Abdullahi Ahmad - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Abdullahi Ahmad
International Journal of Academic Research in Public Policy and Governance
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
Asian People Journal (APJ)
Nigeria is the arrowhead of the Economic Community of West African State (ECOWAS), which was emer... more Nigeria is the arrowhead of the Economic Community of West African State (ECOWAS), which was emerged in Lagos on May 28, 1975, as a regional institution consisting of fifteen nations. The essence of the establishment is to integrate the region into the single economic bloc and to ensure sole currency existence, which has been on the agenda of the head of the state conference. The study adopted regional integration theory and employed Qualitative Document Analysis (QDA) in order to elaborate on the big-brother and sub-regional leader role of Nigeria in the region. The study found that loyalty to colonialism and the francophone country's long-existing monetary cooperation towards France was the strong blockade of the proposal as well as the member state was unable to reach-up to the merging criteria, which resulted in the shift and delays on the establishment of the common currency date. It was also discovered that on the efforts to embark on the process, two fast track approaches...
The Journal of Social Sciences Research
Nigeria is a complex society with a rapid growing population of roughly 200 million people. The c... more Nigeria is a complex society with a rapid growing population of roughly 200 million people. The country has around 500 different languages and 250 distinct ethnic groups. Thus, uniting these complex groups into one unified political entity since the amalgamation of the country in 1914 proved difficult. Comparatively, Nigeria is one of the secured and peaceful nations in the West African sub-region; however, contemporarily, this endowed nation suddenly plunged into waves of kidnapping and other heinous crimes such as armed robbery and banditry. The phenomenon has escalated and led to numerous lives lost, which also crippled socio-economic activities. Generally, as enshrined in chapter 2, section 14(2b) of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria, the security of lives and property is one of the primary responsibility of the state. This study aims to identify the causes of kidnapping in Nigeria and offer some strategic solution to the problem. The study adopted a Qualitative method and also a...
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has the ultimate responsibility for the maintenance of... more The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has the ultimate responsibility for the maintenance of global peace and security, which is considered the most critical, precise and sensitive organ of the United Nations. Article 2 (4) of the United Nations (UN) Charter prohibits the use of force against other sovereign states, whether direct or indirect. Consequently, in the event of aggression, self-defense is a right of states as it is for individuals and groups. However, international law does not make the right of self-defense of states "unrestricted." Some rules govern and restrict the act of self-defense that countries must adhere to. International law laid down conditions that must be met before states can exercise the right of self-defense in the event of aggression. First, all peaceful measures of resolving the issue have to be exhausted before force can be used to repel the aggression. Second, the act of self-defense should be against the source of the attack and that the defense shall be temporary until the Security Council intervenes. Thus, this paper addresses the legitimate use of force and its conditionality's for selfdeference by states under international law to repel aggression.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
Asia Pacific is a region with intricate scenarios. On the one hand, there is an unabated region-w... more Asia Pacific is a region with intricate scenarios. On the one hand, there is an unabated region-wide drive for economic development that has been pushing Asia-Pacific forward for decades. On the other hand, this region is troubled with, aside from many other conflicts, unsettled maritime disputes that have the potential to trigger wars between and among the Asia-Pacific nations. On top of these varied scenarios, there is powerful struggle between China and the United States over a wide range of vital geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economic interests in this region. For better or for worse, the U.S.-China relationship is becoming a defining factor in the relations among the Asia-Pacific nations. The US is struggling in adopting right strategy and policy choices to deal with emerging China. Sino-American ongoing rivalry can be explained by several theories but the purpose of this paper is to analyze the power transition and the possibility of power transition in the 21 st century by viewing Sino-US competition particularly in Asia pacific region which is, to a gradual extent, influencing the future of global politics. In the future there is strong possibility of increasing shakiness in the Asia-pacific region because of Sino-U.S power struggle. As a result, the paper evaluates the impact of ongoing rivalry between China and US on Asia Pacific using the lens of power transition theory and investigates the factors behind US's policies towards the region.
