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Papers by Abdul Wadud

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation

Background and Objectives: Unani Medicine is mainly based on the drugs collected from plant sourc... more Background and Objectives: Unani Medicine is mainly based on the drugs collected from plant sources. These drugs are time-tested, but their availability has become a challenge. Rapid industrialization and overpopulation have resulted in mindless exploitation and destruction of these drugs, and as a result, many species have become endangered. Therefore, conservation of such species is imperative. However, despite all the strategies, the purpose is yet to be achieved successfully. It is the need of hour to find the therapeutic interchanges of our precious herbal wealth. "Abu Bakr Mohammad Bin-Zakariyya al-Razi" (Rhazes) (865-925 AD), in his book "Maqala Fi Abdal al-Adwiya al-Mustamala Fi al-Tibb wa al-Ilaj" known as "Kitab al Abdal" has formulated principles and regulation which form the basis of therapeutic interchanges and help in finding new therapeutic interchanges. He wrote an exclusive monograph, the first and most groundbreaking work on therapeutic interchange in Unani medicine. This analysis investigates the major ideas and tenets of Rhazes' Abdaal-e-Advia. The unique therapeutic interchanges mentioned in "Kitab al-Abdal" have been rigorously analyzed in this review in light of Unani core principles. Methodology:122 main drugs described by Razi and their 223 therapeutic interchanges mentioned in Kitab al Abdaal were analyzed, and parameters for analysis were set from Razi's theoretical considerations. Therapeutic interchanges were categorized accordingly, augmenting the reason for therapeutic interchange. Results: A drug is changed during practice when a particular drug claimed for a particular action is unavailable for various reasons. Despite all the efforts, the required drug is not available, as it is costly, banned, or difficult to procure. It is evident that none of the therapeutic interchanges is a therapeutic interchange for all actions. Therefore, while substituting a drug, there must be a strong basis. Unani scholars have discussed these bases, which are based on the similarity of action in the main and therapeutic interchanged drug, similarity in mizaj (temperament) of the main and substituting drug, and similarity in physical properties of the primary and therapeutic interchanged drugs. After retrospection, it is apparent that it is mainly the action of drugs that was considered a basis for therapeutic interchange of drugs. Conclusion: Razi has laid a strong foundation for drug interchange in routine practice, and detailed guidelines may be formulated for such therapeutic interchange.

Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 2018

Migraine is a type of headache characterized by episodic throbbing or pulsating pain usually occu... more Migraine is a type of headache characterized by episodic throbbing or pulsating pain usually occurring in one side of the head. According to the prevalence report, it is the third most prevalent disorder worldwide. In Unani Medicine, it is called shaqiqa derived from an Arabic word ‘shaq’ meaning ‘half part’. The condition is difficult to treat by medication only. Unani system of medicine has a theory of imala (diversion of morbid matters) and tanqia-e-mawad (evacuation of morbid matters) by using different modes of ilaj bit tadbeer (regimenal therapy) and pharmacotherapy. A therapy including regimenal therapy and pharmacotherapy has been used in this case for 23 days. Nutool (irrigation therapy) and Dalak (massage therapy) by Rogan-e-Kaddu (medicated oil) were given as regimenal mode and Itrifal Ustukhuddus, Itrifal Kishnizi and Jawarish Shahi were given orally as pharmacotherapy. Signs and symptoms were assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and result was assessed as per grading...

International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2012

The aim of the present paper is to provide information regarding the therapeutic uses and scienti... more The aim of the present paper is to provide information regarding the therapeutic uses and scientific studies carried out on Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. The key words used for the literature search were Adiantum capillus-veneris, Parsioshan, physico chemical, phytochemical and pharmacological study. The search was carried out through Unani classical books, ethno botanical literature and Google scholar. The drug is popularly known as "Parsiaoshan" in Unani and used to treat a number of diseases. It is traditionally used as a diuretic, resolvent, antipyretic, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant and deobstruent. It is also useful in the treatment of hair fall and skin diseases. Chemical analysis of Parsioshan shows that it contains triterpenoids, flavonoids and various other constituents. Research studies have shown that it possesses anti fungal, anti inflammatory, anti bacterial, hypoglycemic and lithotriptic activities. An extensive review of ancient literature of Unani medicine revealed that the drug having numerous therapeutic actions, several of which have been established scientifically which may help the researchers to set their minds for approaching the utility, efficacy and potency of Adiantum capillus-veneris.

