USSR whereas the compliance to the US backfired on many occasions gradually made Pakistan withdraw from its upclose position with the US, therefore now it is time to make independent and rational decisions but yet in the best national interests.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Global Regional Review (GRR), 2016
The Pakhtun culture had been flourishing between 484-425 BC, in the era of Herodotus and Alexande... more The Pakhtun culture had been flourishing between 484-425 BC, in the era of Herodotus and Alexander the Great. Herodotus, the Greek historian, for the first time, used the word Pactyans, for people who were living in parts of Persian Satrapy, Arachosia between 1000-1 BC. The hymns' collection from an ancient Indian Sanskrit Ved used the word Pakthas for a tribe, who were inhabitants of eastern parts of Afghanistan. Presently, the terms Afghan and Pakhtun were synonyms till the Durand Line divided Afghanistan and Pakhtuns living in Pakistan. For these people the code of conduct remained Pakhtunwali; it is the pre-Islamic way of life and honour code based upon peace and tranquillity. It presents an ethnic self-portrait which defines the Pakhtuns as an ethnic group having not only a distinct culture, history and language but also a behaviour.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Global Social Sciences Review (GSSR), 2017
Independent dominions in shape of Pakistan and India emerged as result of partition on 14 August ... more Independent dominions in shape of Pakistan and India emerged as result of partition on 14 August and 15 August 1947 respectively while the fate of over 500 princely states awaited decision. Due to overwhelming majority of Muslims, Jammu and Kashmir should have acceded to Pakistan. The hardness in Indian stance resulted in the two wars i.e. of 1965 and 1971 besides two limited wars of 1947-48 and 1999Kargil war. South Asia remained on the brink of war in 2002 standoff and the current escalations in Azad Kashmir. Contrarily, both Pakistan and India had agreed upon the United Nations resolutions, including, "the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir will be decided through free and impartial plebiscite under the auspices of United Nations". The Indian strategy was to gain time on the pretext that "Indians are superior to Pakistanis in military and industrial power therefore Pakistan would accept a settlement imposed by the Indians". Additional India pleaded that Pakistan had joined defence Pacts with west, so India moved away from the process of Plebiscite. Now, India wants to discuss only terrorism brushing aside the core issue of Kashmir. Resultantly, the people of Kashmir are at the mercy of despotic and tyrant Indian Forces and they are suffering the most. How long the innocent population of Kashmir will be looking to ask the world to come forward for an open hearted settlement of this long outstanding dispute? The situation may escalate into a nuclear flashpoint.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Independent dominions in shape of Pakistan and India emerged as result of partition on 14 August ... more Independent dominions in shape of Pakistan and India emerged as result of partition on 14 August and 15 August 1947 respectively while still to decide upon the fate of over 500 princely states. Due to the overwhelming majority of Muslims, Jammu and Kashmir should have been acceded to Pakistan. The hardness in Indian stance resulted into two major wars of 1965 and 1971 besides two limited wars of 1947-48 and 1999 Kargil war. South Asia remained on the brinks of war in 2002 standoff and now unending escalation of fire in Azad Kashmir. On the contrary, both Pakistan and India agreed upon the United Nations resolutions that state, " the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir will be decided through free and impartial plebiscite under the auspices of United Nations ". The Indian strategy was to gain time on the plea that " Indians are superior to Pakistanis in military and industrial power therefore Pakistan would accept a settlement imposed by the Indians ". In addition, on the plea that Pakistan had joined defence Pacts with west, India moved away from the process of Plebiscite. India wants to discuss only terrorism brushing aside the core issue of Kashmir, resultantly the people of Kashmir are under mercy of the despotic and tyrant Indian Forces and suffering the most. How long the innocent population of Kashmir will be looking to ask the world to come forward for an open hearted settlement of this long outstanding dispute because the situation may escalate to become a nuclear flashpoint?
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
"Can Pak Army Do It" Yes I am sure;;;;;;;;; Come on Pak Army creates consensus among the masses i... more "Can Pak Army Do It" Yes I am sure;;;;;;;;; Come on Pak Army creates consensus among the masses if possible otherwise camped in the side, brush aside all the buts and nots and start working whether some body likes or not........This would be another test for Army in the broader prospective to integrate. However be sure, nobody should try to kidnap this vital project on the issue of linguistics or ethnicity.
Executing such project lets first see why it is needed it?