Scholars International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
With the end of the previous millennium and the entry of the new millennium, a new and somewhat s... more With the end of the previous millennium and the entry of the new millennium, a new and somewhat strange war emerged. With the technological development and the invention of modern computers, this threat has become inevitable and imminent for both big and small countries. The new form of conflict is as challenging to international peace and security as the traditional ones and came with new threats that take place in a virtual battlefield known as cyberspace. Thus, cybercrimes, cyberterrorism and cyberwarfare came under the limelight on the international stage and became one of the primary concern of the world of the United States and other world powers. The western powers started considering cyberterrorism to be same with traditional terrorism and advocate for the application of equal measure to address it. The qualitative descriptive method of data analysis was utilized in making meaning out of the data collected from the secondary sources. It involves a descriptive summary of the information collected on specific events of the issues under study. This paper dwells on the phenomenon of cyberterrorism with inquisition of whether international law applies to cyberspace. Finally, some recommendations are offered on how to address the issue.
Humanities and Social Science Research
Since the end of the Cold War, the phenomenon of forced displacement gained more global attention... more Since the end of the Cold War, the phenomenon of forced displacement gained more global attention. Forced displacement involves the involuntary movement of people from their habitual place of residence to a location within their country of nationality; or across an internationally recognised border. This situation in most cases exposes the displaced people to some vulnerabilities. Among other classes of displaced people, the most notable groups of concern are refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). In contemporary time, conflict is identified to be the primary cause of forced displacement. Since 2009, the Boko Haram insurgency and the counter-insurgency by the Nigerian security forces turned northeast Nigeria into a conflict zone. The crisis has forced more than 2 million people to flee for safety within Nigeria as internally displaced persons (IDPs); while many crossed the border into countries neighbouring Nigeria from the Lake Chad region as refugees. This paper explore...
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Background We assessed the impact of exposure to P. falciparum on parasite kinetics, clinical sym... more Background We assessed the impact of exposure to P. falciparum on parasite kinetics, clinical symptoms, and functional immunity after controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) in two cohorts with different levels of previous malarial exposure. Methods Nine adult males with high (sero-high) and ten with low (sero-low) previous exposure received 3200 PfSPZ of PfSPZ Challenge by direct venous inoculation and were followed for 35 days for parasitemia by thick blood smear (TBS) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). End points were time to parasitemia, adverse events and immune responses. Results Ten of Ten (100%) volunteers in the sero-low and 7 of 9 (77.8%) in the sero-high group developed parasitemia detected by TBS in the first 28 days (p = 0.125). The median time to parasitemia was significantly shorter in the sero-low group [9 days (7.5-11.0) vs.11.3 days (7.5-18.0), log rank test, p=0.005]. Antibody recognition of sporozoites was significantly higher in the sero-high (...
International Journal of Law, Government and Communication
Despite that International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is meant to protect vulnerable people such as n... more Despite that International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is meant to protect vulnerable people such as non-combatants, children and women, elderly and able people, and even combatant at times in accordance with relevant conventions and protocols of IHL, numerous crises occur at present have immensely been violated the set rules. While the fundamental Human rights of these categories of people are been infringed, international organizations at various levels are struggling to minimize the negative effect on the victims. There are circumstances when the IHL is also breached by states or parties involve in the crises. This study focuses on investigating numerous violations of child abuses in Libya and Syria during the 2011-2016 crises. The role of humanitarian organization and other agencies involved were equally examined. The roles of the two governments are equally examined. The paper adopted descriptive and analytical methods, as a result, relevant materials such as a book, reports from NG...