Journal of Pharmaceutical & Scientific Innovation, 2016

The condition of carrying a developing embryo in the uterus and breast feeding of baby by mothers... more The condition of carrying a developing embryo in the uterus and breast feeding of baby by mothers requires special precautions in term of intake of medicines. Usage of traditional drugs also requires some vigilance in respects of its adverse drugs reactions. The particular dangers of these preparations come rather from the belief that they are natural and therefore necessarily safe in pregnancy. Since last few decades' tremendous research work has been done of the various aspect of medicinal plants on pharmacognostic and chemical aspect, but aspect of safety and toxicity particularly, in pregnancy and lactation, is the most neglected area. These medicines are considering safer then allopathic drugs, but several plant species are proven be toxic in these conditions. For example, volatile oil containing drugs can be abortifacient, Irritant to genitourinary tract (can cause uterine contractions). Some constituents also have got action on uterus. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids can cause Hepatotoxicity in a new born. Some are strong diuretic and laxative (can cause water / salt lose), hormonally active, mutagenic, ginotoxic, teratogenic, etc. So these drugs are better avoided during pregnancy and lactations. An attempt can be made to identify herbal / traditional ingredients that have potential toxic effect on pregnancy and lactating women and also about their potential interfere with specific categories of conventional drugs based on their phytochemical, pharmacological properties and many documented side effects and also due to adulteration by heavy metals & microbial contaminations in relevance with classical Unani & Ayurvedic / traditional literature. Details of these drugs will be discussed in the present work.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Traditional systems of medicine are often blamed for the use of toxic drugs. On the basis of cent... more Traditional systems of medicine are often blamed for the use of toxic drugs. On the basis of centuries-old evidence of their safety, these systems actually use a number of drugs that are alleged to be harmful. However, these healthcare systems have devised methods for eliminating hazardous components from such medications before consumption. Datura stramonium L. and Hyoscyamus niger L. are commonly used in Unani Medicine with minimum or no side effects, but without sufficient safety data. The present study includes safety studies of the two drugs as a comparative study because the two drugs are used interchangeably. Methodology: The present study was carried according to the guidelines of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test no. 423: acute oral toxicity-acute toxic class method. A single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg of each of the hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of the seeds of the drugs D. stramonium and H. niger was given to each group. Animals (female Wistar rats) were observed individually for fourteen days for their general appearance, behavioral responses, and for any signs of toxicity and mortality. Result: The study revealed no mortality; however, sedation and loss of activities were found in both drugs. Pronounced effect was seen in hydroalcoholic extract D. stramonium (5000 mg/kg) treated animals as compared to H. niger. Conclusion: These two drugs may be used safely in therapeutic doses mentioned in Unani literature.

Annals of Phytomedicine: An International Journal

The classical literature of Unani system of medicine was first to establish rules for drug interc... more The classical literature of Unani system of medicine was first to establish rules for drug interchange due to the unavailability of the desired drug for different reasons, and gave the idea of therapeutic interchange (Abdaal-e-Advia). The concept that similar drugs can be used as substitutes for the desired function is essential from a pharmacotherapeutics point of view. Renowned scholars of Unani system of medicine have discussed the concept of therapeutic interchange with available knowledge in terms of similarity in action, similarity in temperament (mizaj), and similarity in the physical property of the drug and its substitute. It is a well-known fact that herbal drug actions are due to chemical constituents, so phytochemistry, a branch that deals with the chemistry of plant products may be added as another basis for drug interchange. In the present work, the concept was thoroughly reviewed with sixty drugs which have been categorized into ten groups on the basis of activities.The phytoconstituents of the main and therapeutic interchange drugs were compared to observe the similarities. The findings showed that the activities and chemical constituents were found to be nearly similar. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that phytochemistry of the plant could be an effective parameter for the therapeutic interchange.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 2021

Procurement of raw material, and chemicals Copper sulphate and the chemicals were procured from t... more Procurement of raw material, and chemicals Copper sulphate and the chemicals were procured from the local market of Bengaluru. Fresh margosa (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) leaves were collected from the herbal garden of National Institute of Unani Medicine (NIUM), Bengaluru. Dung cakes were purchased from a nearby village. A voucher specimen of the test sample has been submitted to drug museum of NIUM with voucher specimen no.62/IA/Res/2019.

Gumma (Leucas cephalotes Spreng.) belonging to family Lamiaceae, primarily a folk drug, is also u... more Gumma (Leucas cephalotes Spreng.) belonging to family Lamiaceae, primarily a folk drug, is also used in Ayurveda and Unani medicine in India and in adjacent countries for its varied therapeutic properties such as stimulant, diaphoretic, antiseptic, laxative, anthelminthic, insecticidal, germicidal, fungicidal, emmenogogue, expectorant and antipyretic. Its root is particularly useful in regularization of menstrual cycle, tuberculosis and dysentery. In view of insufficient data necessary to set up proper identification of the whole plant and its roots and to provide referential information for checking adulteration and substitution, root of this plant has been evaluated on pharmacognostical parameters by means of anatomical, physico-chemical and preliminary phytochemical studies, HPLC and UV-Vis spectrophotometry.

The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2020

Background: Traditional systems of medicine are facing many problems, one of them is substitution... more Background: Traditional systems of medicine are facing many problems, one of them is substitution. Very often, two similar looking drugs or entirely different drugs are sold in place of one another. Asrol is a commonly used drug, but its scare availability and similarity with other drugs increases the likelihood of substitution in commercially available samples. Objectives: On account of its therapeutic enormity and a scare drug, this study was designed to evaluate three samples of Asrol on pharmacognostic parameters to assess the authenticity of market samples. Materials and Methods: The study consisted macroscopic, physicochemical, phytochemical and analytical tests. Results: The findings revealed similarity in the samples. Conclusion: Due to the similarity in the three samples in respect to most parameters, it may be concluded that the market samples of the drug are genuine.