Pakistan is today one of the most water stressed countries in the world. The experts are of the unanimous view that unless restoration of the rapidly depleting water table of the once water rich lands of Pakistan is taken up on a war footing and meaningful steps adopted to properly harness and store the water received in its rivers and through rainfall, Pakistan from a water stressed country faces the threat of soon turning into a “Water Scarce” country. Do we put our heads in the sand and wait for an imminent desertification of our country? Or do we as a nation stand up in unison to ward off the lurking threat?
The unison decision may be an uphill task but we can make it happen only if we understand that we are fast running out of time and our history’s biggest threat is soon going to be rapping our front door. In the wake of water emergency the federal and provincial governments will be bound to integrate their resources and assess the ground realities anew to work towards achieving a consensus on the formulation of a new National Water Policy. Walk-outs, allegations and counter-allegations will figure in, but if all parties will be in agreement on the survival, integrity and future wellbeing of the whole of Pakistan and not just one region or community then there will always be a fair chance of better sense to prevail and for all of them to eventually come out as winners.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Pakistan has built a port at the south western city of Gwadar on the mouth of the oil rich Persia... more Pakistan has built a port at the south western city of Gwadar on the mouth of the oil rich Persian Gulf. The importance of Gwadar Port is manifold as it is not only going to play pivotal role in Pakistan’s economy but will influence the economy of neighbouring countries like China, Iran and Central Asia etc. Gwadar project will generate thousands of jobs for the local people due to which there will be revolution in creation of numerous job opportunities in the entire country.
The progress will be on different levels i.e. individual and family, city and society, province, country and the region at large. The volume of expected trade is interpolated through trade trends of the areas, surrounding the Gwadar Port and evaluation of its economic potential. The envisaged trade forecast of Gwadar Port is based on the potential transit cargo of Western China, Afghanistan, flow of natural resources from Central Asia, trans-shipment cargo and the domestic import and export. The development of industries, trade and business in adjoining areas are some of the spins-offs of the port, which require appropriate policies to accrue maximum benefits.
Pakistan is focusing on the immense potential of Gwadar Port. It will act as great energy centre and a multi-regional trade hub. Pakistan’s Sea Lines of Communications will be much safer from the threat of potential enemy of Pakistan ie India. In the times of naval blockade, it can provide strategic depth to Pakistan Navy in the shape of an alternate base. Its effective use will help Pakistan in keeping a watchful eye on the vital international shipping routes and can prevent the country from being surprised. Its existence addresses the strategic concerns that have hampered the progress in the past. However no port can flourish until conditions like viable government policies, political stability, law and order situation, development of infrastructure and identification of profitable areas are fulfilled.
The purposes of this study are to highlight the geo-strategic significance of the port, identify its real potentials, and interests and roles of internal, regional and extra regional stakeholders. The important area of the study is the Chinese’s efforts in its construction and operating to the extent that US and key regional players are watching the Chinese involvement with suspicion. In a situation when US can request military basing rights at the Gwadar port to handle some future turbulent situation in the region. This eventuality would require Pakistan to strike a balance between a time-tested friend and US. The choice is obvious but can face tough time if Pakistan does not come up to the US expectations.
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SINO-US STRATEGIC INTERESTS IN POST COLD WAR ERA: A CASE STUDY OF ASIA-PACIFIC , 2019
The Asia-Pacific region blusters over half of the globe’s population and as residue of major powe... more The Asia-Pacific region blusters over half of the globe’s population and as residue of major powers centre including the main arteries of international economies like India, China and Australia etc. Due to its dynamism, there are plausible reasons that Asia-Pacific would emanate as the mother region in the coming days. Historically, with the concurrence of US, Japan and Australia, the concept of Asia-Pacific emerged which has legalized the US’ involvement in the issues related to East Asia. In plain term, Asia-Pacific region invokes Asia, Australia and West Coast of North America for its potentials to crop up as a galvanic force. Strategically, covering 22 percent of world land, Asia-Pacific is one of the important and eloquent regions that comprises three well developed Economic Powers of the World i.e. China, Japan and US. In addition, the region encompasses world's six largest ports and six vital Sea Lanes of Communications i.e. straits of Makassar, South China Sea, Lombok, Malacca, Ombai - Wetar and Sunda.