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
Child marriage is universally believed to be the marriage under the age of eighteen. In other wor... more Child marriage is universally believed to be the marriage under the age of eighteen. In other words, an immature or irresponsible person that has no ability to act independently. Child marriage practice is rampant in several countries. Poverty, illiteracy and gender inequality are the main causes of child marriages which affect the victims physically, socially, psychologically and economically. Apart from these reasons, a traditional assembly of leaders (Jirgas) in Pakistan endorses the practice of wedding off a minor girl to a boy, young or elderly man of the grieved party as a compensation for heinous crimes. These crimes include murder, kidnapping, befriending women, adultery and debt payments; exchange marriages at times take place without age consideration. The unholy nexus of religious conservatives and cultural orthodoxies is studied in the paper. This research employed qualitative method in which five persons from three districts of Sindh were interviewed who were married off as a child; secondary sources of data are also taken. It seeks to explore values, norms and social attitudes concerning child marriage practices in Pakistan.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), a regional institution comprising of fifteen ... more Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), a regional institution comprising of fifteen nations. It emerged on May 28 1975 in Lagos Nigeria. One of the reasons behind the establishment is to ensure the existence of a single currency in the region. The desire to integrate the region into one economic bloc that will lead to the circulation of a single currency has been in the agenda of various regional heads of states conferences, but it was discovered that colonial loyalty and the long existing monetary cooperation of Francophone nations with France was a strong impediment towards the proposal of such target likewise member states have not been able to meet the set of convergence criteria which led to delays and shift of dates in establishing a common currency. In addition, there is lack of political will and fear of domination among ECOWAS member states. To solve this problem, it was agreed in April 2000 in Accra Ghana, a two-fast track approach strategy should be adopted for the realization of single currency. For the first track, the non-West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) were to form a second monetary union called the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) by July 2005, which comprises mainly of Anglophone nations, with the second track being the subsequent merging of WAEMU and WAMZ to form a single currency union in the region. This work examined the political constrain behind the constant shifting of dates for ECOWAS single currency integration, those obstacles and other unforeseen circumstances that had contributed to the delay from the target dates shifting from 2003 to 2005, 2009, 2015 and 2020 at present. The research is qualitative in nature as such document analysis was adopted. The finding will suggest way for accelerating the plan action and ensure the newly target will not lapse as before.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
The aim of this paper is to discuss restructuring of the Nigeria in the light of Marxian Dialecti... more The aim of this paper is to discuss restructuring of the Nigeria in the light of Marxian Dialectical and Historical Materialism. The paper used secondary qualitative data from the literature (books, newspapers, dictionary, and conference proceedings) that the concept of restructuring, the essence of restructuring in Nigeria, and the works of Karl Marx, particularly ideas related to the Dialectical and Historical Materialism. The paper examined the political economy of the restructuring in Nigeria the Dialectical and Historical Materialism and it found that the yearning for the structuring is logical struggle because of the long standing exploitation and alienation of the various States of the Federation by relying on Federal allocation. Therefore, the paper concluded that the deplorable condition of the State Governments is a metaphor of the Marx's political economy of the exploitative relationship between the capitalist and workers.
International Journal of Education and Management Engineering
In this day and age of developing cutting edge innovations, the traditional voting technique can ... more In this day and age of developing cutting edge innovations, the traditional voting technique can be changed to a more up to date and powerful approach termed as electronic voting system. The electronic voting system gives a helpful, simple and proficient approach to cast a ballot eliminating the shortcomings of traditional approach. The point of this research work is to exhibit an electronic voting system (E-Voting) to be connected to organization constituent body. A software application was developed utilizing web API's and the concept of Dynamic systems development method (DSDM) used with object-oriented methodology for the development of the application.
Infectious Diseases of Poverty
The American Journal of dermatopathology, 2018
Alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA) belongs to the actin proteins. It is a known immunohistochemical ... more Alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA) belongs to the actin proteins. It is a known immunohistochemical marker for tumors of mesenchymal origin. There have been reports of expression of SMA in certain epithelial malignancies in the head and neck and genital regions. In this study, the authors report a primary cutaneous spindle cell squamous carcinoma expressing SMA. Both high- and low-molecular-weight keratins and p63 were positive, and S100 protein, SOX10, MART-1/Melan-A, and muscle-specific actin stains were negative. This case highlights that an epithelial tumor could express a mesenchymal marker, thereby making the diagnosis problematic.
Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies
The formation of ASEAN was witnessed by five founding member states promising full cooperation on... more The formation of ASEAN was witnessed by five founding member states promising full cooperation on security and other areas. Within three decades of its establishment, majority of states in the region have joined ASEAN except East Timor. Although the treaty underlines several areas of cooperation, it restrains states from interfering in the domestic affairs of its members. This clause has strictly been observed by all ASEAN states in their cooperation. This traditional norm has affected the Rohingyas, an ethnic Muslim minority in Myanmar, who have been subjected to tyrannous treatment at the hands of Burmese allegedly supported by the national government. As a result, neighbouring states, in particular Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia are receiving thousands of refugees from Myanmar, whilst their willingness to engage in resolving the crisis is jeopardised by virtue of non-interference in the internal affairs of other state. Therefore, no strong message has been conveyed to the Myanmar government, while neighbouring states are forced to accommodate thousands of Rohingya refugees. This paper investigates contributing factors that led to the current plight of the Rohingya ethnic minority, the effects of border-crossing movement, and the ASEAN principle of non-interference in the domestic affairs of member states. The research concludes by recommending solutions to the crisis and suggesting factors that can shape ASEAN to stand as a true regional organisation.