The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2020

It is a legal obligation for all conventional pharmaceutical products carrying the dates of manuf... more It is a legal obligation for all conventional pharmaceutical products carrying the dates of manufacture and expiry on the label. The period between these two dates is called the ‘life period’ or ‘shelf-life’ of a product. It is the time over which the quality of a product remains within specifications by which the efficacy and safety of the product can be assured. Shelf-life is applicable on Unani drugs too, however, not the same as the conventional pharmaceuticals. As long before Unani physicians have proposed the concept of Aamare Advia (ages of drugs) mainly for single drugs. In true sense, the two concepts are the same but the way of estimation of ‘shelf-life’ is different. In conventional pharmaceutics, it is considered in terms of stability studies whereas in Unani medicine it has been prefixed. The present review will explain these concepts with a comparison.

Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2018

Gul-e-Surkh (Rose flower) is the Persian name for the Rosa damascena Mill. In Unani system of med... more Gul-e-Surkh (Rose flower) is the Persian name for the Rosa damascena Mill. In Unani system of medicine Rose flower is used for medicinal purposes. Ibn Sina considers Gul-e- Surkh as one of the best drug for liver. Rose flower in various doses form and/or in combination with many other drugs are indicated in various disease. It is commonly being used as general tonic for Lungs, Stomach, Intestine, Liver, Rectum, Kidney, Heart, and Uterus. Fresh flowers are purgative and dried one is astringent in properties. In this review article authors try to encompass the therapeutic indication of Rosa damascena Mill described in Unani literature.

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2019

Background: Unani concept of therapeutic interchange, despite having immense practical aspect, ha... more Background: Unani concept of therapeutic interchange, despite having immense practical aspect, has not been touched upon in a coherent way by most of the Unani scholars except Razi (Rhazes 865e925 AD), who took the concept plausibly and framed rules for alternate drug prescription at the time of unavailability of the drugs of choice. Objective: The Unani concept of therapeutic interchange is based on similarity in action, temperament and physical properties of drugs mainly botanicals, which are already established and need no further discussion; however, phytochemistry has not been considered a basis for substitution. Therefore, objective of this study was evaluation of the concept on phytochemical parameters as actions of most drugs are due to phytoconstituents. Material and methods: Classical Unani literature pertaining to therapeutic interchange and ethnobotanical literature for uses and phytoconstituents of three botanicals and their respective substitutes were reviewed. Ethnobotanical literature was collected from well known search engine viz., PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Science direct. In view of exploring the concept on scientific basis, physicochemical, phytochemical and analytical (HPLC, GCeMS) studies were also conducted. Results: The study exhibited similarity in phytoconstituents in main and substitute botanicals with insignificant differences. Direct relation between doses, actions, intensity of actions, temperament and chemical constituents of main and substitute botanicals was observed. Conclusion: The study, however, seemed to validate the concept on the basis of phytoconstituents, further pharmacological studies on the basis of properties and activities is required to strengthen the concept.

International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2015

The anti-ulcer activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Rhus coriaria Linn (HAERC) was investigated... more The anti-ulcer activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Rhus coriaria Linn (HAERC) was investigated in indomethacin and water immersion-induced restraint gastric ulcer in wistar rats. The assessment was carried out by using ulcer index, ulcer score and histopathological studies of the specimens. HAERC at doses of 145 and 248 mg/kg given orally produced significant inhibition of the gastric lesions induced by indomethacin and water immersion restraint method, and the results were comparable to the standard treatment regime. We observed that R. coriaria Linn extract exhibits significant anti ulcer activity and thus supports the Unani claims about the drug.

Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences, 2014

The word"diabetes" is derived from the Greek word"Diabanmo meaning"passing through or"to run thro... more The word"diabetes" is derived from the Greek word"Diabanmo meaning"passing through or"to run through or siphon, which is characterized by excessive thirst, excessive urination, presence of sugar in urine, increased appetite, gradual loss of body weight, etc. (1-3). Ziabetus is the terminology used for diabetes, in general, and Ziabetus Shakri for diabetes mellitus, in particular, in Unani system of medicine (USM). These terms are mentioned in most of the Unani literature like Al Qaanon, Al Hawi, Kamilus Sana' ah, etc. Unani Atibba considered that Ziabetus is a disease of kidneys. Arabian physicians described Ziabetus by some other terms also such as Moattasha, Atsha, Zalaqul kulliya, Dolab, Dawwarah, Barkar, Barkarya, and Qaramees (3-7). Before going to the description of Unani prospect of diabetes, let us see the historical milestones and advances in the understanding of diabetes, which will surely help in making a better understanding of this disease. Historical Background Diabetes mellitus is one of the oldest diseases, with a testimony of 3000 years. Its historical aspect can be divided into the following categories through the history.

Journal of Xenobiotics, 2013

Sammulfar (arsenic trioxide) is a notorious poison and has extensively been studied for its toxic... more Sammulfar (arsenic trioxide) is a notorious poison and has extensively been studied for its toxicity. It is in use for various purposes for centuries and is used even today as a therapeutic agent in the form of kushta (calx) in traditional systems of medicine, particularly Unani medicine, but without apparent safety data. The present study, therefore, was conducted to produce data for prolong use of calx of arsenic trioxide. The calx (test drug) was prepared by the method described in National Formulary of Unani Medicine. The study was carried in healthy Wistar rats of either sex; weighing 150-250 g; 2-3 months of age, in a dose dependent manner, following the methods of Gupta et al. (2002), Ghosh (2008) and Klaassan (2008). The animals were divided into four groups of 10 animals each. Group I served as control, where as group II, III and IV were used for three dose levels of the test drug i.e. low (8.75 mg–1 kg), medium (17.50 mg–1 kg) and higher (26.25 mg–1 kg). Standard parameter...