Due to the US’ involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq, Chinese managed to fill the vacuum and improve its economic ties with its Southeast Asian neighbours. China has the economic and technological influence all over the world with approximately 6 % average annual growth rate and an anticipation of taking over the economies of Japan and US by 2016 and 2039 respectively. However, rise of China coupled with its outreach to the global markets poses a consistent challenge to the US’ dominance hence emerges as a key challenge of 21st century to US’ interests at global and regional levels. As a result of which, US’ policy has been re-patronized towards Asia-Pacific for maintaining and expanding security network, strengthening the economic relations with her new and old allies and concurrently focuses on containment of China. In addition, US’ rebalancing has been claimed to strengthen bilateral security alliances with its allies, expanding trade and investment, promotion of democracy and human rights but China views the pivot as containment strategy and provocation act.
Asia-pivot, a major shift in American policy shows that America has already started to calculate its options for dominating the region, both politically and militarily. US has been increasing its military components to reach to 60 % of total force ratio in Asia-Pacific region by 2020. In addition, US has been giving military assistances to Japan, Vietnam, Philippines etc in support of their territorial disputes against China. Amidst these developments, US-China engagement in Asia-Pacific and subsequent power transition have surfaced complications for regional states relations. Keeping in view the likely power transition between China and US, the difference in the Sino-US power potentials shall persist for coming 30 years but it will be reduced to some extent however, conflict cannot be completely ruled out as and when China attains power parity with the US.
The rise of China was also examined in detail, providing an overview of how China’s role evolved in this regard and how the international community responded to this phenomenon. The perceptions of Sino-US relations are grounded in the intent and subjective understandings of each other’s interests and compulsions. These perceptions can easily determine how best the two states interpret each other’s actions in the wake of China’s rise and US Rebalancing of Asia-Pacific. In wholesome Sino-US cooperation in power transition and maintenance of friendly relations is the only option because why both the states should afford to engage themselves in conflict. In addition to adding new contribution to the existing body of literature, this research will help the readers to attain an understanding of the major issues of contention and convergence between China and US in the region. The contribution will be of significance nature in creating a framework within which Chinese and American regional policies can be understood and may serve as reference for policy makers and students of international politics.
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GWADAR PORT AS AN ECONOMIC BRIDGE OF ASIA: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES, 2014
Pakistan has built a port at the south western city of Gwadar on the mouth of the oil rich Persia... more Pakistan has built a port at the south western city of Gwadar on the mouth of the oil rich Persian Gulf. The importance of Gwadar Port is manifold as it is not only going to play pivotal role in Pakistan’s economy but will influence the economy of neighbouring countries like China, Iran and Central Asia etc. Gwadar project will generate thousands of jobs for the local people due to which there will be revolution in creation of numerous job opportunities in the entire country.
The progress will be on different levels i.e. individual and family, city and society, province, country and the region at large. The volume of expected trade is interpolated through trade trends of the areas, surrounding the Gwadar Port and evaluation of its economic potential. The envisaged trade forecast of Gwadar Port is based on the potential transit cargo of Western China, Afghanistan, flow of natural resources from Central Asia, trans-shipment cargo and the domestic import and export. The development of industries, trade and business in adjoining areas are some of the spins-offs of the port, which require appropriate policies to accrue maximum benefits.
Pakistan is focusing on the immense potential of Gwadar Port. It will act as great energy centre and a multi-regional trade hub. Pakistan’s Sea Lines of Communications will be much safer from the threat of potential enemy of Pakistan ie India. In the times of naval blockade, it can provide strategic depth to Pakistan Navy in the shape of an alternate base. Its effective use will help Pakistan in keeping a watchful eye on the vital international shipping routes and can prevent the country from being surprised. Its existence addresses the strategic concerns that have hampered the progress in the past. However no port can flourish until conditions like viable government policies, political stability, law and order situation, development of infrastructure and identification of profitable areas are fulfilled.
The purposes of this study are to highlight the geo-strategic significance of the port, identify its real potentials, and interests and roles of internal, regional and extra regional stakeholders. The important area of the study is the Chinese’s efforts in its construction and operating to the extent that US and key regional players are watching the Chinese involvement with suspicion. In a situation when US can request military basing rights at the Gwadar port to handle some future turbulent situation in the region. This eventuality would require Pakistan to strike a balance between a time-tested friend and US. The choice is obvious but can face tough time if Pakistan does not come up to the US expectations.
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