Vaccine, 2014
Background: For regulatory approval, consistency in manufacturing of vaccine lots is expected to ... more Background: For regulatory approval, consistency in manufacturing of vaccine lots is expected to be demonstrated in confirmatory immunogenicity studies using two-sided equivalence trials. This randomized, double-blind study (NCT01323972) assessed consistency of three RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine batches formulated from commercial-scale purified antigen bulk lots in terms of anti-CS-responses induced. Methods: Healthy children aged 5-17 months were randomized (1:1:1:1) to receive RTS,S/AS01 at 0-1-2 months from one of three commercial-scale purified antigen bulk lots (1600 litres-fermentation scale; commercial-scale lots), or a comparator vaccine batch made from pilot-scale purified antigen bulk lot (20 litres-fermentation scale; pilot-scale lot). The co-primary objectives were to first demonstrate consistency of antibody responses against circumsporozoite (CS) protein at one month post-dose 3 for the three commercial-scale lots and second demonstrate non-inferiority of anti-CS antibody responses at one month post-dose 3 for the commercial-scale lots compared to the pilot-scale lot. Safety and reactogenicity were evaluated as secondary endpoints. Results: One month post-dose-3, anti-CS antibody geometric mean titres (GMT) for the 3 commercial scale lots were 319.6 EU/ml (95% confidence interval (CI): 268.9-379.8), 241.4 EU/ml (207.6-280.7), and 302.3 EU/ml (259.4-352.3). Consistency for the RTS,S/AS01 commercial-scale lots was demonstrated as the two-sided 95% CI of the anti-CS antibody GMT ratio between each pair of lots was within the range of 0.5-2.0. GMT of the pooled commercial-scale lots (285.8 EU/ml (260.7-313.3)) was non-inferior to the pilot-scale lot (271.7 EU/ml (228.5-323.1)). Each RTS,S/AS01 lot had an acceptable tolerability profile, with infrequent reports of grade 3 solicited symptoms. No safety signals were identified and no serious adverse events were considered related to vaccination. Conclusions: RTS,S/AS01 lots formulated from commercial-scale purified antigen bulk batches induced a consistent anti-CS antibody response, and the anti-CS GMT of pooled commercial-scale lots was noninferior to that of a lot formulated from a pilot-scale antigen bulk batch.
Malaria Journal
Background: Because clustering of Plasmodium falciparum infection had been noted previously, the ... more Background: Because clustering of Plasmodium falciparum infection had been noted previously, the clustering of infection was examined at four field sites in West Africa: Dangassa and Dioro in Mali, Gambissara in The Gambia and Madina Fall in Senegal. Methods: Clustering of infection was defined by the percent of persons with positive slides for asexual P. falciparum sleeping in a house which had been geopositioned. Data from each site were then tested for spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal clustering in relation to the prevalence of infection from smear surveys. Results: These studies suggest that clustering of P. falciparum infection also affects the effectiveness of control interventions. For example, the clustering of infection in Madina Fall disappeared in 2014-2016 after vector control eliminated the only breeding site in 2013. In contrast, the temporal clustering of infection in Dioro (rainy season of 2014, dry season of 2015) was consistent with the loss of funding for Dioro in the second quarter of 2014 and disappeared when funds again became available in late 2015. The clustering of infection in rural (western) areas of Gambissara was consistent with known rural-urban differences in the prevalence of infection and with the thatched roofs, open eaves and mud walls of houses in rural Gambissara. In contrast, the most intense transmission was in Dangassa, where the only encouraging observation was a lower prevalence of infection in the dry season. Taken together, these results suggest: (a) the transmission of infection was stopped in Madina Fall by eliminating the only known breeding site, (b) the prevalence of infection was reduced in Dioro after financial support became available again for malaria control in the second half of 2015, (c) improvements in housing should improve malaria control by reducing the number of vectors in rural communities such as western Gambissara, and (d) beginning malaria control during the dry season may reduce transmission in hyperendemic areas such as Dangassa. Conclusions: From a conceptual perspective, testing for spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal clustering based on epidemiologic data permits the generation of hypotheses for the clustering observed and the testing of candidate interventions to confirm or refute those hypotheses.