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 2021

Background: Though a number of studies has been carried out in terms of safety of Kushta but co... more Background: Though a number of studies has been carried out in terms of safety of Kushta but concerns have been raised about the presence of heavy metals in Unani formulations. Classical method of preparation of KKH and other Kushta preparation in Unani system of medicine has been found to eliminate all such issues from the end product. Hence; the present study was designed to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity study of KKH prepared by Classical and Muffle furnace methods. Objective: To ascertain the safety profile of Kushta Khabasul Hadeed (KKH) prepared by classical and muffle furnace methods. Materials and methods: Both of the samples of KKH i.e. Kushta Khabasul Hadeed (KKHCM) and Kushta Khabasul Hadeed (KKHMFM) prepared by Classical and Muffle Furnace Methods respectively were evaluated for acute and sub-acute toxicity by OECD guidelines 423 and 407 respectively. The starting dose in the acute test was 50 mg/kg and in sub-acute test, it was 134mg, 200 mg and 400 mg/kg b...

Advances in Traditional Medicine, 2020

Phyto-constituents and their efficacy vary with the age of the plant material and their afflictio... more Phyto-constituents and their efficacy vary with the age of the plant material and their affliction with environmental and storage conditions. Present study was conducted to evaluate the time dependent variation in physicochemical characters, glycyrrhizin content, microbial load and anti-inflammatory activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. root (GGR). Fresh GGR was dried and divided into three samples and stored as: sample A below 4 °C, sample B at room temperature and sample C at 40 ± 2 °C with relative humidity 75 ± 5% for six months. Afterwards, each sample was extracted in 50% alcohol and evaluated for physicochemical characters, glycyrrhizin content, microbial contamination and anti-inflammatory activity in histamine-induced inflammation in Wistar rats. Physicochemical characteristics exhibits less than 25% variation and qualitative analysis for plant metabolites exhibited similarity in all three samples. Glycyrrhizin was found more in sample C (5.07%) in comparison to sample B (4.52%) and A (4.72%) with variation less than 15%. As per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India these variations in physicochemical parameters and glycyrrhizin content are insignificant. Sample A revealed total microbial count more than B and C. Accelerated stability data extrapolation of sample C suggests that shelf life of GGR is 2 years. Inflammation was significantly reduced by sample C followed by A and B in comparison to the control with residual paw volume of 0.9%, 3.22%, 20.4% and 29.7% respectively at 163 mg/kg BW dose. From the present study it can be concluded that up to two years age dependent variations in GGR is insignificant but its anti-inflammatory effect are glycyrrhizin dependent.

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2018

Background: Habbe Gule Aakh is extensively used in Unani medicine for anti-inflammatory and analg... more Background: Habbe Gule Aakh is extensively used in Unani medicine for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. Objective: To evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Habbe Gule Aakh on Wistar rats and Swiss mice of either sex. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in Wistar rats for anti-inflammatory activity while Swiss mice were used for analgesic activity. In both the tests animals were divided into five groups of six animals each which served as control, standard and test groups A, B and C. For anti-inflammatory activity, method reported by Amman was followed. For analgesic activity, Koster's protocol was adapted. Results: Significant (P < 0.01) reduction in the paw volume was noted in all the test groups but less than the standard drug. Mean writhes of group B and C reduced significantly (P < 0.01) demonstrating analgesic effect. Conclusion: The study validated the claim of Unani medicine of use of Habbe Gule Aakh in inflammation and pain. Further, phytochemical studies are needed to know the exact mechanism of action of this formulation.

Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2017

Unani Medicine, an age old system of medicine which is widely practiced in south Asia, draws on t... more Unani Medicine, an age old system of medicine which is widely practiced in south Asia, draws on the ancient traditional systems of medicine in China, Egypt, India, Iraq, Persia and Syria. It uses remedies of plant, animal and mineral origin which can treat a number of diseases successfully. These remedies, whose efficacy is evident mainly from observation, have been prized for centuries. Although some of the medicines have been examined to investigate their efficacy and possible mechanism of action, many have not yet been documented. It is therefore timely to look at these unexplored remedies in order to understand and make best use of their acknowledged effects. Urolithiasis (the development of kidney calculi or stones) is a complex process resulting as a consequence of an imbalance between promoters and inhibitors in the kidney. The etiology is multifactorial, but strongly related to dietary habits and lifestyle. Calculi in the urinary tract have been mentioned in the literature of Unani medicine under the headings Hasate Kulliyah (kidney stone), Hasate Masana (bladder stone) and Hasate Kulliya wa Masana (kidney and bladder stone). The calculi are treated mainly by Mufattite Hasat (lithotriptic) and Mudir (diuretic) drugs effectively. The etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and the properties of medications used in the treatment of urolithiasis have been discussed by Unani physicians in a comprehensive manner. A number of remedies used for urolithiasis and studied scientifically in different in vitro and in vivo models have shown activity against urolithiasis. In this paper, we have attempted to collect and analyze information available on urolithiasis, the medications used in Unani Medicine for treating this disorder, and possible correlation between Unani and modern concepts of urolithiasis, if any.