International Journal of Academic Research in Public Policy and Governance
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
Asian People Journal (APJ)
Nigeria is the arrowhead of the Economic Community of West African State (ECOWAS), which was emer... more Nigeria is the arrowhead of the Economic Community of West African State (ECOWAS), which was emerged in Lagos on May 28, 1975, as a regional institution consisting of fifteen nations. The essence of the establishment is to integrate the region into the single economic bloc and to ensure sole currency existence, which has been on the agenda of the head of the state conference. The study adopted regional integration theory and employed Qualitative Document Analysis (QDA) in order to elaborate on the big-brother and sub-regional leader role of Nigeria in the region. The study found that loyalty to colonialism and the francophone country's long-existing monetary cooperation towards France was the strong blockade of the proposal as well as the member state was unable to reach-up to the merging criteria, which resulted in the shift and delays on the establishment of the common currency date. It was also discovered that on the efforts to embark on the process, two fast track approaches...
The Journal of Social Sciences Research
Nigeria is a complex society with a rapid growing population of roughly 200 million people. The c... more Nigeria is a complex society with a rapid growing population of roughly 200 million people. The country has around 500 different languages and 250 distinct ethnic groups. Thus, uniting these complex groups into one unified political entity since the amalgamation of the country in 1914 proved difficult. Comparatively, Nigeria is one of the secured and peaceful nations in the West African sub-region; however, contemporarily, this endowed nation suddenly plunged into waves of kidnapping and other heinous crimes such as armed robbery and banditry. The phenomenon has escalated and led to numerous lives lost, which also crippled socio-economic activities. Generally, as enshrined in chapter 2, section 14(2b) of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria, the security of lives and property is one of the primary responsibility of the state. This study aims to identify the causes of kidnapping in Nigeria and offer some strategic solution to the problem. The study adopted a Qualitative method and also a...
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has the ultimate responsibility for the maintenance of... more The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has the ultimate responsibility for the maintenance of global peace and security, which is considered the most critical, precise and sensitive organ of the United Nations. Article 2 (4) of the United Nations (UN) Charter prohibits the use of force against other sovereign states, whether direct or indirect. Consequently, in the event of aggression, self-defense is a right of states as it is for individuals and groups. However, international law does not make the right of self-defense of states "unrestricted." Some rules govern and restrict the act of self-defense that countries must adhere to. International law laid down conditions that must be met before states can exercise the right of self-defense in the event of aggression. First, all peaceful measures of resolving the issue have to be exhausted before force can be used to repel the aggression. Second, the act of self-defense should be against the source of the attack and that the defense shall be temporary until the Security Council intervenes. Thus, this paper addresses the legitimate use of force and its conditionality's for selfdeference by states under international law to repel aggression.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
Asia Pacific is a region with intricate scenarios. On the one hand, there is an unabated region-w... more Asia Pacific is a region with intricate scenarios. On the one hand, there is an unabated region-wide drive for economic development that has been pushing Asia-Pacific forward for decades. On the other hand, this region is troubled with, aside from many other conflicts, unsettled maritime disputes that have the potential to trigger wars between and among the Asia-Pacific nations. On top of these varied scenarios, there is powerful struggle between China and the United States over a wide range of vital geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economic interests in this region. For better or for worse, the U.S.-China relationship is becoming a defining factor in the relations among the Asia-Pacific nations. The US is struggling in adopting right strategy and policy choices to deal with emerging China. Sino-American ongoing rivalry can be explained by several theories but the purpose of this paper is to analyze the power transition and the possibility of power transition in the 21 st century by viewing Sino-US competition particularly in Asia pacific region which is, to a gradual extent, influencing the future of global politics. In the future there is strong possibility of increasing shakiness in the Asia-pacific region because of Sino-U.S power struggle. As a result, the paper evaluates the impact of ongoing rivalry between China and US on Asia Pacific using the lens of power transition theory and investigates the factors behind US's policies towards the region.
Scholars International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
With the end of the previous millennium and the entry of the new millennium, a new and somewhat s... more With the end of the previous millennium and the entry of the new millennium, a new and somewhat strange war emerged. With the technological development and the invention of modern computers, this threat has become inevitable and imminent for both big and small countries. The new form of conflict is as challenging to international peace and security as the traditional ones and came with new threats that take place in a virtual battlefield known as cyberspace. Thus, cybercrimes, cyberterrorism and cyberwarfare came under the limelight on the international stage and became one of the primary concern of the world of the United States and other world powers. The western powers started considering cyberterrorism to be same with traditional terrorism and advocate for the application of equal measure to address it. The qualitative descriptive method of data analysis was utilized in making meaning out of the data collected from the secondary sources. It involves a descriptive summary of the information collected on specific events of the issues under study. This paper dwells on the phenomenon of cyberterrorism with inquisition of whether international law applies to cyberspace. Finally, some recommendations are offered on how to address the issue.
Humanities and Social Science Research
Since the end of the Cold War, the phenomenon of forced displacement gained more global attention... more Since the end of the Cold War, the phenomenon of forced displacement gained more global attention. Forced displacement involves the involuntary movement of people from their habitual place of residence to a location within their country of nationality; or across an internationally recognised border. This situation in most cases exposes the displaced people to some vulnerabilities. Among other classes of displaced people, the most notable groups of concern are refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). In contemporary time, conflict is identified to be the primary cause of forced displacement. Since 2009, the Boko Haram insurgency and the counter-insurgency by the Nigerian security forces turned northeast Nigeria into a conflict zone. The crisis has forced more than 2 million people to flee for safety within Nigeria as internally displaced persons (IDPs); while many crossed the border into countries neighbouring Nigeria from the Lake Chad region as refugees. This paper explore...
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Background We assessed the impact of exposure to P. falciparum on parasite kinetics, clinical sym... more Background We assessed the impact of exposure to P. falciparum on parasite kinetics, clinical symptoms, and functional immunity after controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) in two cohorts with different levels of previous malarial exposure. Methods Nine adult males with high (sero-high) and ten with low (sero-low) previous exposure received 3200 PfSPZ of PfSPZ Challenge by direct venous inoculation and were followed for 35 days for parasitemia by thick blood smear (TBS) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). End points were time to parasitemia, adverse events and immune responses. Results Ten of Ten (100%) volunteers in the sero-low and 7 of 9 (77.8%) in the sero-high group developed parasitemia detected by TBS in the first 28 days (p = 0.125). The median time to parasitemia was significantly shorter in the sero-low group [9 days (7.5-11.0) vs.11.3 days (7.5-18.0), log rank test, p=0.005]. Antibody recognition of sporozoites was significantly higher in the sero-high (...
International Journal of Law, Government and Communication
Despite that International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is meant to protect vulnerable people such as n... more Despite that International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is meant to protect vulnerable people such as non-combatants, children and women, elderly and able people, and even combatant at times in accordance with relevant conventions and protocols of IHL, numerous crises occur at present have immensely been violated the set rules. While the fundamental Human rights of these categories of people are been infringed, international organizations at various levels are struggling to minimize the negative effect on the victims. There are circumstances when the IHL is also breached by states or parties involve in the crises. This study focuses on investigating numerous violations of child abuses in Libya and Syria during the 2011-2016 crises. The role of humanitarian organization and other agencies involved were equally examined. The roles of the two governments are equally examined. The paper adopted descriptive and analytical methods, as a result, relevant materials such as a book, reports from NG...