Immunology‚ Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 2016

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation

Background and Objectives: Unani Medicine is mainly based on the drugs collected from plant sourc... more Background and Objectives: Unani Medicine is mainly based on the drugs collected from plant sources. These drugs are time-tested, but their availability has become a challenge. Rapid industrialization and overpopulation have resulted in mindless exploitation and destruction of these drugs, and as a result, many species have become endangered. Therefore, conservation of such species is imperative. However, despite all the strategies, the purpose is yet to be achieved successfully. It is the need of hour to find the therapeutic interchanges of our precious herbal wealth. "Abu Bakr Mohammad Bin-Zakariyya al-Razi" (Rhazes) (865-925 AD), in his book "Maqala Fi Abdal al-Adwiya al-Mustamala Fi al-Tibb wa al-Ilaj" known as "Kitab al Abdal" has formulated principles and regulation which form the basis of therapeutic interchanges and help in finding new therapeutic interchanges. He wrote an exclusive monograph, the first and most groundbreaking work on therapeutic interchange in Unani medicine. This analysis investigates the major ideas and tenets of Rhazes' Abdaal-e-Advia. The unique therapeutic interchanges mentioned in "Kitab al-Abdal" have been rigorously analyzed in this review in light of Unani core principles. Methodology:122 main drugs described by Razi and their 223 therapeutic interchanges mentioned in Kitab al Abdaal were analyzed, and parameters for analysis were set from Razi's theoretical considerations. Therapeutic interchanges were categorized accordingly, augmenting the reason for therapeutic interchange. Results: A drug is changed during practice when a particular drug claimed for a particular action is unavailable for various reasons. Despite all the efforts, the required drug is not available, as it is costly, banned, or difficult to procure. It is evident that none of the therapeutic interchanges is a therapeutic interchange for all actions. Therefore, while substituting a drug, there must be a strong basis. Unani scholars have discussed these bases, which are based on the similarity of action in the main and therapeutic interchanged drug, similarity in mizaj (temperament) of the main and substituting drug, and similarity in physical properties of the primary and therapeutic interchanged drugs. After retrospection, it is apparent that it is mainly the action of drugs that was considered a basis for therapeutic interchange of drugs. Conclusion: Razi has laid a strong foundation for drug interchange in routine practice, and detailed guidelines may be formulated for such therapeutic interchange.

Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 2018

Migraine is a type of headache characterized by episodic throbbing or pulsating pain usually occu... more Migraine is a type of headache characterized by episodic throbbing or pulsating pain usually occurring in one side of the head. According to the prevalence report, it is the third most prevalent disorder worldwide. In Unani Medicine, it is called shaqiqa derived from an Arabic word ‘shaq’ meaning ‘half part’. The condition is difficult to treat by medication only. Unani system of medicine has a theory of imala (diversion of morbid matters) and tanqia-e-mawad (evacuation of morbid matters) by using different modes of ilaj bit tadbeer (regimenal therapy) and pharmacotherapy. A therapy including regimenal therapy and pharmacotherapy has been used in this case for 23 days. Nutool (irrigation therapy) and Dalak (massage therapy) by Rogan-e-Kaddu (medicated oil) were given as regimenal mode and Itrifal Ustukhuddus, Itrifal Kishnizi and Jawarish Shahi were given orally as pharmacotherapy. Signs and symptoms were assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and result was assessed as per grading...

International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2012

The aim of the present paper is to provide information regarding the therapeutic uses and scienti... more The aim of the present paper is to provide information regarding the therapeutic uses and scientific studies carried out on Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. The key words used for the literature search were Adiantum capillus-veneris, Parsioshan, physico chemical, phytochemical and pharmacological study. The search was carried out through Unani classical books, ethno botanical literature and Google scholar. The drug is popularly known as "Parsiaoshan" in Unani and used to treat a number of diseases. It is traditionally used as a diuretic, resolvent, antipyretic, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant and deobstruent. It is also useful in the treatment of hair fall and skin diseases. Chemical analysis of Parsioshan shows that it contains triterpenoids, flavonoids and various other constituents. Research studies have shown that it possesses anti fungal, anti inflammatory, anti bacterial, hypoglycemic and lithotriptic activities. An extensive review of ancient literature of Unani medicine revealed that the drug having numerous therapeutic actions, several of which have been established scientifically which may help the researchers to set their minds for approaching the utility, efficacy and potency of Adiantum capillus-veneris.

Journal of Pharmaceutical & Scientific Innovation, 2016

The condition of carrying a developing embryo in the uterus and breast feeding of baby by mothers... more The condition of carrying a developing embryo in the uterus and breast feeding of baby by mothers requires special precautions in term of intake of medicines. Usage of traditional drugs also requires some vigilance in respects of its adverse drugs reactions. The particular dangers of these preparations come rather from the belief that they are natural and therefore necessarily safe in pregnancy. Since last few decades' tremendous research work has been done of the various aspect of medicinal plants on pharmacognostic and chemical aspect, but aspect of safety and toxicity particularly, in pregnancy and lactation, is the most neglected area. These medicines are considering safer then allopathic drugs, but several plant species are proven be toxic in these conditions. For example, volatile oil containing drugs can be abortifacient, Irritant to genitourinary tract (can cause uterine contractions). Some constituents also have got action on uterus. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids can cause Hepatotoxicity in a new born. Some are strong diuretic and laxative (can cause water / salt lose), hormonally active, mutagenic, ginotoxic, teratogenic, etc. So these drugs are better avoided during pregnancy and lactations. An attempt can be made to identify herbal / traditional ingredients that have potential toxic effect on pregnancy and lactating women and also about their potential interfere with specific categories of conventional drugs based on their phytochemical, pharmacological properties and many documented side effects and also due to adulteration by heavy metals & microbial contaminations in relevance with classical Unani & Ayurvedic / traditional literature. Details of these drugs will be discussed in the present work.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Traditional systems of medicine are often blamed for the use of toxic drugs. On the basis of cent... more Traditional systems of medicine are often blamed for the use of toxic drugs. On the basis of centuries-old evidence of their safety, these systems actually use a number of drugs that are alleged to be harmful. However, these healthcare systems have devised methods for eliminating hazardous components from such medications before consumption. Datura stramonium L. and Hyoscyamus niger L. are commonly used in Unani Medicine with minimum or no side effects, but without sufficient safety data. The present study includes safety studies of the two drugs as a comparative study because the two drugs are used interchangeably. Methodology: The present study was carried according to the guidelines of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test no. 423: acute oral toxicity-acute toxic class method. A single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg of each of the hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of the seeds of the drugs D. stramonium and H. niger was given to each group. Animals (female Wistar rats) were observed individually for fourteen days for their general appearance, behavioral responses, and for any signs of toxicity and mortality. Result: The study revealed no mortality; however, sedation and loss of activities were found in both drugs. Pronounced effect was seen in hydroalcoholic extract D. stramonium (5000 mg/kg) treated animals as compared to H. niger. Conclusion: These two drugs may be used safely in therapeutic doses mentioned in Unani literature.

Annals of Phytomedicine: An International Journal

The classical literature of Unani system of medicine was first to establish rules for drug interc... more The classical literature of Unani system of medicine was first to establish rules for drug interchange due to the unavailability of the desired drug for different reasons, and gave the idea of therapeutic interchange (Abdaal-e-Advia). The concept that similar drugs can be used as substitutes for the desired function is essential from a pharmacotherapeutics point of view. Renowned scholars of Unani system of medicine have discussed the concept of therapeutic interchange with available knowledge in terms of similarity in action, similarity in temperament (mizaj), and similarity in the physical property of the drug and its substitute. It is a well-known fact that herbal drug actions are due to chemical constituents, so phytochemistry, a branch that deals with the chemistry of plant products may be added as another basis for drug interchange. In the present work, the concept was thoroughly reviewed with sixty drugs which have been categorized into ten groups on the basis of activities.The phytoconstituents of the main and therapeutic interchange drugs were compared to observe the similarities. The findings showed that the activities and chemical constituents were found to be nearly similar. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that phytochemistry of the plant could be an effective parameter for the therapeutic interchange.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 2021

Procurement of raw material, and chemicals Copper sulphate and the chemicals were procured from t... more Procurement of raw material, and chemicals Copper sulphate and the chemicals were procured from the local market of Bengaluru. Fresh margosa (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) leaves were collected from the herbal garden of National Institute of Unani Medicine (NIUM), Bengaluru. Dung cakes were purchased from a nearby village. A voucher specimen of the test sample has been submitted to drug museum of NIUM with voucher specimen no.62/IA/Res/2019.

Gumma (Leucas cephalotes Spreng.) belonging to family Lamiaceae, primarily a folk drug, is also u... more Gumma (Leucas cephalotes Spreng.) belonging to family Lamiaceae, primarily a folk drug, is also used in Ayurveda and Unani medicine in India and in adjacent countries for its varied therapeutic properties such as stimulant, diaphoretic, antiseptic, laxative, anthelminthic, insecticidal, germicidal, fungicidal, emmenogogue, expectorant and antipyretic. Its root is particularly useful in regularization of menstrual cycle, tuberculosis and dysentery. In view of insufficient data necessary to set up proper identification of the whole plant and its roots and to provide referential information for checking adulteration and substitution, root of this plant has been evaluated on pharmacognostical parameters by means of anatomical, physico-chemical and preliminary phytochemical studies, HPLC and UV-Vis spectrophotometry.

The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2020

Background: Traditional systems of medicine are facing many problems, one of them is substitution... more Background: Traditional systems of medicine are facing many problems, one of them is substitution. Very often, two similar looking drugs or entirely different drugs are sold in place of one another. Asrol is a commonly used drug, but its scare availability and similarity with other drugs increases the likelihood of substitution in commercially available samples. Objectives: On account of its therapeutic enormity and a scare drug, this study was designed to evaluate three samples of Asrol on pharmacognostic parameters to assess the authenticity of market samples. Materials and Methods: The study consisted macroscopic, physicochemical, phytochemical and analytical tests. Results: The findings revealed similarity in the samples. Conclusion: Due to the similarity in the three samples in respect to most parameters, it may be concluded that the market samples of the drug are genuine.