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
Child marriage is universally believed to be the marriage under the age of eighteen. In other wor... more Child marriage is universally believed to be the marriage under the age of eighteen. In other words, an immature or irresponsible person that has no ability to act independently. Child marriage practice is rampant in several countries. Poverty, illiteracy and gender inequality are the main causes of child marriages which affect the victims physically, socially, psychologically and economically. Apart from these reasons, a traditional assembly of leaders (Jirgas) in Pakistan endorses the practice of wedding off a minor girl to a boy, young or elderly man of the grieved party as a compensation for heinous crimes. These crimes include murder, kidnapping, befriending women, adultery and debt payments; exchange marriages at times take place without age consideration. The unholy nexus of religious conservatives and cultural orthodoxies is studied in the paper. This research employed qualitative method in which five persons from three districts of Sindh were interviewed who were married off as a child; secondary sources of data are also taken. It seeks to explore values, norms and social attitudes concerning child marriage practices in Pakistan.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), a regional institution comprising of fifteen ... more Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), a regional institution comprising of fifteen nations. It emerged on May 28 1975 in Lagos Nigeria. One of the reasons behind the establishment is to ensure the existence of a single currency in the region. The desire to integrate the region into one economic bloc that will lead to the circulation of a single currency has been in the agenda of various regional heads of states conferences, but it was discovered that colonial loyalty and the long existing monetary cooperation of Francophone nations with France was a strong impediment towards the proposal of such target likewise member states have not been able to meet the set of convergence criteria which led to delays and shift of dates in establishing a common currency. In addition, there is lack of political will and fear of domination among ECOWAS member states. To solve this problem, it was agreed in April 2000 in Accra Ghana, a two-fast track approach strategy should be adopted for the realization of single currency. For the first track, the non-West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) were to form a second monetary union called the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) by July 2005, which comprises mainly of Anglophone nations, with the second track being the subsequent merging of WAEMU and WAMZ to form a single currency union in the region. This work examined the political constrain behind the constant shifting of dates for ECOWAS single currency integration, those obstacles and other unforeseen circumstances that had contributed to the delay from the target dates shifting from 2003 to 2005, 2009, 2015 and 2020 at present. The research is qualitative in nature as such document analysis was adopted. The finding will suggest way for accelerating the plan action and ensure the newly target will not lapse as before.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
The aim of this paper is to discuss restructuring of the Nigeria in the light of Marxian Dialecti... more The aim of this paper is to discuss restructuring of the Nigeria in the light of Marxian Dialectical and Historical Materialism. The paper used secondary qualitative data from the literature (books, newspapers, dictionary, and conference proceedings) that the concept of restructuring, the essence of restructuring in Nigeria, and the works of Karl Marx, particularly ideas related to the Dialectical and Historical Materialism. The paper examined the political economy of the restructuring in Nigeria the Dialectical and Historical Materialism and it found that the yearning for the structuring is logical struggle because of the long standing exploitation and alienation of the various States of the Federation by relying on Federal allocation. Therefore, the paper concluded that the deplorable condition of the State Governments is a metaphor of the Marx's political economy of the exploitative relationship between the capitalist and workers.
International Journal of Education and Management Engineering
In this day and age of developing cutting edge innovations, the traditional voting technique can ... more In this day and age of developing cutting edge innovations, the traditional voting technique can be changed to a more up to date and powerful approach termed as electronic voting system. The electronic voting system gives a helpful, simple and proficient approach to cast a ballot eliminating the shortcomings of traditional approach. The point of this research work is to exhibit an electronic voting system (E-Voting) to be connected to organization constituent body. A software application was developed utilizing web API's and the concept of Dynamic systems development method (DSDM) used with object-oriented methodology for the development of the application.
Infectious Diseases of Poverty
The American Journal of dermatopathology, 2018
Alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA) belongs to the actin proteins. It is a known immunohistochemical ... more Alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA) belongs to the actin proteins. It is a known immunohistochemical marker for tumors of mesenchymal origin. There have been reports of expression of SMA in certain epithelial malignancies in the head and neck and genital regions. In this study, the authors report a primary cutaneous spindle cell squamous carcinoma expressing SMA. Both high- and low-molecular-weight keratins and p63 were positive, and S100 protein, SOX10, MART-1/Melan-A, and muscle-specific actin stains were negative. This case highlights that an epithelial tumor could express a mesenchymal marker, thereby making the diagnosis problematic.
Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies
The formation of ASEAN was witnessed by five founding member states promising full cooperation on... more The formation of ASEAN was witnessed by five founding member states promising full cooperation on security and other areas. Within three decades of its establishment, majority of states in the region have joined ASEAN except East Timor. Although the treaty underlines several areas of cooperation, it restrains states from interfering in the domestic affairs of its members. This clause has strictly been observed by all ASEAN states in their cooperation. This traditional norm has affected the Rohingyas, an ethnic Muslim minority in Myanmar, who have been subjected to tyrannous treatment at the hands of Burmese allegedly supported by the national government. As a result, neighbouring states, in particular Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia are receiving thousands of refugees from Myanmar, whilst their willingness to engage in resolving the crisis is jeopardised by virtue of non-interference in the internal affairs of other state. Therefore, no strong message has been conveyed to the Myanmar government, while neighbouring states are forced to accommodate thousands of Rohingya refugees. This paper investigates contributing factors that led to the current plight of the Rohingya ethnic minority, the effects of border-crossing movement, and the ASEAN principle of non-interference in the domestic affairs of member states. The research concludes by recommending solutions to the crisis and suggesting factors that can shape ASEAN to stand as a true regional organisation.