The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2020

It is a legal obligation for all conventional pharmaceutical products carrying the dates of manuf... more It is a legal obligation for all conventional pharmaceutical products carrying the dates of manufacture and expiry on the label. The period between these two dates is called the ‘life period’ or ‘shelf-life’ of a product. It is the time over which the quality of a product remains within specifications by which the efficacy and safety of the product can be assured. Shelf-life is applicable on Unani drugs too, however, not the same as the conventional pharmaceuticals. As long before Unani physicians have proposed the concept of Aamare Advia (ages of drugs) mainly for single drugs. In true sense, the two concepts are the same but the way of estimation of ‘shelf-life’ is different. In conventional pharmaceutics, it is considered in terms of stability studies whereas in Unani medicine it has been prefixed. The present review will explain these concepts with a comparison.

Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2018

Gul-e-Surkh (Rose flower) is the Persian name for the Rosa damascena Mill. In Unani system of med... more Gul-e-Surkh (Rose flower) is the Persian name for the Rosa damascena Mill. In Unani system of medicine Rose flower is used for medicinal purposes. Ibn Sina considers Gul-e- Surkh as one of the best drug for liver. Rose flower in various doses form and/or in combination with many other drugs are indicated in various disease. It is commonly being used as general tonic for Lungs, Stomach, Intestine, Liver, Rectum, Kidney, Heart, and Uterus. Fresh flowers are purgative and dried one is astringent in properties. In this review article authors try to encompass the therapeutic indication of Rosa damascena Mill described in Unani literature.

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2019

Background: Unani concept of therapeutic interchange, despite having immense practical aspect, ha... more Background: Unani concept of therapeutic interchange, despite having immense practical aspect, has not been touched upon in a coherent way by most of the Unani scholars except Razi (Rhazes 865e925 AD), who took the concept plausibly and framed rules for alternate drug prescription at the time of unavailability of the drugs of choice. Objective: The Unani concept of therapeutic interchange is based on similarity in action, temperament and physical properties of drugs mainly botanicals, which are already established and need no further discussion; however, phytochemistry has not been considered a basis for substitution. Therefore, objective of this study was evaluation of the concept on phytochemical parameters as actions of most drugs are due to phytoconstituents. Material and methods: Classical Unani literature pertaining to therapeutic interchange and ethnobotanical literature for uses and phytoconstituents of three botanicals and their respective substitutes were reviewed. Ethnobotanical literature was collected from well known search engine viz., PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Science direct. In view of exploring the concept on scientific basis, physicochemical, phytochemical and analytical (HPLC, GCeMS) studies were also conducted. Results: The study exhibited similarity in phytoconstituents in main and substitute botanicals with insignificant differences. Direct relation between doses, actions, intensity of actions, temperament and chemical constituents of main and substitute botanicals was observed. Conclusion: The study, however, seemed to validate the concept on the basis of phytoconstituents, further pharmacological studies on the basis of properties and activities is required to strengthen the concept.

International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2015

The anti-ulcer activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Rhus coriaria Linn (HAERC) was investigated... more The anti-ulcer activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Rhus coriaria Linn (HAERC) was investigated in indomethacin and water immersion-induced restraint gastric ulcer in wistar rats. The assessment was carried out by using ulcer index, ulcer score and histopathological studies of the specimens. HAERC at doses of 145 and 248 mg/kg given orally produced significant inhibition of the gastric lesions induced by indomethacin and water immersion restraint method, and the results were comparable to the standard treatment regime. We observed that R. coriaria Linn extract exhibits significant anti ulcer activity and thus supports the Unani claims about the drug.

Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences, 2014

The word"diabetes" is derived from the Greek word"Diabanmo meaning"passing through or"to run thro... more The word"diabetes" is derived from the Greek word"Diabanmo meaning"passing through or"to run through or siphon, which is characterized by excessive thirst, excessive urination, presence of sugar in urine, increased appetite, gradual loss of body weight, etc. (1-3). Ziabetus is the terminology used for diabetes, in general, and Ziabetus Shakri for diabetes mellitus, in particular, in Unani system of medicine (USM). These terms are mentioned in most of the Unani literature like Al Qaanon, Al Hawi, Kamilus Sana' ah, etc. Unani Atibba considered that Ziabetus is a disease of kidneys. Arabian physicians described Ziabetus by some other terms also such as Moattasha, Atsha, Zalaqul kulliya, Dolab, Dawwarah, Barkar, Barkarya, and Qaramees (3-7). Before going to the description of Unani prospect of diabetes, let us see the historical milestones and advances in the understanding of diabetes, which will surely help in making a better understanding of this disease. Historical Background Diabetes mellitus is one of the oldest diseases, with a testimony of 3000 years. Its historical aspect can be divided into the following categories through the history.

Journal of Xenobiotics, 2013

Sammulfar (arsenic trioxide) is a notorious poison and has extensively been studied for its toxic... more Sammulfar (arsenic trioxide) is a notorious poison and has extensively been studied for its toxicity. It is in use for various purposes for centuries and is used even today as a therapeutic agent in the form of kushta (calx) in traditional systems of medicine, particularly Unani medicine, but without apparent safety data. The present study, therefore, was conducted to produce data for prolong use of calx of arsenic trioxide. The calx (test drug) was prepared by the method described in National Formulary of Unani Medicine. The study was carried in healthy Wistar rats of either sex; weighing 150-250 g; 2-3 months of age, in a dose dependent manner, following the methods of Gupta et al. (2002), Ghosh (2008) and Klaassan (2008). The animals were divided into four groups of 10 animals each. Group I served as control, where as group II, III and IV were used for three dose levels of the test drug i.e. low (8.75 mg–1 kg), medium (17.50 mg–1 kg) and higher (26.25 mg–1 kg). Standard parameter...