Vaccine, 2014
Background: For regulatory approval, consistency in manufacturing of vaccine lots is expected to ... more Background: For regulatory approval, consistency in manufacturing of vaccine lots is expected to be demonstrated in confirmatory immunogenicity studies using two-sided equivalence trials. This randomized, double-blind study (NCT01323972) assessed consistency of three RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine batches formulated from commercial-scale purified antigen bulk lots in terms of anti-CS-responses induced. Methods: Healthy children aged 5-17 months were randomized (1:1:1:1) to receive RTS,S/AS01 at 0-1-2 months from one of three commercial-scale purified antigen bulk lots (1600 litres-fermentation scale; commercial-scale lots), or a comparator vaccine batch made from pilot-scale purified antigen bulk lot (20 litres-fermentation scale; pilot-scale lot). The co-primary objectives were to first demonstrate consistency of antibody responses against circumsporozoite (CS) protein at one month post-dose 3 for the three commercial-scale lots and second demonstrate non-inferiority of anti-CS antibody responses at one month post-dose 3 for the commercial-scale lots compared to the pilot-scale lot. Safety and reactogenicity were evaluated as secondary endpoints. Results: One month post-dose-3, anti-CS antibody geometric mean titres (GMT) for the 3 commercial scale lots were 319.6 EU/ml (95% confidence interval (CI): 268.9-379.8), 241.4 EU/ml (207.6-280.7), and 302.3 EU/ml (259.4-352.3). Consistency for the RTS,S/AS01 commercial-scale lots was demonstrated as the two-sided 95% CI of the anti-CS antibody GMT ratio between each pair of lots was within the range of 0.5-2.0. GMT of the pooled commercial-scale lots (285.8 EU/ml (260.7-313.3)) was non-inferior to the pilot-scale lot (271.7 EU/ml (228.5-323.1)). Each RTS,S/AS01 lot had an acceptable tolerability profile, with infrequent reports of grade 3 solicited symptoms. No safety signals were identified and no serious adverse events were considered related to vaccination. Conclusions: RTS,S/AS01 lots formulated from commercial-scale purified antigen bulk batches induced a consistent anti-CS antibody response, and the anti-CS GMT of pooled commercial-scale lots was noninferior to that of a lot formulated from a pilot-scale antigen bulk batch.
Malaria Journal
Background: Because clustering of Plasmodium falciparum infection had been noted previously, the ... more Background: Because clustering of Plasmodium falciparum infection had been noted previously, the clustering of infection was examined at four field sites in West Africa: Dangassa and Dioro in Mali, Gambissara in The Gambia and Madina Fall in Senegal. Methods: Clustering of infection was defined by the percent of persons with positive slides for asexual P. falciparum sleeping in a house which had been geopositioned. Data from each site were then tested for spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal clustering in relation to the prevalence of infection from smear surveys. Results: These studies suggest that clustering of P. falciparum infection also affects the effectiveness of control interventions. For example, the clustering of infection in Madina Fall disappeared in 2014-2016 after vector control eliminated the only breeding site in 2013. In contrast, the temporal clustering of infection in Dioro (rainy season of 2014, dry season of 2015) was consistent with the loss of funding for Dioro in the second quarter of 2014 and disappeared when funds again became available in late 2015. The clustering of infection in rural (western) areas of Gambissara was consistent with known rural-urban differences in the prevalence of infection and with the thatched roofs, open eaves and mud walls of houses in rural Gambissara. In contrast, the most intense transmission was in Dangassa, where the only encouraging observation was a lower prevalence of infection in the dry season. Taken together, these results suggest: (a) the transmission of infection was stopped in Madina Fall by eliminating the only known breeding site, (b) the prevalence of infection was reduced in Dioro after financial support became available again for malaria control in the second half of 2015, (c) improvements in housing should improve malaria control by reducing the number of vectors in rural communities such as western Gambissara, and (d) beginning malaria control during the dry season may reduce transmission in hyperendemic areas such as Dangassa. Conclusions: From a conceptual perspective, testing for spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal clustering based on epidemiologic data permits the generation of hypotheses for the clustering observed and the testing of candidate interventions to confirm or refute those hypotheses.