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 2021

Background: Though a number of studies has been carried out in terms of safety of Kushta but co... more Background: Though a number of studies has been carried out in terms of safety of Kushta but concerns have been raised about the presence of heavy metals in Unani formulations. Classical method of preparation of KKH and other Kushta preparation in Unani system of medicine has been found to eliminate all such issues from the end product. Hence; the present study was designed to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity study of KKH prepared by Classical and Muffle furnace methods. Objective: To ascertain the safety profile of Kushta Khabasul Hadeed (KKH) prepared by classical and muffle furnace methods. Materials and methods: Both of the samples of KKH i.e. Kushta Khabasul Hadeed (KKHCM) and Kushta Khabasul Hadeed (KKHMFM) prepared by Classical and Muffle Furnace Methods respectively were evaluated for acute and sub-acute toxicity by OECD guidelines 423 and 407 respectively. The starting dose in the acute test was 50 mg/kg and in sub-acute test, it was 134mg, 200 mg and 400 mg/kg b...

Advances in Traditional Medicine, 2020

Phyto-constituents and their efficacy vary with the age of the plant material and their afflictio... more Phyto-constituents and their efficacy vary with the age of the plant material and their affliction with environmental and storage conditions. Present study was conducted to evaluate the time dependent variation in physicochemical characters, glycyrrhizin content, microbial load and anti-inflammatory activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. root (GGR). Fresh GGR was dried and divided into three samples and stored as: sample A below 4 °C, sample B at room temperature and sample C at 40 ± 2 °C with relative humidity 75 ± 5% for six months. Afterwards, each sample was extracted in 50% alcohol and evaluated for physicochemical characters, glycyrrhizin content, microbial contamination and anti-inflammatory activity in histamine-induced inflammation in Wistar rats. Physicochemical characteristics exhibits less than 25% variation and qualitative analysis for plant metabolites exhibited similarity in all three samples. Glycyrrhizin was found more in sample C (5.07%) in comparison to sample B (4.52%) and A (4.72%) with variation less than 15%. As per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India these variations in physicochemical parameters and glycyrrhizin content are insignificant. Sample A revealed total microbial count more than B and C. Accelerated stability data extrapolation of sample C suggests that shelf life of GGR is 2 years. Inflammation was significantly reduced by sample C followed by A and B in comparison to the control with residual paw volume of 0.9%, 3.22%, 20.4% and 29.7% respectively at 163 mg/kg BW dose. From the present study it can be concluded that up to two years age dependent variations in GGR is insignificant but its anti-inflammatory effect are glycyrrhizin dependent.

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2018

Background: Habbe Gule Aakh is extensively used in Unani medicine for anti-inflammatory and analg... more Background: Habbe Gule Aakh is extensively used in Unani medicine for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. Objective: To evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Habbe Gule Aakh on Wistar rats and Swiss mice of either sex. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in Wistar rats for anti-inflammatory activity while Swiss mice were used for analgesic activity. In both the tests animals were divided into five groups of six animals each which served as control, standard and test groups A, B and C. For anti-inflammatory activity, method reported by Amman was followed. For analgesic activity, Koster's protocol was adapted. Results: Significant (P < 0.01) reduction in the paw volume was noted in all the test groups but less than the standard drug. Mean writhes of group B and C reduced significantly (P < 0.01) demonstrating analgesic effect. Conclusion: The study validated the claim of Unani medicine of use of Habbe Gule Aakh in inflammation and pain. Further, phytochemical studies are needed to know the exact mechanism of action of this formulation.

Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2017

Unani Medicine, an age old system of medicine which is widely practiced in south Asia, draws on t... more Unani Medicine, an age old system of medicine which is widely practiced in south Asia, draws on the ancient traditional systems of medicine in China, Egypt, India, Iraq, Persia and Syria. It uses remedies of plant, animal and mineral origin which can treat a number of diseases successfully. These remedies, whose efficacy is evident mainly from observation, have been prized for centuries. Although some of the medicines have been examined to investigate their efficacy and possible mechanism of action, many have not yet been documented. It is therefore timely to look at these unexplored remedies in order to understand and make best use of their acknowledged effects. Urolithiasis (the development of kidney calculi or stones) is a complex process resulting as a consequence of an imbalance between promoters and inhibitors in the kidney. The etiology is multifactorial, but strongly related to dietary habits and lifestyle. Calculi in the urinary tract have been mentioned in the literature of Unani medicine under the headings Hasate Kulliyah (kidney stone), Hasate Masana (bladder stone) and Hasate Kulliya wa Masana (kidney and bladder stone). The calculi are treated mainly by Mufattite Hasat (lithotriptic) and Mudir (diuretic) drugs effectively. The etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and the properties of medications used in the treatment of urolithiasis have been discussed by Unani physicians in a comprehensive manner. A number of remedies used for urolithiasis and studied scientifically in different in vitro and in vivo models have shown activity against urolithiasis. In this paper, we have attempted to collect and analyze information available on urolithiasis, the medications used in Unani Medicine for treating this disorder, and possible correlation between Unani and modern concepts of urolithiasis, if any.

Immunology‚ Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 2016